World journal of methodology最新文献

{"title":"Pandemic control - do's and don'ts from a control theory perspective.","authors":"Latchezar Tomov, Dimitrina Miteva, Metodija Sekulovski, Hristiana Batselova, Tsvetelina Velikova","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.392","DOIUrl":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Managing a pandemic is a difficult task. Pandemics are part of the dynamics of nonlinear systems with multiple different interactive features that co-adapt to each other (such as humans, animals, and pathogens). The target of controlling such a nonlinear system is best achieved using the control system theory developed in engineering and applied in systems biology. But is this theory and its principles actually used in controlling the current coronavirus disease-19 pandemic? We review the evidence for applying principles in different aspects of pandemic control related to different goals such as disease eradication, disease containment, and short- or long-term economic loss minimization. Successful policies implement multiple measures in concordance with control theory to achieve a robust response. In contrast, unsuccessful policies have numerous failures in different measures or focus only on a single measure (only testing, vaccines, <i>etc.</i>). Successful approaches rely on predictions instead of reactions to compensate for the costs of time delay, on knowledge-based analysis instead of trial-and-error, to control complex nonlinear systems, and on risk assessment instead of waiting for more evidence. Iran is an example of the effects of delayed response due to waiting for evidence to arrive instead of a proper risk analytical approach. New Zealand, Australia, and China are examples of appropriate application of basic control theoretic principles and focusing on long-term adaptive strategies, updating measures with the evolution of the pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":23729,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"12 5","pages":"392-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8b/90/WJM-12-392.PMC9516542.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40390547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the circulatory interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of gliomas: A systematic review.","authors":"Manish Singh,&nbsp;Alok Raghav,&nbsp;Kirti Amresh Gautam","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glioma is the most common primary tumor in the brain originating from glial cells. In spite of extensive research, the overall survival rate is not enhanced. A number of published articles observed differentially circulating levels of cytokines in glioma. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein coded by IL-6 gene is regulated by the immune system and it has been found to have a significant role in progression and apoptosis resistance of glioma.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To review the role of circulatory IL-6 in the development and progression of glioma and its utility as a biomarker.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were applied to filter the relevant studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. We used a combination of keywords and the <i>Reference Citation Analysis</i> (<i>RCA</i>) tool to search the potential studies and performed data extraction from selected studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The published results were inconsistent; however, most studies showed a significantly higher IL-6 level in glioma cases as compared to controls. Comparative IL-6 level among the different grades of glioma showed a higher level with low-grade gliomas and lower level with high-grade gliomas.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>IL-6 level significantly differed between cases and controls, and among different cancer stages, which shows its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker.</p>","PeriodicalId":23729,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"12 5","pages":"428-437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/82/d6/WJM-12-428.PMC9516551.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40390548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migraine in physicians and final year medical students: A cross-sectional insight into prevalence, self-awareness, and knowledge from Pakistan.","authors":"Hassan Choudry,&nbsp;Fateen Ata,&nbsp;Muhammad Naveed Naveed Alam,&nbsp;Ruqaiya Ruqaiya,&nbsp;Mahammed Khan Suheb,&nbsp;Muhammad Qaiser Ikram,&nbsp;Muhammad Muzammil Chouhdry,&nbsp;Muaz Muaz","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite its high prevalence, migraine remains underdiagnosed worldwide. A significant reason is the knowledge gap in physicians regarding diagnostic criteria, clinical features, and other clinical aspects of migraine.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To measure the knowledge deficit in physicians and medical students and to assess the prevalence of migraine in the same population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An online questionnaire was developed and distributed among physicians and final year medical students on duty in various medical and surgical specialties of Allied and DHQ Hospitals, Faisalabad, between October 2018 and October 2019. Inclusion criteria were public practicing physicians who experience headaches, while those who never experienced headaches were excluded. Different questions assessed respondents on their knowledge of triggers, diagnosis, management, and prophylaxis of the migraine headache. They were asked to diagnose themselves using embedded ICHD-3 diagnostic criteria for different types of migraine. Graphs, tables, and figures were made using Microsoft Office 2016 and Microsoft Visio, and data analysis was done in R Studio 1.4.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We had 213 respondents and 175 fulfilled inclusion criteria, with 99 (52%), 58 (30%) and 12 (6.3%) belonging to specialties of medicine, surgery, and others, respectively. Both genders were symmetrically represented (88 male and 87 female). Fifty-two (24.4%) of our 213 respondents were diagnosed with migraine, with 26 (50%) being aware of it. Females had higher prevalence among study participants (<i>n</i> = 28, 32.2%) compared to males (<i>n</i> = 20, 22.7%, <i>P</i> = 0.19). A majority (62%) of subjects never consulted any doctor for their headache. Similarly, a majority (62%) either never heard or did not remember the diagnostic criteria of migraine. Around 38% falsely believed that having any type of aura is essential for diagnosing migraine. The consultation rate was 37% (<i>n</i> = 65), and migraineurs were significantly more likely to have consulted a doctor, and a neurologist in particular (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Consulters and migraineurs fared better in the knowledge of diagnostic aspects of the disease than their counterparts. There was no significant difference in other knowledge aspects between consulters <i>versus</i> non-consulters and migraineurs <i>versus</i> non-migraineurs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Critical knowledge gaps exist between physicians and medical students, potentially contributing to misdiagnosis and mismanagement of migraine.</p>","PeriodicalId":23729,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"12 5","pages":"414-427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b0/5c/WJM-12-414.PMC9516540.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40391003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemostatic system and COVID-19 crosstalk: A review of the available evidence.","authors":"Mohamed-Naguib Wifi,&nbsp;Mohamed Abdelkader Morad,&nbsp;Reem El Sheemy,&nbsp;Nermeen Abdeen,&nbsp;Shimaa Afify,&nbsp;Mohammad Abdalgaber,&nbsp;Abeer Abdellatef,&nbsp;Mariam Zaghloul,&nbsp;Mohamed Alboraie,&nbsp;Mohamed El-Kassas","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, respiratory manifestations have been the mainstay of clinical diagnosis, laboratory evaluations, and radiological investigations. As time passed, other pathological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 have been revealed. Various hemostatic abnormalities have been reported since the rise of the pandemic, which was sometimes superficial, transient, or fatal. Mild thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, venous, arterial thromboembolism, and disseminated intravascular coagulation are among the many hemostatic events associated with COVID-19. Venous thromboembolism necessitating therapeutic doses of anticoagulants is more frequently seen in severe cases of COVID-19, especially in patients admitted to intensive care units. Hemorrhagic complications rarely arise in COVID-19 patients either due to a hemostatic imbalance resulting from severe disease or as a complication of over anticoagulation. Although the pathogenesis of coagulation disturbance in SARS-CoV-2 infection is not yet understood, professional societies recommend prophylactic antithrombotic therapy in severe cases, especially in the presence of abnormal coagulation indices. The review article discusses the various available evidence on coagulation disorders, management strategies, outcomes, and prognosis associated with COVID-19 coagulopathy, which raises awareness about the importance of anticoagulation therapy for COVID-19 patients to guard against possible thromboembolic events.</p>","PeriodicalId":23729,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"12 5","pages":"331-349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d4/bc/WJM-12-331.PMC9516549.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40390549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 neuropsychiatric repercussions: Current evidence on the subject.","authors":"Ronaldo Teixeira da Silva Júnior,&nbsp;Jonathan Santos Apolonio,&nbsp;Beatriz Rocha Cuzzuol,&nbsp;Bruna Teixeira da Costa,&nbsp;Camilo Santana Silva,&nbsp;Glauber Rocha Lima Araújo,&nbsp;Marcel Silva Luz,&nbsp;Hanna Santos Marques,&nbsp;Luana Kauany de Sá Santos,&nbsp;Samuel Luca Rocha Pinheiro,&nbsp;Vinícius Lima de Souza Gonçalves,&nbsp;Mariana Santos Calmon,&nbsp;Fabrício Freire de Melo","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has affected the entire world, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic since it was first discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Among the clinical presentation of the disease, in addition to fever, fatigue, cough, dyspnea, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, infected patients may also experience neurological and psychiatric repercussions during the course of the disease and as a post-COVID-19 sequelae. Thus, headache, dizziness, olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, cerebrovascular disorders, neuromuscular abnormalities, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder can occur both from the infection itself and from social distancing and quarantine. According to current evidence about this infection, the virus has the ability to infect the central nervous system (CNS) <i>via</i> angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on host cells. Several studies have shown the presence of ACE2 in nerve cells and nasal mucosa, as well as transmembrane serine protease 2, key points for interaction with the viral Spike glycoprotein and entry into the CNS, being olfactory tract and blood-brain barrier, through hematogenous dissemination, potential pathways. Thus, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the CNS supports the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The management of these manifestations seems more complex, given that the dense parenchyma and impermeability of brain tissue, despite protecting the brain from the infectious process, may hinder virus elimination. Still, some alternatives used in non-COVID-19 situations may lead to worse prognosis of acute respiratory syndrome, requiring caution. Therefore, the aim of this review is to bring more current points related to this infection in the CNS, as well as the repercussions of the isolation involved by the pandemic and to present perspectives on interventions in this scenario.</p>","PeriodicalId":23729,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"12 5","pages":"365-380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0f/82/WJM-12-365.PMC9516547.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40391007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mouth shield to minimize airborne transmission risk of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in the dental office.","authors":"Mohiddin R Dimashkieh,&nbsp;Mohammad Zakaria Nassani,&nbsp;Yousef Fouad Talic,&nbsp;Ali Alqerban,&nbsp;Amir M Demachkia","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transmission of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and other infectious diseases is a significant risk during dental procedures because most dental interventions involve aerosols or droplets that could contaminate the surrounding environment. Current protection guidelines to address the high risk of droplets, aerosols, and airborne particle transmission of COVID-19 in the dental office recommend minimizing aerosol-generating procedures. In this paper, an innovative mouth shield is presented that should minimize water backsplash from the air-water syringe during dental treatment. The mouth shield can be added to the personal protective equipment to provide the dental team with extra protection. It can be made of different materials, is straightforward, inexpensive, and safe to fabricate, and is easy to use.</p>","PeriodicalId":23729,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"12 5","pages":"461-464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/43/4f/WJM-12-461.PMC9516543.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40390542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiological evaluation of patellofemoral instability and possible causes of assessment errors: Letter to the editor.","authors":"Mohamed Kamal Mesregah","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This letter to the editor is a commentary on the study titled \"Radiological evaluation of patellofemoral instability and possible causes of assessment errors\". There are some pertinent structural changes and radiological findings that should be considered in the setting of traumatic knee injuries, as their recognition is of paramount importance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23729,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"12 5","pages":"459-460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/42/74/WJM-12-459.PMC9516544.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40390545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microvessel density in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Konstantinos Perivoliotis,&nbsp;Athina A Samara,&nbsp;Prodromos Koutoukoglou,&nbsp;Panagiotis Ntellas,&nbsp;Katerina Dadouli,&nbsp;Sotirios Sotiriou,&nbsp;Maria Ioannou,&nbsp;Konstantinos Tepetes","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Microvessel density (MVD) has been proposed as a direct quantification method of tumor neovascularization. However, the current literature regarding the role of MVD in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) remains inconclusive.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To appraise the effect of tumoral MVD on the survival of patients with DTC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This meta-analysis was based on the PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The electronic databases Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus were systematically screened. A fixed-effects or random-effects model was used, according to the Cochran <i>Q</i> test. The data were then extracted and assessed on the basis of the <i>Reference Citation Analysis</i> (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of nine studies were included in the present study. Superiority of low MVD tumors in terms of 10-year disease free survival (OR: 0.21, 95%CI: 0.08-0.53) was recorded. Lowly vascularized thyroid cancers had a lower recurrence rate (OR: 13.66, 95%CI: 3.03-61.48). Moreover, relapsing tumors [weighed mean difference (WMD): 11.92, 95%CI: 6.32-17.52] or malignancies with regional lymph node involvement (WMD: 8.53, 95%CI: 0.04-17.02) presented with higher tumoral MVD values.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MVD significantly correlates with the survival outcomes of thyroid cancer patients. However, considering several study limitations, further prospective studies of higher methodological and quality level are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":23729,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"12 5","pages":"448-458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/26/6f/WJM-12-448.PMC9516550.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40391004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis and management of small bowel neuroendocrine tumors: A state-of-the-art.","authors":"Jhean Gabriel Gonzáles-Yovera,&nbsp;Pela J Roseboom,&nbsp;Marcio Concepción-Zavaleta,&nbsp;Isamar Gutiérrez-Córdova,&nbsp;Esteban Plasencia-Dueñas,&nbsp;María Quispe-Flores,&nbsp;Anthony Ramos-Yataco,&nbsp;Carlos Alcalde-Loyola,&nbsp;Frederick Massucco-Revoredo,&nbsp;José Paz-Ibarra,&nbsp;Luis Concepción-Urteaga","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review provides an update on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small bowel (SB). These NENs are defined as a group of neoplasms deriving from neuroendocrine cells. NENs are currently the most common primary tumors of the SB, mainly involving the ileum, making the SB the most frequently affected part of the gastrointestinal tract. SB NENs by definition are located between the ligament of Treitz and the ileocecal valve. They are characterized by small size and induce an extensive fibrotic reaction in the small intestine including the mesentery, resulting in narrowing or twisting of the intestine. Clinical manifestations of bowel functionality are related to the precise location of the primary tumor. The majority of them are non-functional NENs and generally asymptomatic; in an advanced stage, NENs present symptoms of mass effect by non-specific abdominal pain or carcinoid syndrome which appears in patients with liver metastasis (around 10%). The main manifestations of the carcinoid syndrome are facial flushing (94%), diarrhea (78%), abdominal cramps (50%), heart valve disease (50%), telangiectasia (25%), wheezing (15%) and edema (19%). Diagnosis is made by imaging or biochemical tests, and the order of request will depend on the initial diagnostic hypothesis, while confirmation will always be histological. All patients with a localized SB NEN with or without near metastasis in the mesentery are recommended for curative resection. Locoregional and distant spread may be susceptible to several therapeutic strategies, such as chemotherapy, somatostatin analogs and palliative resection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23729,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"12 5","pages":"381-391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/89/f4/WJM-12-381.PMC9516545.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40391005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 as an emerging novel biomarker in SARS-CoV-2 infection.","authors":"Deepak Parchwani,&nbsp;Sagar Dholariya,&nbsp;Cds Katoch,&nbsp;Ragini Singh","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is a member of a transforming growth factor-β cytokine superfamily that regulates metabolism and is released in response to inflammation, hypoxia and tissue injury. It has evolved as one of the most potent cytokines for predicting the severity of infections and inflammatory conditions, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the utility of GDF-15 in predicting the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Reference Citation Analysis, CNKI, and Goggle Scholar were explored by using related MeSH keywords and data such as the first author's name, study duration, type and place of study, sample size and subgroups of participants if any, serum/plasma GDF- 15 level in pg/mL, area under the curve and cut-off value in receiver operating characteristic analysis, method of measurement of GDF-15, and the main conclusion were extracted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In all studies, the baseline GDF-15 level was elevated in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, and it was significantly associated with severity, hypoxemia, viral load, and worse clinical consequences. In addition, GDF-15 levels were correlated with C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin and procalcitonin, and it had superior discriminatory ability to detect severity and in-hospital mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hence, GDF-15 might be used to predict the severity and prognosis of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Serial estimation of GDF-15 levels in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to have useful prognostic value and GDF-15 can be considered a clinically prominent sepsis biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23729,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"12 5","pages":"438-447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2e/9d/WJM-12-438.PMC9516548.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40390544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}