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Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade最新文献

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Early history of scents, spices and silk. 香料和丝绸的早期历史。
Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789249743.0002
J. Hancock
{"title":"Early history of scents, spices and silk.","authors":"J. Hancock","doi":"10.1079/9781789249743.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter provides the historical background for the highly valued products for trade in antiquity. Its subchapters include the exotic luxuries of antiquity, smoke of the Gods in antiquity, the most ancient of spices: Cinnamon, Ginger and Pepper, the European spice of antiquity: Saffron, the Indonesian spices: Clove, Nutmeg and Mace, and finally, the sightless moth's gift to the world: Silk.","PeriodicalId":237055,"journal":{"name":"Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127333889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Portuguese discovery and conquest. 葡萄牙人的发现和征服。
Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789249743.0016
J. Hancock
{"title":"Portuguese discovery and conquest.","authors":"J. Hancock","doi":"10.1079/9781789249743.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Opens on a summary about the Medieval European knowledge of the Spice Trade, the chapter also show how Portugal dominated Europe in terms of trade and invasion in the fifteenth century. It goes on with the summary of Portuguese invasion of Africa through the Treaty of Tordesillas and the navigation of Vasco de Gama in the Atlantic coast. After de Gama's navigation, the Portuguese conquest of India began which led to the Portuguese-Mamluk Naval war and established Portuguese sea power in the Indian Ocean. Lastly, the chapter gives a brief summary of the other Portuguese navigations.","PeriodicalId":237055,"journal":{"name":"Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128830396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Spanish build their empire. 西班牙人建立了他们的帝国。
Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789249743.0018
J. Hancock
{"title":"The Spanish build their empire.","authors":"J. Hancock","doi":"10.1079/9781789249743.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The chapter summarizes the Spanish conquests and navigation. It also provides a brief summary of how Ferdinand Magellan found another route to the Pacific and the Moluccas, which led to the signing of Treaty of Tordesillas. This divided any newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal along a Meridian west of the Cape Verde Islands, but no line of demarcation had been set on the other side of the world. This meant that both countries could lay claim to the Spice Islands, as long as Portugal travelled there from the east and Spain from the west. After Magellan's conquest, the Spanish explore the Pacific, which gave them control over the Pacific countries including the Philippines. The chapter also discusses how the charting of 'Urdaneta's Route' made possible a trans-Pacific galleon trade and the profitable colonization of the Philippines and other Latin American countries. Soon ships were travelling regularly from Manila to New Spain. A complex trade network evolved that was truly global in nature. Into Manila would flow spices from the Moluccas and silk and porcelain from China. These would be shipped across the Pacific by the Spanish to Acapulco, a journey of four to six months. The silver came from Potosí, Bolivia where hundreds of thousands of enslaved Incan lives were sacrificed by the Spanish to extract that silver from the bowels of the earth. The mines became the centre of Spanish wealth and were the reason Spain remained powerful during the colonial period. From 1556 to 1783, they extracted some 45,000 tons of silver from these mines. Aside from these, is the silk production as New Spain had a native mulberry tree called the Morera criolla. The Spanish finished their conquest by 1521 and by 1523, the first silkworm eggs had been exported to Mexico. Finally, the chapter closes how England, by means of American privateers, fought off Portugal and Spain.","PeriodicalId":237055,"journal":{"name":"Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade","volume":"28 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125691568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Silk route beginnings. 丝绸之路开始了。
Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789249743.0007
J. Hancock
{"title":"Silk route beginnings.","authors":"J. Hancock","doi":"10.1079/9781789249743.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter is comprised of eleven subsections that narrate the early stages of the silk trade in Central Asia. The subchapters include the Ancient Steppe routes, horses and the balance of power in Central Asia, the expansion of China, the Chinese struggle with Mighty Xiongnu, adventures of Zhang Qian, Han Chinese taking control of their borderlands, the silk route map, the engines of the silk routes, the merchants of the silk routes, cultural diffusion along the silk routes, and lastly, postscript - discovery of the Buddhist cave complexes.","PeriodicalId":237055,"journal":{"name":"Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116369623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Age of expansion. 扩张时代。
Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789249743.0020
J. Hancock
{"title":"Age of expansion.","authors":"J. Hancock","doi":"10.1079/9781789249743.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 When the Dutch and English first entered the Indian Ocean, the primary goal of both nations was to gain a monopoly in the spice trade. To do this, they had to militarily push out the Portuguese and prevent the other from gaining a foothold. Ultimately, the VOC came out the big Winner taking control of the clove, nutmeg and mace trade of the Moluccas. It also took a considerable portion of the Indonesian pepper trade by force, but not all. With the loss of the Spice Islands, the British shifted their attention to India and its pepper, saltpetre, cotton and indigo. The VOC also turned its eyes to India, but with far less lasting impact. To gain their foothold in India the English and Dutch were faced with two significant challenges: they would need to gain the favour of the Mughals who now controlled most of North India and they would have to push back the Portuguese who were well entrenched along the west coast. The Mughals had left the Portuguese ports mostly alone, preferring to trade with them rather than fight.","PeriodicalId":237055,"journal":{"name":"Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127861954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Origins of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean. 印度洋香料贸易的起源。
Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789249743.0006
J. Hancock
{"title":"Origins of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean.","authors":"J. Hancock","doi":"10.1079/9781789249743.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter highlights the ocean transport and trade routes that facilitated the spice trade in the Indian ocean. This chapter consists of twelve subchapters which are Central Role of Rivers, Persian Gulf Routes, The Red Sea and Beyond, Early Indonesian Seafarers, Royal Road of the First Persian Empire, Persian and Greek Explorations, Arab Stranglehold on Egyptian Trade, War Elephants and Red Sea Travel, the way to India, The Roman Sea, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, and lastly, Rome's Breathtaking International Trade Network.","PeriodicalId":237055,"journal":{"name":"Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131634167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Medieval shifts in the balance of power. 中世纪的力量平衡发生了变化。
Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789249743.0014
J. Hancock
{"title":"Medieval shifts in the balance of power.","authors":"J. Hancock","doi":"10.1079/9781789249743.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter has eleven subsections that explain the context of the European political economy and trade during the late medieval period. The subchapters are about the late medieval European economy, spices in medieval cuisine, spices in medieval medicine, silk in medieval Europe, the world system in the thirteenth century, the Venetian trading empire, the Catalonian trade networks, the Hanseatic League, internal European trade and the Champagne Fairs, Genghis Khan and reopening of the silk route, and the end of the Crusader states and Muslim trade.","PeriodicalId":237055,"journal":{"name":"Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade","volume":"24 23","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120842107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
End of the spice era. 香料时代结束了。
Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789249743.0022
J. Hancock
{"title":"End of the spice era.","authors":"J. Hancock","doi":"10.1079/9781789249743.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 As the Dutch and English battled at home and abroad, the major trade commodities also underwent a dramatic shift. Changes in tastes and political climates in Europe caused the profitability of the spices to fall precipitously. This led the VOC and the EIC to seek new markets including cotton, coffee, opium and tea. It was in the middle of the seventeenth century that European interest in spices began to wane. In fact, there was an oversupply of pepper by mid-century, which dropped prices by about 40% compared with that which the Portuguese and then the VOC had long been able to maintain (Lunde, 2005). After a peak of seven million kilograms of pepper imported in 1670, levels fell to about three-and-a-half million kilograms in 1688 (Krondle, 2007). Pepper had lost its status as an exotic luxury in Europe and was now more or less a mundane commodity. The other spices held their high status longer, but they too began to lose their glow by the end of the seventeenth century.","PeriodicalId":237055,"journal":{"name":"Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121837262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ancient south east Asian maritime trade. 古代东南亚海上贸易。
Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789249743.0009
J. Hancock
{"title":"Ancient south east Asian maritime trade.","authors":"J. Hancock","doi":"10.1079/9781789249743.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter entails fourteen subchapters that detail the course of the South East Asian maritime trade. The subsections are about the beginning of Indonesian trade, the origin of trade between India and South East Asia, maritime trade of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, the Indianization of Indonesia, China's slow entry into the South East Asia trade network, Java becomes the nucleus of Indonesia, the Chinese Pilgrims - Chroniclers of the ancient spice and silk routes, early trade in the outer reaches of Indonesia, the Golden Peninsula, the first great trading empire: Funan, South East Asian trading spheres in the early first century CE, European connections, the two ways to Rome, and finally, the first direct contact between Rome and China.","PeriodicalId":237055,"journal":{"name":"Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125125424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Dutch and English conquest of South East Asia. 荷兰和英国对东南亚的征服。
Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789249743.0019
J. Hancock
{"title":"The Dutch and English conquest of South East Asia.","authors":"J. Hancock","doi":"10.1079/9781789249743.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The chapter summarizes the rise of Dutch and English empires. The Dutch path to world power was aided greatly in 1588, when a huge armada sent by Philip II of Spain to invade Protestant Elizabeth I's England was roundly defeated. This decisive defeat of the Spanish Armada greatly bolstered the confidence of the English and Dutch and encouraged them to forge their own routes to the riches of India and South East Asia. The chapter also discusses the first Dutch expeditions to the East Indies in search of spices and how Jacob Van Heemskerck's invasion started the end of the Portuguese monopoly on trade in the East Indies. The establishment of English and Dutch East India Company is also discussed. Finally, the chapter summarizes how the East India Companies affect the European Trade.","PeriodicalId":237055,"journal":{"name":"Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115159626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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