Forest science issues最新文献

{"title":"QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF DIRECT PYROGENIC CARBON EMISSIONS IN FORESTS OF RUSSIA ACCORDING TO REMOTE MONITORING DATA 2021","authors":"D. Ershov, E. Sochilova","doi":"10.31509/2658-607x-202254-117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202254-117","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents statistic of the amount of direct Carbon emissions during wildfires of 2021 in the forested lands of Russia using long-term satellite data. In 2021, the area of ​​forest fire damages was 9.3 million hectares, and the amount of Carbon emissions was 66.4 MtC. These values are almost two points higher than the long-term average values. A comparison of similar indicators for twenty years allowed us to conclude that that year is anomalous with respect to the entire time series, similarly to the fire seasons of 2003 and 2012. The period or interval of recurrence of three anomalous fire seasons is nine years. We do not know the reason for the recurrence of anomalous fire seasons. At the same time, the forested areas damaged of the wildfires and the amount of direst Carbon and other greenhouse gases emissions in anomalous fire season years decreases from 127.2 MtC (3.7 p.) in 2003, 83.8 MtC (2.4 p.) in 2012 to 66.4 MtC (1.9 p.) in 2021.","PeriodicalId":237008,"journal":{"name":"Forest science issues","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129394159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MAPPING OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: A REVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH","authors":"A. Narykova, A. Plotnikova","doi":"10.31509/2658-607x-202252-110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202252-110","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of ecosystem services (ES) has aroused interest among researchers around the world with the growing anthropogenic pressure on natural ecosystems. The meaning of the concept is taking into consideration the ecosystem functions during making decisions and ensuring sustainable development. Mapping of ES is crucial for territorial representation of ecosystem services, spatial analysis, dynamic changes detection, relationships between ecosystem elements, etc. The goal of the study is to review global scientific literature of mapping ecosystem services at the local level. The paper describes the aims, input datasets, types of mapping, and methods of 19 scientific publications. A summary contains a brief description of the initial data and the methods used. Cartographic material has been prepared to show the research geography on a world map. The most popular groups of ecosystem services for scholars have been identified. More than 39% of the mapped ES belong to the regulating services. Global land cover and land use maps are often used as input data for modeling and mapping. Regression models and software-based models (InVEST, KINEROS, etc) are more frequent among the methods for the ES assessment and mapping. Specially protected natural areas, as well as vulnerable mountain, river, and coastal ecosystems are primary objects of research. The study of ES in Russia is also confined to protected areas. Mapping of ecosystem functions and services of local objects is mostly developed in European countries.","PeriodicalId":237008,"journal":{"name":"Forest science issues","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129968760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Моделирование динамики лесных экосистем с учётом их структурной неоднородности на разных функциональных и пространственных уровнях","authors":"V.N. Shanin, P. Frolov, I.V. Priputina, O. Chertov, S.S. Bykhovets, E. V. Zubkova, A.M. Portnov, G.G. Frolova, M.N. Stamenov, P.Y. Grabarnik","doi":"10.31509/2658-607x-202252-112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202252-112","url":null,"abstract":"In many problems of modern forest ecology, it is necessary to analyze the conjugated dynamics of processes occurring at different spatio-temporal scales of the functioning of plant communities and soils resulted from their interaction under the influence of all edaphic and anthropogenic factors. Mathematical models can be an efficient tool for such analysis. The aim of this study is to present the implementation of a new system of models that makes it possible to reproduce in simulation experiments the spatial structure of forest phytocenoses formed by tree and grass-shrub layers, as well as associated heterogeneity of soil conditions and the diversity of ecological niches at different hierarchical levels. To determine the required level of detail of the spatial heterogeneity of forest biogeocenoses related to the processes of their multi-scale functioning, experimental studies were carried out on permanent sampling plots in the Prioksko-Terrasny State Natural Biosphere Reserve and in the “Kaluzhskie Zaseki” State Nature Reserve. The spatial structure of communities and related heterogeneity of ecological conditions were studied using traditional soil and geobotanical, as well as modern instrumental methods. The obtained data were used to construct the algorithms and to estimate the parameters of different blocks of the new system of models. The implementation of a spatially-explicit process-based system of models has shown its ability to reproduce the dynamics of forest ecosystems, taking into account the species composition and spatial structure of different layers of vegetation and the associated patchiness of soil conditions. Because of a wide range of interrelated ecosystem characteristics implemented in the system of models it is possible to simulate productivity, biological turnover of C and N, and the dynamics of forest ecosystems, taking into account their characteristic spatial structure at different scales. This makes it possible to improve the understanding of ecosystem processes and their contribution to maintaining the sustainable functioning of forests, which can be used for predictive assessments of the efficiency of forest management techniques and in solving other forestry and environmental problems.","PeriodicalId":237008,"journal":{"name":"Forest science issues","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130899843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE SUCCESSION DYNAMICS OF WOOD FRACTIONS OF SPRUCE FORESTS OF THE SOUTHERN TAIGA","authors":"V. Storozhenko","doi":"10.31509/2658-607x-202252-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202252-109","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. The native forests can be recognized as endangered formations of the European North of Russia. They are benchmarks of forest sustainability for comparative assessment with forests of other origin and use, what determines the relevance of research on their structural features. The purpose of the research is to conduct a comparative assessment of dynamic processes in the native forests of spruce formations of the southern taiga subzone of various successional positions (phases of dynamics) in the time trend of their development. Material and methods. Native spruce forests of different ages of the southern taiga subzone of the Central Forest Biosphere Reserve (Tver region) and the Kologrivsky Forest Reserve (Kostroma region) were researched various dynamic characteristics and successional position — climax, demutation, digressive. In the biogeocenoses of the sample areas, the age of trees and the presence of rot were determined, age series were built, the volumes of trees in age generations were calculated. All the tree fractions of the analyzed spruce forests were arranged in one time series: stands, current tree fall and deadfall — from retrospective values (– 60 years) to prospective values of the age limit of trees of the first generations of stands (+ ~ 300 years). The processes of dynamics of volumes of the wood fraction of native spruce forests of various successional positions in a long time space with different rates of accumulation and decomposition of wood biomass are described. Results and discussion. The processes of accumulation of biomass and the formation of age structures of biogeocenosis are 4 to 7 times slower than the processes of decomposition of the dying biomass of woody decay. Wood-destroying fungi of the saprotrophic complex “adjust” the activity of the decomposition process of wood decay to the dynamics of wood accumulation by the stand, maintaining the balance of accumulation and decomposition of woody biomass in the forest community. The correlation dependence of the increase in the values of tree infestation with wood-destroying fungi in age generations with an increase in their age is expressed in correlation coefficients from r — 0.89 at mr — 0.07 and t — 11.8 (spruce grove 1) to 0.99 at mr — 0.004 and t — 245 (spruce grove 4). The connection in both cases is very high, almost functional, which can be interpreted as a pattern. Conclusion. In native virgin forests, the balance of reproducible and decomposable wood is preserved as one of the most important criteria for the sustainable functioning of forest communities. This position can be regarded as an important fact of the evolutionary functional structure of forests.","PeriodicalId":237008,"journal":{"name":"Forest science issues","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127592440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QUALITY OF WOOD LITTER AS AN INFORMATIVE INDICATOR OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS","authors":"E. Basova, N. Lukina, A. Kuznecova, A. Gornov, N. Shevchenko, E. V. Tikhonova, A. Geraskina, T. Braslavskaya, D. N. Teben’kova, D. L. Lugovaya","doi":"10.31509/2658-607x-202252-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202252-113","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance and goals. In the context of global climate change, the climate-regulating function of forests deserves special attention. There is still no functional classification of forests according to the effectiveness of their carbon storage function. The purpose of this article is to discuss an approach to such classification based on the assessment of the quality of tree litter. Objects and methods. To test the approach to the identification of functional types of forests (FTL) based on the quality of tree litter, taking into account the position in the landscape and the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks, data on soils and vegetation obtained at 23 sites operating in the subzone of coniferous-broadleaf forests of the European part of Russia on the territory of Bryansk Polesie and Moskvoretsko-Okskaya plain were used. For indirect (on the ecological scale of E. Landolt using the SpeDiv program) to assess differences in the soil richness of forests belonging to different FTLS, the species composition of 160 descriptions of forest vegetation of the Moscow, Bryansk, Smolensk, Kostroma regions, Krasnodar Krai and the Republic of Adygea (North-Western Caucasus) was analyzed. Results. Examples of functional forest types (FTL) for coniferous and broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia are given. The differences in the level of soil carbon accumulation between different FTLS are shown, and a preliminary assessment of the influence of the position in the landscape and the mechanical composition of soils on the accumulation of carbon in soils within FTLS is given. Conclusion. Based on the quality of the fall of tree litter, 15 FTL were identified, which are confirmed by examples based on geobotanical descriptions of forest communities common in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests of the European part of Russia and in the belt of coniferous-deciduous forests of the North-Western Caucasus. The validity of the allocation of FTL for the efficiency of carbon accumulation in soils based on the quality of plant litter, taking into account the influence of “external factors” (the position in the landscape and the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks) is confirmed by data obtained at 23 sites; estimates of the carbon reserves in the soil, as well as the soil richness estimated on an ecological scale, revealed differences between the allocated FTLS. Differences in carbon stocks in forest ecosystems in the same FTL formed on loamy and sandy loam soil-forming rocks were revealed. Differences in soil carbon reserves in forests belonging to the same FTL, but formed at different positions in the landscape, have been confirmed; in transit landscapes, soil carbon reserves are higher than in autonomous ones.","PeriodicalId":237008,"journal":{"name":"Forest science issues","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122307963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some results of lichenological studies in Losiny Ostrov National Park (Moscow and Moscow Region, Russia)","authors":"E. Muchnik","doi":"10.31509/2658-607x-202252-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202252-111","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance and goal. “Losiny Ostrov” National Park with the area of about 13 thousand hectares was organized in 1983 and is situated on the territory of the Moscow agglomeration, partially within the Moscow city limits. A unique complex of natural conditions ensures a considerable wealth of biota, which is far from being fully studied. Despite a long period of lichen studies, until recently information on lichens of “Losiny Ostrov” National Park has been rather scattered and insufficient. This work is aimed at updating the lichen checklist and supplementing the information about the diversity of lichen biota of the national park. Material and methods. Available literary sources (beginning in 1900) were analyzed, and several field studies were conducted between 2017 and 2022. Materials were collected and studied using generally accepted lichenological techniques; identified specimens were placed mainly in the MHA herbarium. A database was organized and maintained in MS Excel. Results and conclusion. The total list of the lichen biota of “Losiny Ostrov” National Park for the entire history of its study has so far amounted to 148 species from 69 genera, 30 families of lichens and closely related non-lichenized fungi, traditionally analyzed together with lichens. Of this list, 7 species are considered as doubtful, and another two species seem to be completely extinct on the study area; thus, the current lichen checklist includes 139 species from 67 genera and 29 families. A brief taxonomic analysis allows us to define the identified lichen biota as typically forested, but with pronounced signs of anthropogenic transformation. 23 lichen species protected in the Moscow region have been found in the national park, of which 20 have been confirmed during the last 20 years. Occurrence of the rest three species at the territory of the Losiny Ostrov National Park is still possible. Further lichenological research at the study area is needed, especially within the protected and specially protected functional areas of the national park.","PeriodicalId":237008,"journal":{"name":"Forest science issues","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132090919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APPLICATION OF GIS TECHNOLOGIES TO BUILD SPATIAL PREDICTORS FOR MAPPING FOREST ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL","authors":"M. Savin, A. Plotnikova, A. Narykova","doi":"10.31509/2658-607x-202252-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202252-105","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the experience of using GIS technologies to prepare predictors of regression models of carbon stocks created using the random forest machine learning method. The study was conducted on the territory of the Dankovsky district forestry, located in the south of the Moscow region. GIS analysis of spatial data containing information about the relief and hydrographic network of the study area was performed. As a result, morphometric values describing the surface runoff and altitude zonality of the study area have been created, which will be considered as predictors of carbon stock modeling. The article describes GIS tools that allow you to create thematic geospatial products: exposure, slope steepness and curvature; direction, distance and length of the flow line, total flow; average altitude above sea level and distance to the river. In addition, the boundaries of river catchment basins have been identified by means of GIS analysis, within which it is also planned to perform carbon stock modeling.","PeriodicalId":237008,"journal":{"name":"Forest science issues","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123952455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CAN ARTIFICIAL REFORESTATION ALWAYS BE A FOREST CLIMATIC PROJECT?","authors":"V. Shanin, P. Frolov, V. Korotkov","doi":"10.31509/2658-607x-202252-106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202252-106","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, forest climatic projects aimed at enhancing the carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems are becoming very popular. The main requirements for such projects include additionality, permanence and the absence of leakage. Compliance with these requirements ensures that the project fulfils the tasks at which it is aimed. Predictive modelling can be one of the tools for checking the compliance of forest climate projects with the above principles. The purpose of the study was to assess the prospects for carbon accumulation during the implementation of reforestation projects in the Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk regions. An assessment of the carbon balance in the territory of artificial reforestation projects was carried out at the baseline (natural regeneration of Betula spp. and Populus tremula L.) and during the implementation of the forest climatic project (planting of Pinus sylvestris L.) with a forecast for 100 years. The results show that during the implementation of the project, the achieved level of emissions is higher and the level of carbon sequestration is lower compared to the baseline, which contradicts the principle of additionality, and, therefore, artificial reforestation cannot be considered as a forest climatic project. The highest efficiency in carbon sequestration for mixed plantations is predicted for mixtures of Pinus sylvestris with 20–30 percent of small-leaved species (Betula spp. and Populus tremula). However, the implementation of artificial reforestation projects can be essential for the reproduction of valuable forest resources, but in this case it is necessary to take into account the way the obtained phytomass of trees is used, since the length of the carbon conservation period will depend on this.","PeriodicalId":237008,"journal":{"name":"Forest science issues","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114841684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DYNAMICS OF FOREST FIRES IN THE REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA","authors":"A. Ignateva, N. Baranovskiy","doi":"10.31509/2658-607x-202252-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202252-107","url":null,"abstract":"The Republic of Buryatia is annually exposed to forest fires, resulting in significant damage to the economy, population and ecology of the region. The purpose of this study is to analyze and assess the fire hazard situation on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia from 2013 to 2019. The article presents an analysis of the affected and deceased population of the republic as a result of the impact of the damaging factors of fires. The article analyzes the fire hazard situation in the forestries of Buryatia based on the calculated values of the vulnerability of the territory to fires. According to the analysis of the vulnerability of forest areas, the greatest vulnerability is characteristic of forest areas with a higher population density and a predominance of pine forests in the species composition. Pine is highly combustible and, accordingly, contributes to the rapid spread of fires. The dynamics of the occurrence and spread of fires on the territory of the subject for the period from 2013 to 2019 is also analyzed. Most of the fires that are recorded in the Republic of Buryatia are anthropogenic in nature. Also in 2015, the largest areas of fires, the number of injured and dead people were noted on the territory of the republic.","PeriodicalId":237008,"journal":{"name":"Forest science issues","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125049001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT FOR THE FORESTS ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IMITATION MODELLING","authors":"D. Tebenkova, N. Lukina, A. Kataev, S. Chumachenko, V. Kiselyova, A. Kolycheva, Yu. Yu. N. Gagarin, V. Shanin, A. I. Kuznetsova","doi":"10.31509/2658-607x-202252-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202252-104","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable forest management implies the necessity to maintain and uphold balance between the growing demand for the forest ecosystem services (ES) and capabilities present. This issue motivates the development of ways to include various ES into the forest ecosystems planning and management system, taking into account social, political, environmental and economic contexts. One of the effective tools for the ES management is imitation modeling, which allows assessing the decision-making risks and consequences. This raises the scientific problem of substantiating possible alternative scenarios for the future forest area development for subsequent simulation. This article is aimed at analyzing the approaches to creating scenarios for the development of a forest area for the local level imitation modelling and testing a new method based on the development of the existing approaches to solving this problem. In its first part, modern research analysis in the field of imitation scenarios development is presented; the second one proposes a new scenarios’ compiling method, created within the framework of the POLYFORES project, and also presents the results of its testing at three model sites located in the Nizhny Novgorod region, the Republic of Karelia and the Moscow region. For the forest plots of the Nizhny Novgorod region, four scenarios for the forest area development have been created, aimed at obtaining benefits: 1 — from timber harvesting, 2 — from recreational ES and food forest resources, 3 — from regulating ES, 4 — both from timber harvesting, under the conditions of intensified forest growing, and from regulatory ES. For forest plots in the Republic of Karelia, the first scenario describes the situation of meeting the demand for wood, while also preserving the biodiversity and regulating ES, the second and third scenarios take into account the increased demand for wood, with low and high priorities for environmental conservation. For the forest plots of the Moscow region, only two scenarios were relevant, with the increasing need of citizens for recreational ES, and the biodiversity preservation priority in management decisions making either remaining low or increasing. For each scenario, forestry activities corresponding to the objectives of management have been developed. The proposed scenarios can be used to obtain information about the various management decisions impact on the forest ES supply.","PeriodicalId":237008,"journal":{"name":"Forest science issues","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131533220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}