Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Profit Maximization Strategies Employed by the Small and Medium Size Building Contractors in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"Elizabeth H. Kyssima, D. N. Tesha, Didas S. Lello, Flaviana S. Mtitu","doi":"10.31033/ijemr.10.1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.10.1.17","url":null,"abstract":"When it comes to a firm’s growth, profitability and profit maximization are sensitive matters that cannot be neglected, due to the fact that profit and profit maximization are the main aims for any building construction business. Thus, the study intended to explore the profit maximization opportunities available for small and medium size building contractors (SMSBCs) in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; by exploring the profit maximization strategies employed; examining the challenges faced by these contractors that affect realization of profit maximization; and proposing profit maximization measures, that can be employed by the SMSBCs in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. This designed survey study, employed the SMSBCs in Dar-Es-Salaam Tanzania, as a unit of analysis, which involved building contractors from Class IV, V, VI and VII, as study population and unit sample. Moreover, the descriptive design survey study involved probability sampling as a sampling technique. Literature review; open and closed ended questionnaires, were used in collecting primary and secondary qualitative and quantitative data. In collecting data, total of 94 questionnaires were distributed, whereby 78 (84.3%) were returned. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings revealed charging for all amendments and change orders; dropping of low performers; minimization of waste on site; timely execution of works on site; proper tendering procedures; improving construction productivity; reliable chain of supplies; and requiring more site job experience, as the most important opportunities employed by SMSBCs. Furthermore, the critical challenges revealed were; non-payment of debts; taxes and license; lack of capital equipment; low share of work opportunities; delays caused by clients; as well as uncertainty and unexpected climate conditions. The study concluded that; most of the contractors use all the opportunities to maximize their profits in construction projects. Most of them have survived because, they continued maintaining professionalism when it comes to work despite having low share of work/ tender opportunities. Also, corruption is one of the critical factors that affects the industry, hence hindering the contractor’s growth. With the new reform and government systems, this factor has reduced to some extent as compared to how businesses were operated before, but not completely eliminated. The overall satisfaction of the profits and growth of these SMSBCs has been reduced by government reforms and policies, despite the government effort to fight corruption. When it comes to taxes and license fees, most of the contractors are irritated with constant need to pay for cost/license of operations or the presence of both withholding tax and Skills Development Levy(SDL) imposed to them when conducting business. Lastly, the study recommended; introduction of proper taxation policies; centralizatio","PeriodicalId":236490,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115516672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unemployment Governance, Labour Cost and Earnings Management: Evidence from China","authors":"H. Beladi, Chen Cheng, May Hu, Yuan Yuan","doi":"10.1111/twec.12923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12923","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effect of labour cost on earnings management based on the panel data of listed firms in China. We use the average wage of employees in firm level as the proxy for labour cost. Firms with rising labour cost become more likely to engage in negative earnings management to conceal profits or report losses. The effect becomes more significant in state‐owned enterprises, labour‐intensive enterprises, firms in high unemployment‐rate regions and firms with political connections. Further research finds that, under the institutional background of Chinese unemployment governance, firms get more government subsidies and tax preferences and reduce the excessive employment through negative earnings management. To a certain extent, this weakens the policy effect of unemployment governance. Overall, our conclusions are meaningful to the reform of unemployment governance, the standardisation of earnings management behaviour, the improvement of the government subsidy policies and the improvement of the efficiency of public resource allocation.","PeriodicalId":236490,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128151711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shareholder Stewardship in India: The Desiderata","authors":"Umakanth Varottil","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3538037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3538037","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this paper is to examine whether the stewardship code, which emanated in circumstances that are specific to the United Kingdom (UK), is capable of transposition to other jurisdictions that experience different corporate structures as well as legal and institutional mechanisms. It does so in the context of India, which has introduced a series of stewardship codes for different types of institutional investors. This paper cautions against the wholesale adoption of a UK-style stewardship code in India due to the specific factors that are at play in that jurisdiction, and instead calls for a sui generis approach to stewardship. \u0000 \u0000At least three reasons necessitate such a departure from the UK stewardship approach. First, while the prominence of institutional investors in the UK in the context of companies with dispersed ownership inspired the UK-style stewardship code, the roles and challenges that institutional investors experience in India in the context of concentrated shareholding are considerably different. Second, the goals of stewardship vary from the UK, where the focus is on the long-term financial sustainability of beneficiaries of institutional investors, to India, which follows a pluralistic stakeholder approach to corporate law. Third, the traditional mode in the UK of using a code-based soft law approach to implementation of stewardship is unsuitable to the Indian circumstances that steadfastly rely on mandatory rules in the form of hard law in the corporate arena.","PeriodicalId":236490,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129743443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of US Monetary Policy Rate Shock and Other External Shocks on the Hong Kong Economy: A Factor‐Augmented Vector Autoregression Approach","authors":"Hongyi Chen, Andrew Tsang","doi":"10.1111/1468-0106.12262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12262","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses the factor‐augmented vector autoregression framework to study the impact on the Hong Kong economy of the diverging monetary policies by the Fed, the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Bank of Japan as well as the slowdown of the Mainland economy. The empirical results show that shocks in US monetary policy rate mainly affect interest rate‐sensitive sectors in Hong Kong and that monetary easing from the European Central Bank and the Bank of Japan somewhat offsets the impact of tightening of the Fed. The transmission of external shocks is through trade and capital markets. Real variables such as real GDP growth and the unemployment rate are more sensitive to the economic slowdown in Mainland China. It is estimated that the combined effect of the four external shocks will on average lower Hong Kong's quarterly GDP growth by 0.6 percentage points and quarterly inflation by 0.2 percentage points in the first four quarters. However, Hong Kong's financial stability, particularly with regard to loan quality, banks’ capital and liquidity, is well maintained by macroprudential policies, suggesting that Hong Kong's financial system is resilient to external shocks.","PeriodicalId":236490,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132699666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wage Premium of Communist Party Membership: Evidence from China","authors":"P. Nikolov, Hongjian Wang, K. Acker","doi":"10.1111/1468-0106.12318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12318","url":null,"abstract":"Social status and political connections could confer large economic benefits to an individual. Previous studies focused on China examine the relationship between Communist party membership and earnings and find a positive correlation. However, this correlation may be partly or totally spurious, thereby generating upwards-biased estimates of the importance of political party membership. Using data from three surveys spanning more than three decades, we estimate the causal effect of Chinese party membership on monthly earnings in in China. We find that, on average, membership in the Communist party of China increases monthly earnings and we find evidence that the wage premium has grown in recent years. We explore for potential mechanisms and we find suggestive evidence that improvements in one's social network, acquisition of job-related qualifications and improvement in one's social rank and life satisfaction likely play an important role. (JEL D31, J31, P2)","PeriodicalId":236490,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"4 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114111014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Class Share Structure on the Dividend Payout Policy: Evidence From China","authors":"Zonghao Chen, Mi Zhu, Jingjing Yang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3526225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3526225","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of dual-class share structure on the dividend payout policy of Chinese Concepts Stocks listed on US stock exchanges. We find that dual-class share structure is negatively associated with both the propensity to pay dividends and dividend payout ratios. Among firms with a dual-class share structure, the divergence in voting and cash-flow rights is negatively associated with the propensity to pay dividends and dividend payout ratios. We further find that dual-class firms experience more tunneling to controlling shareholders. Our findings highlight the potential cost of adopting dual-class share structures in China.","PeriodicalId":236490,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132520323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Have the Chinese National Oil Companies Paid Too Much in Overseas Asset Acquisition?","authors":"Xiaoyi Mu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3524134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524134","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides both a quantitative and qualitative analysis of whether the Chinese oil companies have “overpaid” than international oil companies in overseas asset acquisitions. By controlling oil price and a number of asset- and deal-specific attributes that are known to affect the valuation of oil and gas projects, we find that while the Chinese companies did not overpay than international oil companies for the period of 2001-2008, there is statistically significant evidence that they overpaid during the 2009-2016 period (mainly 2009-2013). The counterfactual analysis indicates that the Chinese companies paid, on average, 64 percent more than what an international oil company would have paid for the same assets during the post-2008 period. Interviews with industry experts and qualitative analysis suggest that the overpayment mainly results from a series of mistakes due to lack of experience and rush for projects in a period of high oil prices rather than concerns about energy security or other political considerations. The results raise concerns over the efficiency and corporate governance of Chinese state-owned companies, pointing to the need for further reforms.","PeriodicalId":236490,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126457498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management Succession in Korea: Tunneling, Semi-Tunneling, and the Reaction of Corporate Law","authors":"K. Chun","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3554247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3554247","url":null,"abstract":"Recently in Korea, certain issues of corporate law became the subjects of fierce political debates unlike many other jurisdictions where corporate law issues generally remain in the exclusive realm of professionals and academics. This Article begins with the question of why corporate law issues attracted so much political attention in Korea and whether such political attention actually helped improve the corporate law. In pursuing the answers to such questions, this Article identifies a recurring pattern: (i) there are strict rules against seeking private benefits; (ii) managers and controlling shareholders often come up with various clever measures to circumvent such rules; (iii) courts often fail to regulate such circumventing measures because of their conservative and formalistic approach to corporate law; (iv) such passivity of the judiciary leads to many proposals for new statutes in the legislature; (v) because of the complicated sentiments and interests entangled with the chaebols, discussions for statutory amendments often become politicized and lead to suboptimal results; and (vi) the stricter new rules prompt another round of circumvention. This pattern of “rules — circumvention — passive judiciary — stricter statutory rules — further circumvention�? is most salient when the controlling shareholders attempt to implement “management succession�? (i.e., transferring ownership and managerial power to the descendants of the controlling family). This Article analyzes a few measures widely used in Korea for management succession: issuing stock at a low price, selling treasury stock at a low price, “funneling�? of business, “tolling,�? and conducting horizontal spin-offs. While some of these measures fall under the typical category of tunneling, some are dubious. By tracking the chain of actions (by the corporations and the controlling family members) and reactions (by the government, including the executive, judiciary, and legislative branches) along the line of the foregoing pattern, this Article shows the importance of the judiciary’s role in corporate law and the limitation of the political lawmaking process in corporate law. The stories involving management succession in Korea also show that the rules, being vulnerable to circumvention, cannot effectively address the corporate governance problems without the concurrent application of the standards.","PeriodicalId":236490,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129046092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"한국의 신북방 경제협력 거버넌스 개선 방안 연구: 러시아를 중심으로 (Study on the Improvement of Korea’s New Northern Economic Cooperation Governance: Focusing on Russia)","authors":"Joungho Park, Minhyeon Jeong, Boogyun Kang, D. Jeong, Chorong Kim, S. Jeh, S. Lukonin, E. Zaklyazminskaya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3705764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3705764","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Korean Abstract:</b> 한ㆍ러 관계의 새로운 30년을 준비하는 작업은 한국의 미래 국가전략인 대륙과 해양을 연계하는 ‘가교국가 건설’의 진정한 출발점이다. 이러한 국가비전을 달성하기 위해 한국정부는 지속가능한 대러 경제협력 전략을 효율적으로 추진할 수 있는 경제협력 거버넌스를 구축하는 데 초점을 맞추어야 할 것이다. 정부의 역할과 영향력이 강한 러시아의 국가적 특성을 고려할 때, 양국간에 신뢰할 수 있는 정부간 협의 채널 확대 및 민간 차원의 제도적 토대 구축은 경제협력 증진을 위한 유용한 초석이 될 수 있다.<br><br> 제2장에서는 대외경제협력 거버넌스의 개념 정의와 핵심 역할에 대한 고찰을 토대로 이론모형을 제시했다. 특히 대외경제협력의 수준을 결정하는 중요한 요소로 거래비용에 주목함과 동시에, 거래비용의 원천인 탐색비용과 감시비용에 대한 이론적 고찰을 시도했다. 결국 바람직한 대외경제협력 거버넌스란 거래비용을 효과적으로 낮추는 일련의 제도적 시스템이라는 정의를 내릴 수 있었다. 또한 좋은 거버넌스란 효과적인 감시체계 구축으로 정보의 비대칭성을 완화하여 계약 이행을 촉진하는 ‘인위적 계약 이행 기술’이라고 할 수 있다. 분석결과에 따르면 탐색비용이 간접적인 영향을 미치는 요인인 데 비해, 감시비용은 직접적인 영향을 끼치는 중요 변수였다. 다만 러시아라는 국가의 특수성을고려할 때, 감시비용만큼이나 탐색비용의 중요성도 결코 무시할 수 없다는 점이 특징적이었다.<br><br> 제3장에서는 러시아의 대외경제협력 거버넌스에 대한 심층적인 연구를 다음 두 가지 측면에서 진행했다. 먼저 러시아 정부의 대외경제 전략에 기초한 경제협력 거버넌스 구축 방향과 과제를 제시하면서 주요국별(한국, 독일, 일본, 중국, 베트남) 대외경제협력 추진 방향을 고찰했다. 러시아 정부는 주요 협력국가들과 양자관계 강화를 토대로 경제협력 확대 방안을 모색하고자 했다. 세계경제에서 급속하게 부상하고 있는 아태지역의 주요 국가들(한국, 중국, 일본)과는 극동·시베리아 경제발전 프로그램 실현 차원에서 협력을 강화하면서 교역구조의 다각화를 도모했다. 또한 러시아는 소련 시기부터 역사적으로 긴밀한유대관계를 형성해온 베트남과 탈냉전 이후 통일 과정에서 협력관계를 구축해온 독일에 대해서는 각각의 협력수요를 고려하여 투자협력을 활성화하는 데 우선적인 관심을 기울여왔다.<br><br> 이와 함께 러시아 대외경제협력 거버넌스의 구조와 운영 현황을 조사했다. 러시아의 대외경제협력 거버넌스 구조는 크게 주요 정부부처(경제개발부와 산업통상부, 극동ㆍ북극개발부 등)와 관련된 지원기관(무역대표부, 러시아수출센터, 극동투자유치수출지원청, 러시아 상공회의소 등), 그리고 주요 협의 채널(정부간 위원회, 국제포럼) 등 3개의 범주로 구분될 수 있다. 이에 더해 대표적 인 금융 플랫폼으로는 러시아직접투자기금과 극동개발기금을 들 수 있다. 러시아는 이러한 대외경제협력 거버넌스를 구축하고, 이를 바탕으로 국가별로 다양한 협력체계를 운영해왔다.<br><br> 제4장에서는 주요 4개국(독일, 일본, 중국, 베트남)의 대러 경제협력 거버넌스 사례를 분석했다. 이 국가들의 경우 저마다 러시아와 지역적 및 전략적 이해관계를 공유하고 있다는 공통점을 가지고 있다. 그 중에서도 독일과 일본은 서방의 대러 경제제재 참여국인 데 반해, 중국과 베트남은 비참여국이기에 좋은 대비가 될 수 있었다. 중국과 독일은 러시아의 1위와 2위 교역 상대국이자 대 표적인 러시아 에너지 자원 수입국이라는 점에서 그에 대응하는 협력을 위한 다양한 거버넌스를 구축하고 있다. 또한 베트남은 냉전시기부터 이어져온 소련의 동맹국으로서 굳건한 상호 신뢰를 바탕으로 러시아와의 유대관계를 현재까지 비교적 잘 유지해오고 있는 대표적 국가로, 그 특성에 맞는 협력을 해왔다.<br><br>일본의 경우 대러 경제제재에 참여했으며 러시아와 영토분쟁을 경험하고 있지만, 그럼에도 오히려 이를 해결하기 위해 아베 정부 출범 이후 극동지역 개발과 북극 에너지 협력에 있어서 러시아의 주요 파트너 국가 중 하나가 되고 있다. 한편 대러 경제협력 거버넌스 측면에서 살펴보면, 러시아와 경제협력 거버넌스 체제를 구축하고 있는 4개국간에는 다음과 같은 차별성이 존재했다. 중국은 대표적인 정부 주도형 국가이다. 중국정부는 러시아와의 경제협력을 주도하고 있으며, 양국간의 다양한 플랫폼은 대부분 민관협력 형태를 띠고 있다. 따라서 민간 차원 경제협력 플랫폼의 역할과 비중은 그다지 크지 않은 편이다. 중국은 대러 경제협력 증진을 위해 공동투자펀드를 적극적으로 활용하고 있을 뿐아니라, 러시아와 탈달러 정책에 공조하면서 양자간 금융협력을 더욱 강화해나가는 특징을 보여주고 있다. 일본정부도 최근 러시아에 대한 자국의 전략적 이해관계를 고려하여 경제협력 추진 과정에서 정부 및 공공기관의 역할을 더욱 강화하고 있는 추세이다. 일본 역시 대러 경제제재에 참여하고 있으면서도 러시아와 공동투자펀드를 조성하는 한편, 대러 경제협력 프로젝트 추진을 위한 금융지원을 하고 있다는 점이 돋보인다. 반면에 중국과는 달리, 일본에서는 민간 차원 협력 플랫폼의 역할이 상대적으로 큰 편이다. 한편 독일은 4개국 중에서 민간 주도의 경제협력 거버넌스가 가장 잘 구축된 국가이다. 독일의 경우 2014년 우크라이나 사태 이후 정부간 회의가 일시적으로 중단되었음에도 민간 차원의 협력은 지속적으로 유지하고 있다. 러ㆍ독 상공회의소가 양국간 경제협력 증진에 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있으며, ‘페테르부르크 대화’는 상호 이해 증진에 크게 기여하고 있는 양자 대화 채널 중 하나다. 베트남은 중국과 마찬가지로 대러 경제협력 추진 과정에서 정부기관의 역할이 매우 큰 국가이다.<br><br> 베트남 정부는 러시아와의 정상회담 및 고위급 회담을 매년 진행함으로써 양자관계를 유지 및 발전시켜나가고 있다. 특히 베트남과 러시아는 금융 분야의 협력을 적극 추진 중인데, 다른 3국이 운영하는 공동펀드 방식 이외에 베트남·러시아 합작투자은행과 같은 은행간 합작투자은행을 설립해 운영하는 특징을 보여주고 있다. 베트남은 러시아가 주도하는 유라시아경제연합(EAE","PeriodicalId":236490,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122949997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education, Self Efficacy, Creativity, and Gender on Entrepreneurial Intentions","authors":"Osly Usman, Shyva Tita Nia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3510317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3510317","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine whether The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education, Self Efficacy, Creativity, and Gender on Entrepreneurial Intentions. This research was conducted for three months from October to December 2019. The research method used was a survey method with a causality approach. The population in this study were students and students, amounting to 200 respondents. Data collection techniques using literature and questionnaire techniques. The technique of data analysis used SmartPLS software version 3. PLS (Partial Least Square) with structural equation analysis (SEM). The results show that each variable has the same effect. So it can be said, if the Entrepreneurial Intention is high, of course, it has Entrepreneurship Education, Self Efficacy, Creativity, and Gender. Entrepreneurship Education, Self Efficacy, Creativity, and good Gend will certainly produce high Entrepreneurial Intentions. The above description shows that there is a joint and significant influence between Entrepreneurship Education, Self Efficacy, Creativity, and Gender.","PeriodicalId":236490,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114514657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}