Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of two sample preparation methods for 1H-NMR wine profiling: Direct analysis and solid-phase extraction","authors":"Iran Ocaña-Rios, F. Ruiz-Terán, Martha E. García-Aguilera, K. Tovar-Osorio, E. R. Miguel, N. Esturau-Escofet","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.69-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.69-75","url":null,"abstract":"This study compares two sample preparation methods: direct analysis (DA) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) for wine samples analysis by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. For this purpose, the profile of Mexican commercial wines was evaluated. The selected wines were produced with different grape varieties: ('Barbera', 'Nebbiolo', 'Zinfandel', 'Merlot', 'Petite Syrah', 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'White Zinfandel' and mixture of 'Chenin blanc' and 'Colombard') coming from the principal wine-producing region of Mexico, Baja California State. DA provided faster data acquisition in comparison to SPE and preserved the original sample composition. Using DA-NMR thirty two metabolites were identified, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, alcohols and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, SPE-NMR using a polymeric sorbent allowed to retain phenolic compounds giving a better picture on the aromatic region and eliminating major polar compounds like water, ethanol and sugars. Fourteen compounds were identified by SPE-NMR including higher alcohols, flavanols and hydroxybenzoates. A control chart for the first principal component allowed to confirm the precision of the SPE-NMR method, while a comparison of the concentration of two metabolites found in both methods was used to evaluate their recovery (20 % for isoamyl alcohol and 78 % for phenethyl alcohol). The information obtained with both methods about the main compounds and phenolic metabolites provides new insights into the metabolomic profile of wine, which could be useful in future targeted studies.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"27 1","pages":"69-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85055120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of genotype and environmental conditions on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) shoot morphology","authors":"D. Dinu, D. Bianchi, L. Mamasakhlisashvili, C. Quarta, L. Brancadoro, D. Maghradze, M. Cardinale, L. Rustioni","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.85-91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.85-91","url":null,"abstract":"Grapevine shoot morphology is widely studied for both ampelography and growing adaptation to environmental stresses. However, few is known concerning the relative contribution and interactions of the genotype and of the growing conditions to the vegetative growth. In this work, seven grapevine cultivars were studied in three geographically distant ampelographic collections to maximize the genotype and environment differences among samples. Phytomers were studied concerning the leaf area and the stem and petiole diameters and lengths. These measurements allowed the calculation of derivative parameters to describe the proportions among elements. Despite most of the studied parameters significantly discriminated both factors (cultivar and growing conditions), it was possible to identify, for each one of them, the most promising parameters based on their relative variance explanation. In fact, a negative correlation was observed between the roles of genotype and environment among the studied parameters. The low interaction effect suggested a stability in the plant behaviors, confirming the possibility to use vegetative descriptions for both cultivar discrimination and growing conditions. Future studies will be performed to develop specific indexes based on the phenotypical variability of shoot morphology described here.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"19 1","pages":"85-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80089979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaves of more cold hardy grapes have a higher density of small, sunken stomata","authors":"A. Nassuth, M. A. Rahman, T. Nguyen, A. Ebadi, C. Lee","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.63-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.63-67","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf stomatal density, index and size are known to be affected by the growing conditions, presumably to provide a better function for plant development. The question was whether there is a difference in stomatal parameters between grape species with different cold hardiness: V. riparia and V. vinifera; and the V. vinifera cultivars 'Riesling', 'Chardonnay', 'Sauvignon Blanc' and 'Merlot'. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy allowed the observation of 3 types of stomata in developing and mature leaves of all examined grape leaves. Stomatal parameters were found to be significantly affected by species or cultivar and growing conditions but not rootstock. A higher stomatal density and index were determined for the more cold hardy V. riparia and V. vinifera 'Riesling', whereby the higher number of stomata in 'Riesling' was found to be due to a higher number of small, sunken stomata. These findings might indicate a strategy of grape plants to optimize growth under low temperatures by using fast-acting stomata whose gas and water exchange are less affected than for larger stomata.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"219 1","pages":"63-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77566628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of salinity on potassium absorption and expression of K+transporter genes at different concentrations of potassium in Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)","authors":"S. Torabi, N. Abbaspour, F. Rahmani, N. Mohammadkhani","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.77-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.77-84","url":null,"abstract":"Grapevine is classified as a moderately sensitive plant to salinity. Hydroponically three grape genotypes (Vitis vinifera L.) were treated with different concentrations of KCl (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 mM KCl) and NaCl (0, 25, 50,100 mM NaCl). Cl- and Na+ contents were significantly increased in different plant organs of all the genotypes under salinity. In this study, sensitive ('GhezelUzum'), tolerant ('Gharashani') and semi-resistant ('Chawga') grape genotypes were selected based on screening experiments under salinity. 'Gharashani' accumulated higher Na+ and Cl- in roots compared to the sensitive one. 'Chawga' accumulated high K+ similar to Na+ in root and shoot even at high salinity. Km calculation for K+ and Na+ uptake in root and shoot of 'Chawga' showed that K+ and Na+ compete to enter the plant through roots. Two KUP/KT/HAK-type potassium transporters are expressed highly in the grapevine during stress. VvK1.1 could play a major role in K+ loading into grape tissues. The expression of VvKUP1 and VvKUP2 transporters and VvK1.1 channel in roots of 'Chawga' genotype increased significantly (P < 0.05) at different KCl concentrations under salinity stress. Our results showed a significant difference between tolerant and sensitive genotypes and highlighted a strong relationship between the accumulation of specific transcripts and the degree of salinity tolerance.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"2021 1","pages":"77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78241892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical physiological and biochemical processes involved in grapevine rootstock drought tolerance","authors":"Liu Minmin, Yin Yonggang, J. Nan, Han Bin, Sun Yan, Liu Changjiang, Zhao Shengjian, Guo Yong, Guo Zijuan","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.53-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.53-61","url":null,"abstract":"In order to explore the drought resistance mechanism of grape rootstocks, two grape rootstock species, '1103P' (a drought-tolerant rootstock) and '101-14M' (drought-sensitive), were treated with moderate water deficit (field capacity of 45-50 %). Throughout the experimental period, the leaves of '1103P' showed a higher stomatal conductance (gs), relative water content and photosynthetic rate (Pn) than '101-14M', indicating '1103P' was more resistant to tolerant than '101-14M'. We propose that '1103P' could prevent water loss from leaves under drought conditions based on the discoveries that '1103P' had higher leaf phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) content and leaf cuticular wax content, and smaller stomata aperture than those of '101-14M'. Additionally, the activities of H2O2-scavenging enzymes in leaves of '1103P' were higher than those of '101-14M' under drought conditions, indicating the lipid peroxidation induced by H2O2 of '1103P' was less serious than that of '101-14M'. Therefore, better water-saving and higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging abilities contributed together to stronger drought resistance of '1103P' than '101-14M'.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"53-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86865798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rootstock affects stress relieving enzymatic activity during bud break in 'Red Globe' grapevine under semi-arid condition","authors":"R. Somkuwar, V. Bhor, V. Ghule, D. Hakale, A. Shabeer, A. Sharma","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.93-99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.93-99","url":null,"abstract":"The role of stress relieving enzymes during bud sprouting in grapevines has already been established in different varieties. However, data on 'Red Globe' variety under tropical conditions are not reported. The present study was conducted to generate data on stress relieving enzymatic activities during bud sprout in 'Red Globe' on different rootstocks under arid conditions of India. Influence of different rootstocks on stress relieving enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase and polyphenol oxidase) involved in bud sprouting under tropical conditions with double pruning and single cropping pattern was evidenced. Positive interactions were observed between enzymatic activities of stress relieving enzymes, increased bud break (64.25 %) and reduction in days taken to bud sprout (8.43 days). Among the rootstocks under study, vines on 110R and own rooted vines have strong impact on stress relieving enzymes that resulted into early and increased bud sprouting. Also, the dynamics of enzymatic activity can be used as biological indicators for forecasting the end of bud dormancy and recommencement of growth.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"93-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86357165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of processed Halyomorpha halys bugs on the aroma and taste of 'Chardonnay' and 'Merlot' musts and wines","authors":"P. Kehrli, J. Rösti, F. Lorenzini, Pascale Deneulin, C. Linder","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.43-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.43-50","url":null,"abstract":"Native to East Asia, the invasive brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) was accidentally introduced into Switzerland around 2004 and is now spreading all over Europe. This pentatomid is highly polyphagous and attacks vegetables, field and tree crops as well as soft fruits. Moreover, all development stages of H. halys are found in vineyards, suggesting that grapevine is also a host plant for this insect. Nonetheless, its actual effects on European wine production is unclear. As such, we studied the impact of processed H. halys on the aroma and taste of grape musts and wines. We artificially contaminated 'Chardonnay' and 'Merlot' grapes with up to ten H. halys nymphs and adults per kg grapes directly before the vintage was crushed. In the freshly pressed must, the addition of 1 living bug/kg grapes did not affect the olfactory sensation of the 'Chardonnay' juice. However, the aroma and taste of 'Chardonnay' and 'Merlot' musts contaminated with 3 to 10 H. halys individuals/kg grapes could be distinguished from the uncontaminated control juices and were perceived as vegetal and woody. Yet after bottling, the different wines with 0 to 10 H. halys individuals/kg grapes could no longer be differentiated from each other in 2-out-of-5 discrimination tests. Amongst 17 rated organoleptic descriptors to characterise the sensory profile of the four 'Chardonnay' wines, only two showed significant differences; the colour intensity increased and wines’ finesse decreased with the number of added bugs. For the three 'Merlot' wines, none of the 21 organoleptic descriptors of the sensory profiles differed significantly. In addition, winegrowers did not dislike H. halys contaminated 'Chardonnay' and 'Merlot' wines compared to their uncontaminated controls one year after bottling. It therefore seems that the molecules responsible for the off-flavours in contaminated musts volatilise to a large part during the fermentation process. Our results consequently indicate that a contamination of the vintage with H. halys has the potential to alter the quality of grape musts and potentially grape juices but that there is little risk for influencing the taste of processed wines. Nonetheless, we recommend monitoring the development of H. halys in vineyards in order to anticipate quantitative and qualitative problems at harvest.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"43-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88560847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of grapevine trunk diseases on four cultivars in Sardinia, Southern Italy","authors":"S. Serra, Virna Ligios, N. Schianchi, V. Prota, A. Deidda, B. Scanu","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.35-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.35-42","url":null,"abstract":"Esca proper and Botryosphaeria dieback are among the most widespread Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), characterized by similar decline symptoms. In the present work, chronic, apoplexy and death symptoms were analysed separately in four vineyards and four different cultivars, on more than 1,000 vines per cultivar, taking into account ten-year annual surveys. The cumulative incidence of plants with chronic symptoms (CHR) reached high values on 'Sauvignon Blanc' (81.9 %), 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (79.4 %) and 'Cannonau' (66.5 %), but it was low on 'Merlot' (25.1 %). 'Sauvignon Blanc' showed the highest cumulative incidence of apoplectic events (23.1 %) and dead cordons (49.2 %), while 'Cannonau' had the greatest number of dead plants (28.8 %). In each symptom category, incidence among cultivars differed significantly according to χ2 test at P ≤ 0.05. Annual incidence of foliar symptoms fluctuated over ten years (ranging from 0.9-9.5 % in 'Merlot' to 6.3‑59.1 % in 'Cabernet Sauvignon'), mostly with regard to CHR. On average, every year only 33.9 % of plants showing CHR had expressed symptoms in the previous year, while 48.6 % did not show symptoms the following year. Conversely, most of the plants exhibiting apoplexy or death were symptomatic the previous year. According to Tuckey HSD test (P ≤ 0.05) 'Merlot' had the highest incidence of plants showing CHR symptoms for the first time (72.1 %) and of apparently recovered plants (76.3 %), while 'Cabernet Sauvignon' exhibited the highest incidence of plants showing CHR symptoms also the previous year (50.0 %). The 'Cabernet Sauvignon' attitude to show chronic symptoms with a certain continuity was also confirmed by the low incidence of plants with hidden symptoms (lack of symptoms in previously symptomatic vines). On the contrary, the incidence of acute symptoms (apoplectic events and dead plants) was quite low on 'Cabernet Sauvignon'. The present study confirms that GTD incidence is influenced by cultivar. All the cultivars assessed were susceptible, but with differences in intensity, type (chronic or acute) and fluctuation of symptoms. It cannot be excluded, however, that besides the genotype also external factors, as the vigour conferred by the type of soil or the combination with the rootstock, may have influenced the results.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"36 1","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90941672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary and tertiary budbreak release is enhanced by extended dormancy chilling in 'Shiraz' grapevines","authors":"Stewart K. Field, Jason P. Smith, D. Greer, R. Emery, S. Farrow, B. Holzapfel","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.29-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.29-33","url":null,"abstract":"Limited information exists regarding the dormancy of secondary and tertiary buds within the compound bud of grapevines. We were interested to evaluate how extended chilling duration would affect the budbreak percentage of all three bud orders within the compound bud. Dormant potted 'Shiraz' grapevines, with thirty retained buds per vine, were placed in a cool room at 4 °C over a 20-month period to extend dormancy. Vines were then systematically removed over five dates and placed in a controlled growth environment to assess budbreak percentages and cane tissue concentrations of abscisic acid and cytokinins. Budbreak was hastened by at least 13 d with vines receiving any extra chilling compared to no initial chilling. Furthermore, the firstly observed correlative inhibition of basal buds was apparently removed with chilling. Removal of correlative inhibition within the compound bud with increased chilling duration was also observed with the increases of secondary (doubles) and tertiary (triples) buds breaking simultaneously with the primary bud at each node. This resulted in 91 % of the nodes having two developing shoots and 56 % of the nodes presenting three developing shoots by the end of the experiment. Furthermore, a sigmoidal relationship between percent secondary buds and chilling duration was observed. Possible phytohormone connections were observed with the decline of ABA as secondary and tertiary buds broke at 414 d of chilling and depletion of the CKs, which coincided with the greatest rate of primary bud break after 242 d of chilling. Other possible involvement of ABA and Cis-type cytokinin interactions with secondary and tertiary bud dormancy is discussed. The results suggest future investigations into secondary and tertiary bud release within the grapevine using similar techniques may help to better understand the biochemical mechanisms associated with dormancy.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83083566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved optical phenotyping of the grape berry surface using light-separation and automated RGB image analysis","authors":"T. Haucke, Katja Herzog, Pierre Barré, Rebecca Höfle, R. Töpfer, V. Steinhage","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.1-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.1-10","url":null,"abstract":"Grape resilience towards Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) infections (Botrytis bunch rot) is an important concern of breeders and growers. Beside grape bunch architecture, berry surface characteristics like berry bloom (epicuticular wax) as well as thickness and permeability of the berry cuticle represent further promising physical barriers to increase resilience towards Botrytis bunch rot. In previous studies, two efficient sensor-based phenotyping methods were developed to evaluate both berry surface traits fast and objectively: (1) light-separated RGB (red-green-blue) image analysis to determine the distribution of epicuticular wax on the berry surface; and (2) electrical impedance characteristics of the grape berry cuticle based on point measurements. The present proof-of-concept study aiming at the evaluation of light-separated RGB images for both phenotyping applications, phenotyping wax distribution pattern and berry cuticle impedance values. Within the selected grapevine varieties like 'Riesling', 'Sauvignon Blanc' or 'Calardis Blanc' five contributions were achieved: (1) Both phenotyping approaches were fused into one prototypic unified phenotyping method achieving a wax detection accuracy of 98.6 % and a prediction of electrical impedance with an accuracy of 95 %. (2) Both traits are derived using only light-separated images of the grapevine berries. (3) The improved method allows the detection and quantification of additional surface traits of the grape berry surface such as lenticels (punctual lignification) and the berry stem that are also known as being able to affect the grape susceptibility towards Botrytis. (4) The improved image analysis tools are further integrated into a comprehensive workbench allowing end-users, like breeders to combine phenotyping experiments with transparent data management offering valuable services like visualizations, indexing, etc. (5) Annotation work is supported by a sophisticated annotation tool of the image analysis workbench. The usage of light-separated images enables fast and non-invasive phenotyping of different optical berry surface characteristics, which saves time-consuming labor and additionally allows the reuse of the berry samples for subsequent investigations, e.g. Botrytis infection studies.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78957328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}