Vascular Health and Risk Management最新文献

{"title":"Racial Differences and Contributory Cardiovascular and Non-Cardiovascular Risk Factors Towards Chronic Kidney Disease Progression.","authors":"Yuni Choi, David R Jacobs, Holly J Kramer, Gautam R Shroff, Alexander R Chang, Daniel A Duprez","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S416395","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VHRM.S416395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) is higher in Black than in White Americans. We evaluated CKD progression in Black and White participants and the contribution of biological risk factors. We included the study of lung function (measured by forced vital capacity [FVC]), which is part of the emerging notion of interorgan cross-talk with the kidneys to racial differences in CKD progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This longitudinal study included 2175 Black and 2207 White adult Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) participants. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were measured at study year 10 (age 27-41y) and every five years for 20 years. The outcome was CKD progression through no CKD, low, moderate, high, or very high-risk categories based on eGFR and UACR in combination. The association between race and CKD progression as well as the contribution of risk factors to racial differences were assessed in multivariable-adjusted Cox models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Black participants had higher CKD transition probabilities than White participants and more prevalent risk factors during the 20-year period studied. Hazard ratios for CKD transition for Black (vs White participants) were 1.38 from No CKD into ≥ low risk, 2.25 from ≤ low risk into ≥ moderate risk, and 4.49 from ≤ moderate risk into ≥ high risk. Racial differences in CKD progression from No CKD into ≥ low risk were primarily explained by FVC (54.8%), hypertension (30.9%), and obesity (20.8%). In contrast, racial differences were less explained in more severe transitions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Black participants had a higher risk of CKD progression, and this discrepancy may be partly explained by FVC and conventional risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":23597,"journal":{"name":"Vascular Health and Risk Management","volume":"19 ","pages":"433-445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ce/6a/vhrm-19-433.PMC10350429.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9847141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclisiran: A New Strategy for LDL-C Lowering and Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.","authors":"Michael S Albosta, Jelani K Grant, Pam Taub, Roger S Blumenthal, Seth S Martin, Erin D Michos","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S338424","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VHRM.S338424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple lines of evidence confirm that the cumulative burden of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is causally related to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). As such, lowering LDL-C is a central tenet in all ASCVD prevention guidelines, which recommend matching the intensity of LDL-C lowering with the absolute risk of the patient. Unfortunately, issues such as difficulty with long-term adherence to statin therapy and inability to achieve desired LDL-C thresholds with statins alone results in residual elevated ASCVD risk. Non-statin therapies generally provide similar risk reduction per mmol/L of LDL-C reduction and are included by major society guidelines as part of the treatment algorithm for managing LDL-C. Per the 2022 American College of Cardiology Expert Consensus Decision Pathway, patients with ASCVD are recommended to achieve both an LDL-C reduction ≥50% and an LDL-C threshold of <55 mg/dL in patients at very high-risk and <70 mg/dL in those not at very high risk. Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) but without ASCVD should lower LDL-C to <100 mg/dL. For patients who remain above LDL-C thresholds with maximally tolerated statin therapy plus lifestyle changes, non-statin therapy warrants strong consideration. While several non-statin therapies have been granted FDA approval for managing hypercholesterolemia (eg, ezetimibe, Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 [PCSK9] monoclonal antibodies, and bempedoic acid), the focus of the current review is on inclisiran, a novel small interfering RNA therapy that inhibits the production of the PCSK9 protein. Inclisiran is currently FDA approved as an adjunct to statin therapy in patients with clinical ASCVD or heterozygous FH who require additional LDL-lowering. The drug is administered by subcutaneous injection twice a year, after an initial baseline and 3 month dose. In this review, we sought to provide an overview of the use of inclisiran, review current trial data, and outline an approach to potential patient selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23597,"journal":{"name":"Vascular Health and Risk Management","volume":"19 ","pages":"421-431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bf/9a/vhrm-19-421.PMC10332363.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10191208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Markedly Low Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Aortic Valve Stenosis: Vital Possible Cause Not to Be Overlooked [Letter].","authors":"Koji Takahashi, Tomoyuki Yamamoto","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S426040","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VHRM.S426040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23597,"journal":{"name":"Vascular Health and Risk Management","volume":"19 ","pages":"351-352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cb/e1/vhrm-19-351.PMC10314747.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9750842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated with Increased Length of Stay in Post Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Patients: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Firman Sugiharto, Yanny Trisyani, Aan Nuraeni, Ristina Mirwanti, Azalia Melati Putri, Nuraulia Aghnia Armansyah","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S413899","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VHRM.S413899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several studies identify factors affecting increased length of stay (LOS) in patients with post-primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, there has not been a review study that synthesizes these results. This study aimed to describe the duration of LOS and factors associated with increased LOS among patients with STEMI after PPCI. This study used scoping review using EBSCO-host Academic Search Complete, PubMed, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, and Google Scholar databases. The keywords used in English were \"adults OR middle-aged\" AND \"length of stay OR hospital stay\" AND \"primary percutaneous coronary intervention OR PPCI\" AND \"myocardial infarction OR coronary infarction OR cardiovascular disease\". The inclusion criteria for articles were: the article was a full-text in English; the sample was STEMI patients who had undergone a PPCI procedure; and the article discussed the LOS. We found 13 articles discussing the duration and factors affecting LOS in patients post-PPCI. The duration of LOS was the fastest 48 hours, and the longest of LOS was 10.2 days. Factors influencing LOS are categorized into three predictors: low, moderate, and high. Post-procedure complications after PPCI was the most influential factors in increasing the LOS duration. Professional health workers, especially nurses, can identify various factors that can be modified to prevent complications and worsen disease prognosis to increase LOS efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":23597,"journal":{"name":"Vascular Health and Risk Management","volume":"19 ","pages":"329-340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/20/96/vhrm-19-329.PMC10253007.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9673679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulse Wave Morphology Changes in Aortic Valve Stenosis Detected with Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index.","authors":"Oscar Plunde, Anders Franco-Cereceda, Magnus Bäck","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S401221","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VHRM.S401221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAV) is a measure of systemic arterial stiffness and has been shown to increase after aortic valve surgery. However, change in CAVI-derived pulse wave morphology has not previously been addressed.</p><p><strong>Case study: </strong>A 72-year-old female was transferred to a large center for heart valve interventions for evaluation of her aortic stenosis. Few co-morbidities were detected on medical history, other than previous radiation treatment for breast cancer, and no signs of other concomitant cardiovascular disease. The patient was accepted for surgical aortic valve replacement due to severe aortic valve stenosis and arterial stiffness was assessed with CAVI, as part of an ongoing clinical study. The pre-operative CAVI was 4.7 which after surgery increased almost 100% to 9.35. In tandem, the slope of systolic upstroke pulse morphology captured from brachial cuffs was changed from a prolonged flattened pattern to a steeper.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>After aortic valve replacement surgery due to aortic valve stenosis, in addition to increased CAVI-derived measures of arterial stiffness, the slope of the CAVI-derived upstroke pulse wave morphology changes to a steeper slope. This finding could have implications in the future of aortic valve stenosis screening and utilization of CAVI.</p>","PeriodicalId":23597,"journal":{"name":"Vascular Health and Risk Management","volume":"19 ","pages":"325-328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/33/ee/vhrm-19-325.PMC10225137.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9605847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome in COVID-19: A Contemporary Review of Mechanisms, Clinical Course and Management.","authors":"Bharat Narasimhan, Arundhati Calambur, Errol Moras, Lingling Wu, Wilbert Aronow","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S380270","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VHRM.S380270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The long-term implications of COVID-19 have garnered increasing interest in recent months, with Long-COVID impacting over 65 million individuals worldwide. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) has emerged as an important component of the Long-COVID umbrella, estimated to affect between 2 and 14% of survivors. POTS remains very challenging to diagnose and manage - this review aims to provide a brief overview of POTS as a whole and goes on to summarize the available literature pertaining to POTS in the setting of COVID-19. We provide a review of available clinical reports, outline proposed pathophysiological mechanisms and end with a brief note on management considerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23597,"journal":{"name":"Vascular Health and Risk Management","volume":"19 ","pages":"303-316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/49/4c/vhrm-19-303.PMC10187582.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9498778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) as Biomarkers and Their Association with the Increased Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Bernap Dwi Putra Sitinjak,&nbsp;Niky Murdaya,&nbsp;Tiara Anisya Rachman,&nbsp;Neily Zakiyah,&nbsp;Melisa Intan Barliana","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S405039","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VHRM.S405039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human genetic analyses and epidemiological studies showed a potential association between several types of gene polymorphism and the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Many studies on this pertinent topic need to be investigated further to reach an evidence-based conclusion. Therefore, in this current review, we describe several types of gene polymorphisms that are potentially linked to CHD. A systematic review using the databases EBSCO, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases was searched until October of 2022 to find relevant studies on the topic of gene polymorphisms on risk factors for CHD, especially for the factors associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The risk of bias and quality assessment was evaluated by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. From keyword search results, a total of 6243 articles were identified, which were subsequently narrowed to 14 articles using prespecified inclusion criteria. The results suggested that there were 33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can potentially increase the risk factors and clinical symptoms of CHD. This study also indicated that gene polymorphisms had a potential role in increasing CHD risk factors that were causally associated with atherosclerosis, increased homocysteine, immune/inflammatory response, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), arterial lesions, and reduction of therapeutic effectiveness. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that SNPs may increase risk factors for CHD and SNPs show different effects between individuals. This demonstrates that knowledge of SNPs on CHD risk factors can be used to develop biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutic response prediction to decide successful therapy and become the basis for defining personalized medicine in future.</p>","PeriodicalId":23597,"journal":{"name":"Vascular Health and Risk Management","volume":"19 ","pages":"289-301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/37/1d/vhrm-19-289.PMC10167955.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9460591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Hypercholesterolemia and Awareness of Risk Factors, Prevention and Management Among Adults Visiting Referral Hospital in Ethiopia.","authors":"Aychew Kassa Belete, Abebe Tarekegn Kassaw, Bantie Getnet Yirsaw, Birhan Ambachew Taye, Samueal Nigatie Ambaw, Biset Asrade Mekonnen, Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S408703","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VHRM.S408703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Unhealthy lifestyles and physical inactivity are among the contributing factors of hypercholesterolemia. This study assessed the prevalence, awareness of risk factors, and prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia among adults who visited Woldia referral hospital, Northeast Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adults who visited Woldia referral hospital from May to August 2022. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire through a face-to-face interview and patient medical record review. Logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the association between hypercholesterolemia and other variables. A p-value at a 95% confidence level was statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1180 eligible adults were included in the study. The magnitude of hypercholesterolemia was 26.4%. The majority of the respondents were aware of some risk factors, such as higher fat intake (82.3%), obesity (67.2%), and lack of adequate exercise (56.1%). However, the majority of the respondents were not aware that smoking, alcohol consumption, and age (86.8% for all) had cardiovascular risk. The majority of the respondents were aware that eating a limited amount of saturated fat (56.5%), maintaining a healthy weight (67.2%), and taking prescribed medications properly (86.8%) can prevent the risk of hypercholesterolemia. However, a larger proportion of respondents were unaware that smoking cessation (86.8%), exercise (55.3%), alcohol restriction (86.8%), and stress avoidance (75.3%) can prevent cardiovascular risks. Age (p = 0.036), smoking (p = 0.007), alcohol use (p = 0.013), fruit consumption (p = 0.019), saturated oil use (p = 0.031), level of physical activity (p < 0.001), and body mass index (p = 0.03) were significantly associated with hypercholesterolemia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study concluded that more than one-fourth of adults had hypercholesterolemia. The majority of the respondents did not have an awareness of common cardiovascular risk factors and prevention and treatment techniques regarding unhealthy lifestyles and physical inactivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23597,"journal":{"name":"Vascular Health and Risk Management","volume":"19 ","pages":"181-191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9b/ec/vhrm-19-181.PMC10069426.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9256535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effectiveness of <i>Nigella sativa</i> and Ginger as Appetite Suppressants: An Experimental Study on Healthy Wistar Rats.","authors":"Lubna Al Asoom, Maha A Alassaf, Najd S AlSulaiman, Dhuha N Boumarah, Aldana M Almubireek, Gaeda K Alkaltham, Hussain A Alhawaj, Taleb Alkhamis, Nazish Rafique, Ahmed Alsunni, Rabia Latif, Seham Alsaif, Dana Almohazey, Sayed AbdulAzeez, J Francis Borgio","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S396295","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VHRM.S396295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obesity is a global pandemic that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Natural herbs are commonly used for weight reduction and appetite suppression. Therefore, we aim to investigate the role and mechanism of <i>Nigella sativa</i> (NS) and ginger on weight reduction and appetite regulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This experimental study was performed at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. Twenty-five female rats were distributed into 5 groups: NS (oral 1000mg/kg), Ginger (500 mg/kg), NS-ginger (both interventions), a positive control (intraperitoneal 50 μg/kg Liraglutide), and a negative control. Each intervention was given for 9 weeks. Food intake and body weight were assessed weekly. Serum lipid profile and peptides involved in appetite control (cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), ghrelin, peptide YY, and orexin) were assayed at the end of the experiment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>None of the interventions showed a statistically significant difference regarding food consumption or weight gain (p > 0.05). However, the three interventions significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), NS and NS-ginger significantly increased HDL, NS increased ghrelin and ginger increased orexin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present dose and duration of NS, ginger, or in combination did not demonstrate a significant change in body weight or food consumption in comparison to the negative or positive controls. However, NS or ginger has improved the lipid profile by reducing TC and increasing HDL. In addition, NS or ginger can influence some of the peptides involved in appetite regulation such as the increase in ghrelin induced by NS and the reduction of orexin induced by ginger. We believe that these latter effects are novel and might indicate a promising effect of these natural products on appetite regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23597,"journal":{"name":"Vascular Health and Risk Management","volume":"19 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c9/da/vhrm-19-1.PMC9840438.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10549411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation P2Y12 Genetic Polymorphism As Risk Factor of Clopidogrel Resistance in Indonesian Stroke Patients.","authors":"Rakhmad Hidayat,&nbsp;Al Rasyid,&nbsp;Salim Harris,&nbsp;Alida Harahap,&nbsp;Herqutanto,&nbsp;Melva Louisa,&nbsp;Erlin Listiyaningsih,&nbsp;Aldy Safruddin Rambe,&nbsp;Tonny Loho","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S386107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S386107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stroke is one of the highest causes of disability and mortality in several countries worldwide. Secondary prevention is important in the management of stroke. Clopidogrel is widely used in Asia as secondary prevention for ischemic stroke, even though several studies in Western show limited data related to clopidogrel resistance in Asia. This study aims to determine the correlation between P2Y12 genetic polymorphism and clopidogrel resistance in Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted on one-year duration, the subjects were chosen through the consecutive sampling method, all subjects were examined for genetics and resistance to clopidogrel. The data were analyzed through statistical analysis, a bivariate analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between several variables and the resistance variable. This study employed resistance diagnostic methods with VerifyNow. Polymorphism of receptor P2Y12 was tested with the Polymerase Chain Reaction method (PCR) and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The genes tested in this study were G52T and C34T.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of participants in this study was 112. Examination of gene P2Y12 showed that the majority was homozygote, wild-type C34T allele (67%), and G52T (66.1%). There was no significant correlation between clopidogrel resistance and gene G52T and C34T of P2Y12 (p > 0.05). Hb levels significantly correlated with P2Y12 G52T (p = 0.024). Meanwhile, Fatty Liver significantly correlated with P2Y12 C34T (p = 0.037).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Indonesia showed a low clopidogrel resistance rate and a very low C34T and G52T allele P2Y12 gene mutation, meaning that Indonesia had low mutations in the P2Y12. This is the cause of clopidogrel resistance in this study only 15%. Therefore, in a region with less clopidogrel resistance, examination of the P2Y12 gene would not give significant results.</p>","PeriodicalId":23597,"journal":{"name":"Vascular Health and Risk Management","volume":"19 ","pages":"53-61"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e0/2f/vhrm-19-53.PMC9893839.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9236835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}