Ultrasonics最新文献

{"title":"Contactless ultrasound droplet manipulation system for mixing chemical reagents","authors":"Yu-Chun Chu,&nbsp;Pu-Chun Liu,&nbsp;Shih-Hung Shen,&nbsp;Man-Ching Huang,&nbsp;Han-Wei Lian,&nbsp;Chih-Hsien Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Green chemistry has been a rising topic in environmental sustainability, with a focus on the waste and consumption reduction of chemical and biomedical industries. Traditional chemical handling processes require tools that contact chemical reagents to produce vast amounts of residues and disposals. This study presents a contactless chemical mixing system that integrates acoustic droplet ejection and levitation techniques. First, the acoustic droplet ejection system creates a droplet in mid-air from a designated liquid reservoir by focusing acoustic energy at the liquid–air junction. The droplet levitation system captures and transports the droplet along a predetermined path by shifting the focal points of the acoustic standing waves. This facilitates contactless mixing of chemicals in a defined ratio. Notably, this study employs piezoelectric discs in an acoustic droplet ejection system to eject droplets from liquids. The relationship between the duration of the driving bursts and height and size of ejected droplets was also investigated. The proposed acoustic standing wave levitation system captures droplets with weights between 2.8 and 5.2 mg. To assess the reliability of the proposed system, 25 droplets were sequentially generated and transported to the mixing well without failure. The root mean square error between the collected and expected liquid weights was only 0.098 mg. The proposed system offers a promising solution for reducing waste and promoting environmentally friendly practices in chemical and biomedical laboratories.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107472"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142241248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High resolution ultrasonic imaging of extended targets via combined match field and time delay beamforming","authors":"Chengyang Huang,&nbsp;Francesco Lanza di Scalea","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultrasound imaging using an active sensing array has been extensively studied in both time domain and frequency domain. Subspace decomposition methods in match field beamforming such as the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm can achieve subwavelength resolution of distinct point scatterers. However, when the size of the target is on the order of one wavelength or larger, the MUSIC type algorithms suffer from poor performance due to a tangled eigen structure. This paper proposes an adaptive match field beamformer that does not require subspace decomposition to achieve high resolution imaging of extended targets. Specifically, the broadband coherent white noise constraint (C-WNC) algorithm is utilized to achieve high focusing ability of extended targets by exploiting the cross-frequency coherence in an active sensing scheme. The dynamic range bias in the adaptive beamformer benefits the C-WNC algorithm to achieve high contrast regardless of the SNR. Both simulations and experiments show that the C-WNC images retain their resolution cells on the tips of the extended target with sizes ranging from a wavelength to sizes as large as the physical aperture width. A robust imaging scheme is then proposed to obtain high quality images by combining C-WNC images with a statistically stable delay-multiply-and-sum (DMAS) algorithm to create high-contrast and high-resolution images of extended targets in both azimuth and axial range directions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107464"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X24002270/pdfft?md5=7ded5a065b111a6b2e1bee94194fa557&pid=1-s2.0-S0041624X24002270-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guided wave multi-frequency damage localization method in variable-thickness structures by one pair of sensors based on frequency-dependent velocity anisotropy","authors":"Zhiyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Bing Li ,&nbsp;Chaolong Xue ,&nbsp;Yanqi Wang ,&nbsp;Yunfei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Variable thickness structures are prevalent in aircraft, ships, and other machines, necessitating numerous sensors for health monitoring to reduce safety hazards. This paper presents a guided wave multi-frequency localization method based on frequency-dependent velocity anisotropy. This method achieves damage localization in variable-thickness structures with a pair of sensors and can effectively reduce the number of sensors used for monitoring. Variations in structural thickness cause a gradient in guided wave velocity that bends the propagation path. Different thickness variations with different directions cause wave velocity anisotropy. As a result, variations in thickness cause possible damage loci determined by echo time to deviate from an elliptical shape. Because the velocity anisotropy is frequency-dependent, damage loci at different frequencies are close but do not overlap and intersect only at the damage location. So, the multi-frequency method can increase the damage information acquired by a single pair of sensors, enabling damage localization. Experimental validation was conducted on a steel plate with linearly varying thicknesses. The feasibility of the multi-frequency localization method was verified by successfully locating the damage at three different locations using a pair of receiver-excitation sensors. In addition, the experiments demonstrated the capability of this multi-frequency method in improving the localization accuracy of sensor networks. The method has potential applications in monitoring systems lightweight, phased arrays, and imaging enhancement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107468"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuously tunable ultrasonic focusing by Moiré metalenses","authors":"Guo-Qiang Yuan ,&nbsp;Xin-Rui Li ,&nbsp;Xing-Feng Zhu ,&nbsp;Jie Yao ,&nbsp;Qi Wei ,&nbsp;Da-Jian Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tunable ultrasonic focusing holds great significance in both medicine and engineering. Recent advancements in metalenses have introduced approaches for tunable acoustic focusing, but their complex configurations and limited tuning range remain challenges. Here, acoustic Moiré metalenses (AMMs) are proposed to achieve continuously tunable ultrasonic focusing in water. Two cascading metasurfaces that can function as Moiré diffractive elements make up the AMM. By mutually rotating the metasurface, the focal point of the AMM can be continuously tuned in a large range. The focal length can be adjusted continuously from ∼<span><math><mrow><mn>14.3</mn><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>to ∼<span><math><mrow><mn>50</mn><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>for the axial focusing. We further show that the well-designed AMM can achieve the continuously tunable lateral focusing, with the deflection angle of the focal point being tunable between approximately <span><math><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mo>-</mo><msup><mn>40</mn><mo>°</mo></msup><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace><msup><mn>40</mn><mo>°</mo></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow></math></span>. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the excellent tunable focusing performances of the AMMs. The proposed AMMs with continuously tunable focusing capability may have potential applications in ultrasonic imaging and ultrasound treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear response of very high frequency contour mode resonators","authors":"Melisa Ekin Gulseren ,&nbsp;Jeronimo Segovia-Fernandez ,&nbsp;Yi Chang ,&nbsp;Xuetian Wang ,&nbsp;J. Sebastian Gomez-Diaz","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We explore the source of nonlinearities in Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Contour Mode Resonators (CMRs) operating in the Very High Frequency (VHF) range. We demonstrate that the red-shift of the resonance frequency found in VHF CMRs when the input RF power increases is due to nonlinear stiffness appearing from self-heating, and variable damping due to geometric nonlinearities. Moreover, we find a linear relationship between the variable damping coefficient and the resonator quality factor (<em>Q</em>). Such nonlinear mechanisms are modeled using a spring-mass-damper physical system and, in the electrical domain, a modified Butterworth-Van Dyke (MBVD) circuit where the nonlinear stiffness and variable damping are captured by a charge-dependent motional capacitor and a charge-dependent motional resistor, respectively. Detailed guidelines are provided to accurately analyze nonlinear CMRs using full-wave numerical simulations based on a finite-element method. Such simulations allow us to isolate the influence of each independent nonlinear mechanism and establish a relation between variable damping and geometric nonlinearities. Circuit and full-wave numerical simulations are in good agreement with measured data from fabricated 225 MHz CMRs exhibiting different <em>Q</em>. Finally, we exploit nonlinearities in high-<em>Q</em> CMRs to generate frequency combs at the MHz range opening the door to new exciting applications in telecommunication and sensing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142241331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on optimizing focused ultrasonic parameters for Surfactant-Free nanoemulsion with prolonged stability","authors":"Jiyun Lee ,&nbsp;Seonae Hwangbo","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Stable-state emulsions with no phase separation and dispersed-particle aggregation can be utilized in various fields, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and drug delivery. However, the physicochemical properties and stability of emulsions are significantly affected by factors such as concentration, mixing method, droplet size, and temperature. Surfactants (emulsifiers), which are used to form stable emulsions, adversely affect the human body and environment and influence the properties of emulsions, thereby limiting their development. This study manufactured stable emulsions without a surfactant using ultrasonic equipment. The oil particle size distributions, zeta potentials, microscopic observations, and emulsion stabilities of six emulsions (with an oil content of 1 %) prepared using different frequencies (250–1000 kHz) and output powers (50–150 W) were analyzed, immediately after preparation at 25 °C and 3 d thereafter. Finally, it was possible to manufacture a stable emulsion without particle size change or phase separation with a particle size in the 100 nm range and a surface charge value of −40 mV or more under conditions of 400 kHz and 150 W. This study proposed a method (with the optimum conditions) for manufacturing surfactant-free emulsions by analyzing the stability of emulsions manufactured under various frequencies and output-power conditions. The proposed method could open new frontiers in emulsion development and applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107462"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X24002257/pdfft?md5=9d46364a39481b0e3595f33186f384d9&pid=1-s2.0-S0041624X24002257-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on crystal and amorphous transformation of ultrasonic vibration assisted laser cladded Fe-based amorphous coatings","authors":"Haolun Song ,&nbsp;Chunhuan Guo ,&nbsp;Yangyang Wu ,&nbsp;Fengchun Jiang ,&nbsp;Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Mingying Xiao ,&nbsp;Bo Jiao ,&nbsp;Tao Dong ,&nbsp;Shubang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuhui Qiao ,&nbsp;Sergey Konovalov","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to investigate the influence of ultrasonic vibration (UV) on microstructural evaluation of amorphous coating, the Fe-based amorphous (Fe_41.5Co_12.2Cr_7.4Mo_37.3C_0.3B_0.5Y_0.4Al_0.4) coatings with and without UV were fabricated by laser cladding technology. The microstructure and corrosion resistance of the coatings were studied in detail to understand the mechanism of the UV on amorphous coatings. It can be found that the cavitation effect generated by UV refines and breaks the columnar crystals at the interface. Compared to the coatings without UV, the average length of columnar crystals of coatings with UV decreases by 57.52 %, reducing from 25.26 ± 5.89 μm to 10.73 ± 3.91 μm. In addition, the sound pressure gradient drives the accelerated flow of the molten pool, resulting in a flow velocity of up to 0.134 m/s. The acoustic streaming effect of UV promotes the uniform distribution of elements and inhibits the segregation of the intermetallic compounds, which increases the amorphous content from 68.5 % to 75.3 %. The acoustic streaming and cavitation effects refine the microstructure and increase the amorphous content by using of UV, which contributes to improve the corrosion resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107456"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142271494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The resonant behavior of airborne standing-wave acoustic levitators based on arrays of ultrasonic transducers","authors":"Ruben D. Muelas-Hurtado,&nbsp;Victor Contreras","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently airborne standing-wave acoustic levitation has seen great advances, and its applicability has been broadened due to the development of cavities constructed with arrays of compact ultrasonic sources. Yet, the numerical methods employed to study and predict the pressure distributions inside these cavities do not consider the effect of multiple reflections on the boundaries, hiding their resonant effects. This work presents an analytical, numerical, and experimental study of the effect of multiple reflections inside ultrasonic cavities based on arrays of transducers exhibiting their influence on the pressure amplitudes of focused standing waves. Our numerical results come from a modified version of the Matrix Method to numerically compute the multiple wave reflections of cavities constructed by two opposite arrays of multiple compact sources as boundaries. The correlation between numerical and experimental results reveals that intra-cavity reflections are relevant in focused axisymmetric cavities based on two arrays of multiple ultrasonic sources having a considerable impact on the amplitude of the standing waves and consequently, on the acoustic levitation performance. Thus, intra-cavity reflections must be considered for optimal cavity designs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107454"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X24002178/pdfft?md5=49cedf76a85343058f9616c6e4031b71&pid=1-s2.0-S0041624X24002178-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142161496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous laser ultrasonic measurement of sound velocities and thickness of plates using combined mode local acoustic spectroscopy","authors":"Georg Watzl ,&nbsp;Martin Ryzy ,&nbsp;Johannes A. Österreicher ,&nbsp;Aurel R. Arnoldt ,&nbsp;Guqi Yan ,&nbsp;Edgar Scherleitner ,&nbsp;Martin Schagerl ,&nbsp;Clemens Grünsteidl","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Standard ultrasonic thickness measurements require the sound velocity of the sample to be known and vice versa. We present a method, which we have termed combined mode local acoustic spectroscopy (CoMLAS) for simultaneously determining a plate’s thickness and sound velocities without requiring such a priori knowledge. It is based on a combination of three guided wave modes sustained by a plate at discrete frequencies, which we generate and detect using laser ultrasound. We use a pulsed laser that is shaped into a periodic line pattern on the sample’s surface to generate elastic waves and measure the response at the pattern’s center with a vibrometer. The surface acoustic wave mode produces an interference peak in the response spectrum at the frequency corresponding to the wavelength matching the pattern line spacing. By limiting the total size of the excitation pattern, we can simultaneously generate two zero-group-velocity plate resonances, providing two additional peaks in the spectrum. The plate’s local thickness and longitudinal and transverse sound velocities are calculated from the peak frequencies. We demonstrate the feasibility of CoMLAS on steel and aluminum sheets with a thickness of around 2<!--> <!-->mm by resolving thickness steps and temperature-induced changes in the sound velocities. Using numerical simulations and control experiments, we provide insights into the method’s accuracy and limitations. The choice of excitation pattern, the method’s sensitivity, and the influence of sample inhomogeneity and anisotropy are discussed. CoMLAS does not require scanning mechanics and provides local plate properties. The results shown are achieved with low-energy lasers and signal averaging. Considerations on signal-to-noise ratio indicate that a realization with available lasers of higher energy will enable single-shot measurements. This qualifies the method for use on moving samples in an industrial environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107453"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X24002166/pdfft?md5=71f00c67c7ffd0281be8ea7c3dec775f&pid=1-s2.0-S0041624X24002166-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142162234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast acoustic droplet ejection based on annular array transducer","authors":"Youta Huang ,&nbsp;Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Weichang Wu ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Weibao Qiu ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanyan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) has become the preferred method for liquid transfer in a variety of applications including synthetic biology, genotyping and drug discovery.</p><p>Comparing with traditional pipetting techniques, the accuracy and data reproducibility of ADE based liquid transfer are improved, waste and cost are reduced, and cross-contamination is eliminated. The key component in the ADE system is the ultrasound transducer, which is responsible for generating focused ultrasound beam for droplet ejection. However, current ADE systems commonly utilize a single-element focused transducer with a fixed focal length that require mechanical movement to focus on the liquid surface, resulting in reduced liquid transfer efficiency. In this study, we first present a high-frequency annular array transducer for the ADE technology, which enables rapid and dynamic axial focusing to the liquid surface without mechanically moving the transducer, thereby accelerating liquid transfer. Experimental results show that the proposed 10 MHz, 5-element annular array transducer has good dynamic axial focusing ability, and can achieve accurate and stable droplet ejection of nanoliter volume at the designed focal length of 26–32 mm. Our results highlight the potential of the annular array transducer in advancing ADE system for rapid liquid transfer. This technology is expected to be useful in a variety of applications where precise and high-throughput liquid transfer is crucial.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 107448"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}