Transplant immunology最新文献

{"title":"The regulatory mechanism of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) of integrin alpha L (ITGAL) sequences (lncRNA-ITGAL) in CD4+ T cell differentiation during immune rejection of corneal transplants.","authors":"Qian Cao, Yong Li, Yunchuan Li, Shuang Tan, Guojun Gao, Lan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trim.2025.102226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Corneal blindness remains a major global contributor to visual impairment, affecting approximately 6.17 million individuals. High-risk corneal transplantation is associated with rejection rates of up to 50 %, necessitating the development of new therapeutic strategies to complement or enhance conventional immunosuppressive treatments, including corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors. This study aimed to examine the regulatory function of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) transcribed from integrin alpha L (ITGAL) sequences (lncRNA-ITGAL) in CD4⁺ T cell differentiation during immune rejection following corneal transplantation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sprague Dawley rats (n = 20) were assigned to either a control or rejection group. Corneal rejection indices were assessed two weeks post-transplantation. Histopathological evaluation was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. RNA sequencing was conducted to analyze differentially expressed lncRNA and messenger RNA profiles. Flow cytometry was used to quantify Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was employed to measure the expression of lncRNA-ITGAL, miR-378a-3p, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1. Spatial interactions were examined through fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Corneal tissues in the rejection group exhibited significant stromal edema and opacity (p < 0.05). RNA sequencing identified 7057 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 5485 differentially expressed mRNAs (p < 0.05). The expression of lncRNA-ITGAL was positively correlated with TRAF1 and negatively correlated with miR-378a-3p. Flow cytometry demonstrated that overexpression of lncRNA-ITGAL increased the proportions of Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets (p < 0.05), whereas its knockdown reduced these subsets. In corneal tissues, upregulated expression of lncRNA-ITGAL and TRAF1, along with downregulated miR-378a-3p, was observed in the rejection group (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed elevated tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) expression in the corneal epithelium (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>lncRNA-ITGAL modulates the differentiation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets through the miR-378a-3p/TRAF1 axis, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for improving corneal graft survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":23304,"journal":{"name":"Transplant immunology","volume":" ","pages":"102226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of high mobility group box protein 1 gene polymorphisms on morbidity and mortality after living donor liver transplantation","authors":"Naofumi Tsukiyama,&nbsp;Yuka Tanaka,&nbsp;Hiroaki Yamane,&nbsp;Naoki Tanimine,&nbsp;Shintaro Kuroda,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Tahara,&nbsp;Masahiro Ohira,&nbsp;Kentaro Ide,&nbsp;Tsuyoshi Kobayashi,&nbsp;Hideki Ohdan","doi":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) gene on morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation (LT). Among 120 LT recipients and their living donors, the genotypes of <em>HMGB1</em>, and the SNPs rs2249825, rs1045411, rs1412125, and rs1360485 were determined. There were no significant associations between these four SNPs and the incidence of rejection or mortality. However, the incidence of early allograft dysfunction (EAD) (<em>n</em> = 43), which presents as functional insufficiency within 1 week of LT, was significantly higher in recipients with the GC + CC allele of rs2249825 (<em>n</em> = 17/34) than in those with the GG allele (<em>n</em> = 26/86) (<em>p = 0.044</em>). Although the impact of donor <em>HMGB1</em> SNPs on the incidence of EAD was not statistically significant, recipients with the GC + CC allele of rs2249825 who received liver grafts from donors with the same genotype had the highest incidence of EAD (<em>p = 0.052</em>). In contrast, the donor TC + CC allele of rs1412125 was an independent risk factor for the development of sepsis (<em>n</em> = 33) in LT recipient (OR = 3.05, 95 % CI = 1.18–7.87, <em>p = 0.021</em>). Thus, the SNPs of the <em>HMGB1</em> gene in either recipients or donors were not associated with mortality but influenced the incidence of EAD and sepsis, likely being a predictive biomarker for the risk of serious complications after LT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23304,"journal":{"name":"Transplant immunology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics-based identification of biomarkers associated with mast cell activation during ischemia-reperfusion injury in kidney transplantation","authors":"Xingyu Pan ,&nbsp;Jin Luo ,&nbsp;Rong Zhu ,&nbsp;Jinpu Peng ,&nbsp;Yuhan Jin ,&nbsp;Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in kidney transplantation can delay graft function recovery and increase the risk of rejection. Mast cell activation releases various bioactive mediators that exacerbate renal IRI. Assessing mast cell activation may be crucial for managing IRI after kidney transplantation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed the dataset GSE43974 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to evaluate immune cell infiltration during the IRI phase of kidney transplantation using the CIBERSORT algorithm. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify genes most strongly correlated with mast cell activation. Hub genes were identified using protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and machine learning algorithms. Model accuracy for identifying hub genes was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve calibration. Clinical utility was evaluated through decision curve analysis (DCA). Correlation analysis was conducted to explore associations between the selected hub genes and immune cell infiltration. Additionally, a hub gene–miRNA regulatory network was constructed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mast cell activation exhibited the most significant variation among graft-infiltrating immune cells during IRI. WGCNA identified 115 genes closely associated with mast cell activation, from which three hub genes—JUN, MYC, and ALDH2—were selected using a PPI network and machine learning approach. A diagnostic model based on these three genes demonstrated high accuracy, as validated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (<em>P</em> = 0.980) and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 1. DCA indicated that these hub genes had strong clinical decision-making relevance, while correlation analysis confirmed their associations with multiple immune cell types. Finally, a hub gene–miRNA network provided a theoretical framework for the regulatory mechanisms of the three genes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>JUN, MYC, and ALDH2 may serve as biomarkers of mast cell activation during IRI in kidney transplantation. Further studies are warranted to explore their potential in mitigating IRI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23304,"journal":{"name":"Transplant immunology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive modeling for organ transplant rejection: The promising role of artificial intelligence and machine learning.","authors":"Tarun Kumar Suvvari","doi":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102223","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23304,"journal":{"name":"Transplant immunology","volume":" ","pages":"102223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forty years of kidney transplantation: Insights into malignancies at a single center in Latin America","authors":"Pilar Musalem ,&nbsp;Carolina Sáez-Vera","doi":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Kidney transplantation is the optimal therapy for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), but lifelong immunosuppression increases malignancy risk, a major cause of mortality in transplant recipients. This study evaluates post-transplant malignancies in a kidney transplant cohort.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a retrospective analysis of 375 kidney transplant recipients at Hospital Las Higueras, Talcahuano (January 1981–July 2024). Demographics, clinical characteristics, and malignancy data were extracted from medical records.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 375 patients, 33 (8.8 %) developed malignancies, with 27 % experiencing multiple cancers. While the mean age at transplantation was 51.5 years, the mean age of those developing a malignancy was 60.4 years. Non-melanoma skin cancers were most common (55.1 %), followed by solid organ cancers (26.5 %), chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related cancers (8.2 %), and hematologic malignancies (8.2 %). The mean time to malignancy onset was 106 months post-transplant. Cancer-related mortality was 30 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The high incidence of malignancies, particularly skin cancers, highlights the need for regular clinical and dermatologic surveillance in transplant recipients. Optimizing immunosuppression to balance rejection prevention and cancer risk, along with comprehensive cancer screening, is essential for improving long-term outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23304,"journal":{"name":"Transplant immunology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102216"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decreased circulating CD39+ regulatory T cell frequencies following non-traumatic brain death","authors":"Sedighe Poursaleh Amiri ,&nbsp;Fattah Sotoudeh Nejad ,&nbsp;Maryam Karamigolbaghi ,&nbsp;Ehsan Jafari ,&nbsp;Behrouz Robat-Jazi ,&nbsp;Ahmadreza Sadeghi ,&nbsp;Seyed Ghasem Poursaleh Amiri ,&nbsp;Haideh Namdari ,&nbsp;Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi","doi":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and purpose</h3><div>Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to modulate immune responses during Brain death (BD), However findings on their role remain controversial. This study aimed to assess the frequency of circulating Tregs in the peripheral blood of non-traumatic BD cases, specifically focusing on CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^low/-CD39⁺ Tregs and the levels of inflammatory cytokine mRNA in BD individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The percentage of CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^low/-CD39⁺ Tregs was measured using flow cytometry in BD patients upon admission and in control subjects. Additionally, mRNA expression levels of interleukin <em>(IL)-1β</em>, <em>IL-6</em>, <em>IL-8</em>, <em>IL-17</em>, tumor necrosis factor (<em>TNF</em>)-<em>α</em> and Interferon (<em>IFN</em>)-<em>γ</em> were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 28 BD individuals and 28 controls using real-time polymerase chain reaction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CD39⁺ Tregs were significantly reduced in non-traumatic BD cases compared with control group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). Moreover, the expression levels of <em>IL-1β</em>, <em>IL-6</em>, <em>IL-8</em>, <em>IL-17a</em>, <em>IFN-ɣ</em>, and <em>TNF-α</em> were significantly elevated in non-traumatic BD cases compared to the control group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001 respectively).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides novel evidence of reduced CD39⁺ Tregs in the peripheral blood of non-traumatic BD patients, accompanied by increased inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Further investigations are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23304,"journal":{"name":"Transplant immunology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycobacterium haemophilum diagnosed via Karius test in a heart transplant recipient: A case report","authors":"Zachary Malaussena ,&nbsp;Michelle Lippincott ,&nbsp;Francesca Dimou","doi":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Mycobacterium haemophilum</em> is a rare, slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacterium known to cause infections primarily in immunocompromised individuals. <em>M. haemophilum</em> infections typically present as skin and soft tissue infections; however, infections may progress to disseminated disease involving multiple organ systems. Diagnosing <em>M. haemophilum</em> infections can be challenging due to its slow growth in conventional culture methods and its resemblance to other mycobacterial species. As a result, it may be misidentified or overlooked, leading to delays in diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The prognosis of <em>M. haemophilum</em> infections can vary depending on factors such as the extent of the disease, the timeliness of diagnosis, and the patient's underlying health condition.</div></div><div><h3>Summary</h3><div>In this case report, we provide a detailed clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment course of a heart transplant patient with <em>M. haemophilum</em> infection. Our patient presented with worsening generalized pain in multiple skin lesions. After extensive rheumatologic and infectious workup leading to nodule biopsies, the patient was diagnosed with <em>M. haemophilum</em> by Karius test and started on appropriate treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Early recognition and appropriate treatment are essential for improving outcomes and reducing morbidity and mortality associated <em>M. haemophilum</em>. This case underscores the clinical utility of the Karius test in identifying unusual pathogens in a heart transplant patient with a complex medical history, emphasizing the role of next generation sequencing tests in aiding in earlier diagnosis to guide treatment and improve patient outcomes in challenging infectious disease cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23304,"journal":{"name":"Transplant immunology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swertianolin regulates immunosuppression of myeloid suppressor cells in septic mice by inhibiting NF-κB and P38 signaling","authors":"Haoran Tang ,&nbsp;Chen Liao ,&nbsp;Lingling Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Fang ,&nbsp;Ning Tang ,&nbsp;Linjun Wan ,&nbsp;Zongfang Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Swertianolin is one of the main components of Gentianaceae Swertia plants, a traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of infection, fever, viral hepatitis, and pneumonia. An expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) contributes to sepsis induced immunosuppression. We investigated the mechanism by which Swertianolin regulates MDSCs in a mouse model of sepsis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Severe sepsis was induced in mice using caecal ligation and puncture. These mice received an intraperitoneal injection of Swertianolin. MDSCs were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry; serum concentrations of immunosuppressive factors were detected by ELISA; and mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) were detected by Western blots.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found that Swertianolin reduced the number of MDSCs in the marrow and the spleen while increased the number of CD4+ T cells in the spleen of mice with sepsis in comparison to controls (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Swertianolin reduced lung damage and improved the survival rate in mice with secondary infection of <em>Legionella pneumophila</em> (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Swertianolin inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and nuclear translocation of p65 in MDSCs (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), leading to decreased production of IL-10 and nitric oxide (both p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Swertianolin may improve immunosuppressive function of MDSCs and increased T cell activity by inhibiting p38 phosphorylation and NF-κB activation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23304,"journal":{"name":"Transplant immunology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive up-to-date analysis on TCRαβ/CD19-depleted hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric hematological malignancies","authors":"Hussien Ahmed H. Abdelgawad ,&nbsp;Heba Aboeldahab ,&nbsp;Mohamed Mohamed Belal ,&nbsp;Mohamed Nabih Bashir ,&nbsp;Holly K. Miller ,&nbsp;Rupert Handgretinger ,&nbsp;Mario Otto","doi":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This meta-analysis assesses the efficacy of TCRαβ+/CD19+ depleted hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in pediatric patients with hematological malignancies, bridging the gap in the heterogeneous results of published studies. We analyzed post-HSCT complications and survival outcomes in 1068 children across 14 studies, using both aggregated and patient-level data from acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndromes (AML/MDS) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) studies, employing the IPDfromKM technique for time-to-event data reconstruction. The analysis reveals a 95 % engraftment success rate (95 % CI: 93–97) and 6-year overall survival and disease-free survival (DFS) rates of 67.2 % and 66.3 %, respectively, with no significant differences in DFS between haploidentical and unrelated donors (hazard ratio = 0.9, 95 % CI: 0.53–1.55). Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) grades III-IV and chronic GvHD incidences were 8 % (95 % CI: 6–11) and 17 % (95 % CI: 10–27). The relapse rate was 27 % (95 % CI: 21–33), with relapse-related mortality at 21 % (95 % CI: 15–28) and HSCT-related mortality at 12 % (95 % CI: 7–19). Relapse was significantly lower in patients (mostly ALL) receiving total body irradiation (risk ratio = 0.53, <em>P</em> = 0.04). These findings underscore TCRαβ/CD19-depleted HSCT as a valuable option for patients without HLA-matched donors, highlighting the need for larger, multicenter studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23304,"journal":{"name":"Transplant immunology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MicroRNAs in transplant rejection: Emerging roles in immune regulation and applications","authors":"Shaochen Yu ,&nbsp;Jian Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trim.2025.102222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organ transplantation is the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure. Although modern immunosuppressive protocols are very effective and improve quality of life, there is still a need for improvements to eliminate their side effects and to induce transplantation tolerance to allografts. The microRNAs (miRNAs) emerged as promising candidates for regulations of several immune functions. The most advanced research of miRNAs documented that several miRNAs form very complex regulatory networks involved in fine and precise mechanisms of multiple pathophysiological process in cells. This review describes the origin of miRNAs and their action mechanisms by which they regulate several immune and cell biology processes, highlighting the fast progress of miRNA research involved in transplant rejection, recent clinical trials, and describing prospects and possible limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23304,"journal":{"name":"Transplant immunology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}