JFK and de Gaulle最新文献

JFK and de Gaulle Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.5

S. Mclaughlin

{"title":"Building the Perfect Candidate","authors":"S. Mclaughlin","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.5","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Kennedy’s pre-presidential political career. By the end of World War II he had emerged as a well-connected Harvard graduate, author of a popular book, a decorated navy veteran of the Pacific War, and a budding young journalist with the Hearst chain. His political career began in 1946 when he was elected Representative for Massachusetts’s 11th Congressional District. In 1952 he was elected to the Senate, where he gained a reputation for sharp anti-colonial rhetoric that often targeted French policy. Throughout his pre-presidential political career, from 1946 to 1960, Kennedy’s most biting commentary was consistently reserved for the French in Vietnam and later Algeria. While Britain had negotiated its way out of India and later ran a successful counterinsurgency campaign against communist Malayan rebels, Kennedy worried openly that French colonial rule would drive the most rebellious of the Fourth Republic’s subjects toward the Sino-Soviet camp. Early postwar decolonization cemented Kennedy’s perception that the British were clear thinkers with long-term vision, while the French by contrast were characterized by a toxic mixture of short-sightedness, stubbornness, and indifference to the collective interests of the West.","PeriodicalId":232885,"journal":{"name":"JFK and de Gaulle","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131047704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Back Matter 回到问题

JFK and de Gaulle Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.15

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Conclusion 结论

JFK and de Gaulle Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.5810/kentucky/9780813177748.003.0009

S. Mclaughlin

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Index 指数

JFK and de Gaulle Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.14

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Making the Best of It 充分利用它

JFK and de Gaulle Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.9

S. Mclaughlin

{"title":"Making the Best of It","authors":"S. Mclaughlin","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers the period from the end of the Franco-American summit in June 1961 to the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. During this juncture the policy dispute over Vietnam was neither the biggest stumbling block in the Franco-American relationship nor one that had come out into the open, but it certainly was a festering source of mutual dissatisfaction. The White House, increasingly annoyed with French “obstructionism” and unable to see beyond a perception that de Gaulle harbored wartime grudges with the “Anglo-Saxons” and was reflexively anti-American, expected little from another presidential tete-à-tete and constantly rebuffed French efforts to restore some civility. Voices in the American bureaucracy moderately sympathetic to French aims were either removed or marginalized and the American embassy in Saigon emerged as a particularly hostile voice against French policy in Vietnam. The hardening of American policy toward France grew to the point that Kennedy privately admitted in mid-1962 that he had completely given up on finding any common ground with de Gaulle. Distrustful of French motives, the administration dismissed evidence of growing French influence on both sides of the 17th parallel and signs that de Gaulle actually had the high-level connections necessary to begin negotiating a solution to the war.","PeriodicalId":232885,"journal":{"name":"JFK and de Gaulle","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122049948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Cultural Imaging of the French “Other” 法国“他者”的文化意象

JFK and de Gaulle Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.4

S. Mclaughlin

{"title":"Cultural Imaging of the French “Other”","authors":"S. Mclaughlin","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the roots of American francophobia into the early twentieth century. Historically, Americans had long been cautious of conniving French diplomats, alarmed at France’s sexual and racial permissiveness, and dismissive of France’s supposedly weak republican system of government. Set against the backdrop of Social Darwinism, intense nationalism, Anglo-Saxonism, and conceptions of a racial hierarchy, the parent generation of the future men of the Kennedy administration began to ascribe hard, negative attributes to France and the French that they passed down to their offspring. By casting the French as overly emotional, excessively proud, vain, cruel, conservative, backward, and effeminate, these elites were better able to rationalize their own perceived racial superiority and legacy as inheritors of sound British traditions. This chapter sets out to explain the evolution of American views of France with the intention of illustrating the perceptions and stereotypes that were common currency during Kennedy’s formative years. The candid notations in Kennedy’s 1937 diary from his summer trip to Europe—during which he spent several weeks in France—clearly illustrate that he had absorbed many of the popular francophobic themes in circulation during the interwar years.","PeriodicalId":232885,"journal":{"name":"JFK and de Gaulle","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116742210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Toward the First Encounter 第一次相遇

JFK and de Gaulle Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.7

S. Mclaughlin

{"title":"Toward the First Encounter","authors":"S. Mclaughlin","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at Franco-American relations during the first four months of the Kennedy presidency. The attention of both men was diverted by major crises during this period, but there was optimism on both sides that the Kennedy-de Gaulle summit in Paris would improve relations after a period of drift under President Eisenhower. This was not to be the case. Early genuine enthusiasm for greater Franco-American dialogue on Kennedy’s part was quickly tempered by de Gaulle’s total disagreement with the American president’s plan to reconstitute the chaotic UN peacekeeping operation in post-independence Congo. Nevertheless, American policy-makers close to Kennedy continued to emphasize during this period that there were plenty of potential areas for Franco-American agreement that outweighed areas of divergence. While the youthful Kennedy sought to break from the past and try new Cold War approaches with the emerging Third World, de Gaulle’s conceptions of international diplomacy harkened back to the long era of European international supremacy when French norms were accepted in other advanced countries. This chapter also rounds out de Gaulle’s strategic vision and his desire to establish a more open dialogue between Britain, France, and the United States, the three biggest military powers within NATO.","PeriodicalId":232885,"journal":{"name":"JFK and de Gaulle","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128784189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Conclusion 结论

JFK and de Gaulle Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.11

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Masculinity and Modernization in Democratic Party Politics during the 1950s 20世纪50年代民主党政治中的男子气概与现代化

JFK and de Gaulle Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.6

S. Mclaughlin

{"title":"Masculinity and Modernization in Democratic Party Politics during the 1950s","authors":"S. Mclaughlin","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the impact on Democrats of a dominant postwar political framework that demanded a certain ideal of robust manhood in response to international and domestic circumstances. This rediscovered emphasis on toughness had its roots in the upheaval of World War II and the rise of totalitarian ideologies, leading liberal Democrats to revamp the entire way they viewed the world in the early Cold War years. During the same period France was led by a series of seemingly weak, unstable Fourth Republic coalition governments. This fed American perceptions of French decadence and irrationality to the point that they grew into fears that France was undermining Washington’s efforts to win the Cold War. Liberal Democrats were on the defensive, attacked for their privilege and softness by McCarthyites and right-wing conservatives. McCarthyism had strong lingering effects on Democrats into the 1960s, prompting party leaders to adopt an exaggeratedly tough approach just as Kennedy was beginning to make his mark in American politics. Kennedy had already concluded that France was an obstacle to American defense of the “free world,” while many of his fellow Democrats concluded that offering strong public support for any French position in international affairs was political suicide.","PeriodicalId":232885,"journal":{"name":"JFK and de Gaulle","volume":" 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113947502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Drinking Sour Wine 喝酸酒

JFK and de Gaulle Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvhrd0bj.8

S. Mclaughlin

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