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Componential Analysis of Kin Terms—Some Problems and their Solutions 亲属项的成分分析——若干问题及解决办法
Journal of Universal Language Pub Date : 2014-03-31 DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2014.15.1.129
Vladimir Pericliev
{"title":"Componential Analysis of Kin Terms—Some Problems and their Solutions","authors":"Vladimir Pericliev","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2014.15.1.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2014.15.1.129","url":null,"abstract":"Componential analysis of kinship vocabulary has a long tradition, but a look at the practicing of the method reveals two basic problems. The first pertains to ensuring “consistent” kin term definitions (i.e., definitions with necessary and sufficient components), and the second to the discovery and handling of multiple solutions to kinship systems. The paper introduces a computer program implemented to handle these two problems, and in general, designed to study kinship vocabulary. The program guarantees consistent componential models and the discovery of all alternative models, as well as introduces simplicity constraints to reduce the usually huge number of alternatives to a unique or just a couple of models. We illustrate the problems with examples from the literature and apply the program to a complex kinship vocabulary (Serbo-Croatian) to show its operation.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"397 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132015913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The Morphosyntactic Coding of Focus Structure in Igbo 伊博语焦点结构的形态句法编码
Journal of Universal Language Pub Date : 2013-09-30 DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.53
M. Agbo
{"title":"The Morphosyntactic Coding of Focus Structure in Igbo","authors":"M. Agbo","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.53","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-linguistic studies have ascertained that the information units within clause structure are systematically coded. These information units shape the information structure of the clause and focus structure is the term for it in the literature. Previous studies on Igbo focus structure centre exclusively on the syntactic derivation of the clause to determine the focus structure. Therefore, this study investigates how pragmatic considerations and morphological markings in the clause structure determine the various types of Igbo focus structure. The study adopts the Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) framework, which seeks out the relationship between referring expressions in a clause and the focus structure. RRG also has the advantage of formally projecting focus structure into the representation of clause structure. Four categorical types of focus structure occur in Igbo. These include, subject focus with the /e/, /a/, /kwa/, and /-nu/markers; object focus with /ma/ and /ka/ as markers; verb focus with /wee/, /na/, and /ga/ as markers and sentence focus with gwa m? and /ghi/? as markers. The study reveals that morphological markings code focus structure in Igbo. In other words, it describes the information units within clause structure from the perspective of the interaction between morphology, pragmatics, and syntax, and not exclusively from a syntactic perspective.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129298538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Minimalist Program and its New Insight to the Concept of Universal Grammar 极简主义纲领及其对普遍语法概念的新认识
Journal of Universal Language Pub Date : 2013-09-30 DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.79
N. Al-Horais
{"title":"The Minimalist Program and its New Insight to the Concept of Universal Grammar","authors":"N. Al-Horais","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.79","url":null,"abstract":"The prime concern of this paper is to introduce the art of the Minimalist Program to the theory of grammar. Besides presenting the basic principles and techniques that make this new theory moving away from the over-generation and filtering character of its predecessors, this paper discusses some new ideas articulated recently by Chomsky such as changing the function of movement and the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) feature, or proposing new theories such as Phases and Feature Inheritance. These new generative ideas can express the sharp contrast between the conceptions of Universal Grammar in the Minimalist Program and the previous generative theories.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132211656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Learning Linguistics by Doing: The Secret Virtues of a Language Constructed in the Classroom 在实践中学习语言学:课堂建构语言的秘密美德
Journal of Universal Language Pub Date : 2013-09-30 DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.113
F. Gobbo
{"title":"Learning Linguistics by Doing: The Secret Virtues of a Language Constructed in the Classroom","authors":"F. Gobbo","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.113","url":null,"abstract":"The teaching of second languages in school classrooms is often conducted through the use of ‘direct’ and ‘immersion’ methods, while grammar is reserved for the first language. However, pupils spontaneously raise important questions for general and theoretical linguistics which could be better addressed through an interlinguistic comparison of first and second language grammars in the pupils’ repertoires. This paper explains the method used in a pilot experiment in fieldwork. The experiment was conducted in the fourth class of a Montessori primary school, where pupils constructed from scratch a posteriori language to be used for secret communication among themselves―but not to be used with the rest of the school. During the process of the construction of this language, all aspects were discussed in the class: phonetics and writing systems, morphology and syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The main educational result was the increase in pupils’ metalinguistic awareness, as well as the confidence that they gained in their own language proficiency.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128896244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Vowel Replacement Patterns in the Mfantse Dialect of Akan 阿肯语Mfantse方言的元音替换模式
Journal of Universal Language Pub Date : 2013-09-30 DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.7
Emmanuel Nicholas Abakah
{"title":"Vowel Replacement Patterns in the Mfantse Dialect of Akan","authors":"Emmanuel Nicholas Abakah","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2013.14.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates synchronic vowel replacement patterns in the Mfantse dialect of Akan. Hitherto, the Akan vowel harmony system has been the only aspect of vowel replacement process that has received extensive study in the literature, albeit a variety of ways by which vowel replacement comes about in the language exists. In this paper, therefore, we have organised V-replacement into vertical and horizontal vowel shifts. The vertical vowel shift has been subcategorized into upward and downward shifts which may also be referred to as vowel raising and vowel lowering, respectively. The direction of horizontal V shifting system is also parametric whereby a trigger vowel may spread leftwards or rightwards to a target vowel on its left or right, respectively. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated in this paper that a consonant might ostensibly condition vowel replacements in Mfantse but, in reality, such replacements are often brought about by floating vowels. This does not obscure the fact that labial and labial palatalized glides in Mfantse invariably induce replacement of the vowels that precede them.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133190701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
The Representation of Uralic Languages in Artificial International Auxiliary Languages 乌拉尔语在人工国际辅助语言中的表现
Journal of Universal Language Pub Date : 2013-03-31 DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.117
A. Libert
{"title":"The Representation of Uralic Languages in Artificial International Auxiliary Languages","authors":"A. Libert","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.117","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial international auxiliary languages, particularly the major ones such as Esperanto and Interlingua, have taken relatively few words or grammatical features from Uralic languages (or from other non-Indo-European languages). In this paper I will examine some auxiliary languages which have used one or more Uralic languages as sources. Among these languages are Angos, Ardano, Budinos, Eura, Kweda, Lingwa de Planeta, Neo Patwa, Uusisuom/Lapsi, and Veltparl. In general Uralic items make up only a small part of the language as a whole.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128268898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Towards a ‘Real Character’ for the Computer Age 迈向电脑时代的“真实性格”
Journal of Universal Language Pub Date : 2013-03-31 DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.143
I. Maun
{"title":"Towards a ‘Real Character’ for the Computer Age","authors":"I. Maun","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.143","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the theory of a ‘Real Character,’ that is to say, a form of writing which conveys ideas, rather than sounds, and the possible application of such a system to computermediated communication. The need for increasingly efficient international communication is noted and the idea of ‘iconicity’ is incorporated into the argument, together with the narrower idea of the ‘symbol’ as defined by the semiotician Charles Sanders Peirce. Historical antecedents from the seventeenth century onwards are examined, as are present-day artificial languages. Modern research into semantic primes is linked to work on visual primes. The notion of ‘the sentence-as-character,’ is proposed, a format which dispenses with the need for linear syntax. The question of metaphorical meaning is discussed in the light of theories of embodiment. In order to facilitate speedy reading, on-screen Rapid Serial Visual Presentation of texts with animation, colour and 3-D is proposed. Technological issues of computer implementation and further development are raised, ways forward are examined, and cultural and linguistic problems tabled for further consideration.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133281070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
A Typological Study of Local Cases in EIA Languages 环境影响评价语言局部格的类型学研究
Journal of Universal Language Pub Date : 2013-03-31 DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.85
Bornini Lahiri
{"title":"A Typological Study of Local Cases in EIA Languages","authors":"Bornini Lahiri","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.85","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the local cases of four of the eastern Indo-Aryan languages (EIA) using the cognitive framework. The languages under observation are Asamiya, Bangla, Maithili, and Oriya. The local cases are used to mark the position or location of an object which is always stated in reference to another object. These languages use local cases to mark three spaces; location of a static object, source, and path of a moving object. The local cases have been divided into two basic categories; static and dynamic. The paper begins with the description of the static local cases and then refers to the cases used for dynamic location through this process it discovers that Maithili seems to have dichotomy between basic locations on and in but it has just one general spatial term like the other three languages. Moreover it was also observed that static and dynamic markers can overlap into each other’s sphere in certain circumstances. Along with the local cases used with the concrete objects, uses of these case markers with abstract locations too have been explored to mark the extended semantics of these local cases.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"381 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124749266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Aspect Marker -Le in Early Child Mandarin 幼儿普通话的体向标记——乐
Journal of Universal Language Pub Date : 2013-03-31 DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.7
Hsiang-Hua Chang
{"title":"The Aspect Marker -Le in Early Child Mandarin","authors":"Hsiang-Hua Chang","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-linguistically, researchers have found a distributional bias of tense/aspect markers in child languages, namely, children initially use past or perfective morphology with telic predicates and use present or progressive morphology with atelic predicates. One attempt to explain this phenomenon is the Prototype Account, which argues that children acquire a linguistic category starting with the prototype of the category and later extend its application to less prototypical cases (Shirai & Andersen 1995). Based on the English data, they argue that children do not distinguish between past/perfective and telicity, which is the prototype for category past and category perfective. This study presents evidence from Mandarin data of two young children, which supports the distributional bias found in the older children in Li (1990), but opposes the Prototype Account given the fact that Mandarin-speaking children do not have a macro-category of past/perfective/telic marked by the perfective -le. The finding argues for (i) a separation between past and perfective/telic and a separation between perfective and telic in child Mandarin, (ii) the necessity to distinguish perfective -le from sentence final le, (iii) the legitimacy to treat Mandarin adjectives as stative verbs, and (iv) the importance to examine verbs appearing in their basic forms without aspect markers.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115899519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
An Interpretation Domain with Context-Dependent Events 具有上下文相关事件的解释域
Journal of Universal Language Pub Date : 2013-03-31 DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.55
Eunjoo Kwak
{"title":"An Interpretation Domain with Context-Dependent Events","authors":"Eunjoo Kwak","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2013.14.1.55","url":null,"abstract":"I address the interpretations of verbal predicates, focusing on the structural similarities between the domains of objects and events. Based on Davidson’s (1967) theorum that events are individuals just like objects, I start from a proper interpretation domain for nominal interpretations and expand it to verbal interpretations. I critically review Rothstein (2008), which takes an interpretation domains suggested by Chierchia (1998). To resolve problems in the earlier approaches, I resort to a vague interpretation domain of Chierchia (2010) and suggest an event structure for proper interpretations of verbal predicates in accord with Vendler’s (1967) classification.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117055514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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