Topics in companion animal medicine最新文献

{"title":"Surgical stabilization of a mandibular fracture in a pet African goose (Anser anser domesticus) with bilateral mandibular fractures","authors":"Seunga Min ,&nbsp;Miranda J. Sadar ,&nbsp;Taylr Wells ,&nbsp;Amanda Day ,&nbsp;Naomi Hoyer","doi":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 7-month-old, 3.8 kg, female intact African goose (<em>Anser anser domesticus</em>), was presented on emergency after being struck by a metal chair during a strong gust of wind. Physical examination revealed ventral displacement of rostral portion of the mandible. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan confirmed complete, comminuted, bilateral fractures on the rostral portion of the mandibular body. Surgical intervention involved applying external fixation using self-threading Thread Mate System (TMS) pins, orthodontic chains, and dental acrylics to stabilize the right mandible. Indirect reduction and inherent stability were achieved on the left side. An esophagostomy tube was placed to prevent manipulation of the bill during feeding and medication administration in the post operative period. The goose prematurely removed the esophagostomy tube and dental acrylics 10 days after surgery. At the two week post-operative recheck, the bill was stable on palpation and the goose was using it for eating and drinking without complications. At follow-up examination one month after surgery, the goose continued to clinically do well, but all fixations had been self-removed. A repeat CBCT scan revealed bony callus formation of the left fracture site and fibrous callus with incomplete osseous bridging of the right fracture site consistent with delayed union. At 8 months post-operatively, the goose was clinically normal without functional impairment to the bill.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23144,"journal":{"name":"Topics in companion animal medicine","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 100978"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143789467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of hematologic indices in parvovirus infected dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)","authors":"K. Sevim ,&nbsp;E.Ç. Çolakoğlu ,&nbsp;U. Kaya","doi":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is a highly contagious, acute viral disease that mainly affects young dogs and can lead to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, endotoxemia and even death. The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic potential of hematological indices such as MLR, NLR, PLR, PNR and SII in CPV-infected dogs with SIRS at first admission. The retrospective study was performed on 51 CPV-infected and 20 healthy dogs. MLR, NLR, PLR, PNR, and SII indices were determined and compared between groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out to determine thresholds of sensitivity and specificity for hematologic indices.</div><div>NLR, PLR, and PNR were the best predictors for supporting a diagnosis of parvoviral enteritis, with AUC values of 0.685, 0.762, and 0.884, respectively. Moreover, PLR and PNR, with AUC values of 0.740 and 0.769, respectively, were the most suitable indices to determine the prognosis of dogs with parvoviral enteritis with SIRS. In conclusion, these indices can be used as potential indicators for predicting disease outcomes and supporting a diagnosis of CPV-infected dogs with SIRS at first admission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23144,"journal":{"name":"Topics in companion animal medicine","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 100977"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143631157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dermal pathology in a Catahoula Leopard dog with Dermasparaxis Ehlers Danlos syndrome caused by a homozygous ADAMTS2 missense variant","authors":"Jared A. Jaffey ,&nbsp;Garrett Bullock ,&nbsp;Martin L. Katz","doi":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dermatosparaxis is a subtype of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (dEDS) that typically results in euthanasia of dogs in the first several months of life because of complications mostly related to extreme skin fragility. The goal of this report was to describe ultrastructural features of collagen fibrils from a dog with a milder form of dEDS. A skin biopsy sample was procured from a nearly 10-year-old Catahoula Leopard dog with dEDS associated with a previously published homozygous missense variant in <em>ADAMTS2</em>. Light and electron microscopic examinations were performed. Light microscopic examination of the skin sample revealed a substantially reduced density of collagen fibers that were randomly oriented and appeared to have a decreased length. Electron microscopic examination revealed diameters of the fibrils were variable, and scattered fibrils had irregular cross-sectional profiles, but lacked the “hieroglyphic” appearance identified in dogs with the frameshift variant in <em>ADAMTS2</em>. Like other species with dEDS, dogs can have variable disease severities that includes dermal collagen abnormalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23144,"journal":{"name":"Topics in companion animal medicine","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 100976"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143631156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case series of maggot debridement therapy demonstrates safety and efficacy for treating problematic wounds in cats and dogs in Mexico","authors":"Alicia Fonseca-Muñoz ,&nbsp;Aremí C. Lujano-Guzmán ,&nbsp;Albert Nguyen ,&nbsp;Ronald A. Sherman","doi":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wound care is a common problem in small animals. Antimicrobial resistance, biofilm, time constraints, and the cost of surgery or specialized dressings hinder efforts to deliver prompt wound healing. Maggot therapy has been very effective in human and equine wound care, but very little research has evaluated its safety and efficacy in dogs and cats. This study was initiated to evaluate the utility, efficacy, and safety of maggot debridement therapy for wound care in a small animal veterinary practice in Mexico.</div><div>Six cats and four dogs were treated with maggot debridement therapy when their wounds failed to respond to conventional therapy. Treatment was administered by applying 8-10 larvae per cm² surface area directly on the wound bed and covering the wound with a sterile polyester mesh, sutured to the skin. These were left on the wound for cycles of approximately 48 h (24-72 h); the cycles were repeated if &gt;20 % necrotic tissue remained after treatment.</div><div>Review of these cases revealed that 80 % of treated wounds achieved 100 % debridement within 48-96 h of treatment. An additional 10 % (one wound) achieved 80 % debridement within only 24 h of treatment. One animal failed to show improvement: a 3-year-old cat with an infected bite wound, which drained voluminously and drowned the maggots. This animal was deemed not to be an appropriate candidate for maggot debridement therapy, and treatment was terminated after just 12 h. Ultimately, this wound was debrided and closed surgically. No complications were encountered other than mild discomfort in one cat.</div><div>These results support claims that maggot debridement therapy is relatively safe and effective for treating problematic dog and cat wounds. Veterinarians should consider including maggot debridement among their treatment options for problematic wounds. Controlled clinical trials should be performed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23144,"journal":{"name":"Topics in companion animal medicine","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 100964"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Rhodococcus equi isolated from pyogranulomatous lesions in cats from Brazil","authors":"Jamilly Rosa dos Santos ,&nbsp;Renata Dalcol Mazaro ,&nbsp;Alana Pivoto Herbichi ,&nbsp;Rafael Almeida Fighera ,&nbsp;Andrea Maria Lazzari ,&nbsp;Sabrina dos Santos Costa Poggiani ,&nbsp;Agueda Palmira Castagna de Vargas ,&nbsp;Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel ,&nbsp;Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti","doi":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to describe and provide a laboratory characterization of three cases of <em>Rhodococcus equi</em> isolates from pyogranulomatous lesions in domestic cats in Brazil, collected between 2015 and 2021. Swabs and aspirates from nodular skin lesions located in the abdominal region (Case 1) and thoracic limbs (Cases 1–3) were subjected to microbiological culture, biochemical and molecular analyses, evaluation of biofilm formation capacity, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Cats 1 and 2 were positive for FeLV p27 antigen on SNAP testing. Cat 1 died at home from complications of <em>Rhodococcus</em> infection, and Cat 2 was euthanized following failure of medical and surgical treatment of infection. The cat in Case 3, which was FeLV-negative, received treatment with oral erythromycin and topical rifampicin for 30 days. However, due to failure of antimicrobial therapy to resolve the lesions, the cat underwent amputation of the affected right hindlimb. <em>R. equi,</em> positive for the plasmid-encoded virulence-associated protein A, was identified on the microbiological cultures and PCR from all cases. Biofilm formation analysis categorized all three isolates as weak biofilm formers. Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all isolates were sensitive to azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, imipenem, and rifampicin in vitro. These findings underscore the clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory characteristics of <em>R. equi</em> infection in Brazilian cats, indicating that these microorganisms are phenotypically and molecularly similar to those isolated from horses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23144,"journal":{"name":"Topics in companion animal medicine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 100962"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143485229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the effects of an opioid-free anesthetic protocol with two opioid-based protocols on the intraoperative cardiovascular response and postoperative pain in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy: A prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical study","authors":"Bárbara Silva Correia,&nbsp;Eduardo Raposo Monteiro,&nbsp;João Victor Barbieri Ferronatto,&nbsp;Ivy Silva de La Rocque Pinho,&nbsp;Lívia Eichenberg Surita,&nbsp;Marcelo Meller Alievi","doi":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study compared the cardiovascular response to surgery and postoperative pain between an opioid-free protocol and two opioid-based protocols in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Cats were randomly allocated into three intramuscular premedication treatments: DEX (dexmedetomidine 7 µg/kg, <em>n</em> = 12), DEXMET (dexmedetomidine 7 µg/kg + methadone 0.3 mg/kg, <em>n</em> = 13) and DEXMOR (dexmedetomidine 7 µg/kg + morphine 0.3 mg/kg, <em>n</em> = 14). Preoperatively, all cats received meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneously. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane. Heart rate (HR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) were measured intraoperatively. Pain was assessed before premedication (Baseline) and postoperatively for 6 h using the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale - Feline (CMPS-F) and Feline Grimace Scale (FGS). Rescue analgesia was given for CMPS-F scores ≥ 5.</div><div>In all groups, HR and SAP increased intraoperatively, but tachycardia (HR &gt; 200 beats/min) or hypertension (SAP &gt; 180 mmHg) did not occur. Postoperative CMPS-F scores were lower in DEXMET than in DEX; FGS scores in DEX and DEXMOR were higher than in DEXMET. Rescue analgesia was administered to 50 %, 23 % and 29 % cats in groups DEX, DEXMET and DEXMOR, respectively (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). The odds ratio (95 % confidence interval) of receiving postoperative rescue analgesia within 6 h for opioid-free <em>versus</em> opioid-based techniques was 2.86 (0.76-11.43). All protocols allowed surgery to be performed without an exacerbated cardiovascular response. Incorporating methadone or morphine in the protocol decreased the odds of requiring postoperative rescue analgesia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23144,"journal":{"name":"Topics in companion animal medicine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 100963"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143485230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryptorchidism in dogs and cats presented for elective gonadectomy: A descriptive cohort study of 306 animals treated between 2018 and 2023","authors":"Seong Eun Cho ,&nbsp;James M. Fudge ,&nbsp;Suhee Kim ,&nbsp;Bernie Page ,&nbsp;DoHyeon Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to describe the incidence, breed distribution, clinical findings (anatomic location, number of testicles affected, and side), and surgical management of cryptorchidism in dogs and cats presented for elective gonadectomy. Medical record abstracts from a non-profit, high-volume, high-quality, spay-neuter clinic from 2018 to 2023 were reviewed retrospectively for cases of elective surgical gonadectomy of cryptorchid dogs and cats. During the study period, 5,476 dogs and 11,559 cats were presented to the same facility for elective surgical castration, suggesting a cryptorchid incidence of 3.21 % for dogs and 1.12 % for cats. Cryptorchidism affects various breeds and body conformations. Cryptorchid testes were more commonly observed in the inguinal area than in the abdomen, and were more frequently located unilaterally on the right side in both dogs and cats. The mean number of overall incisions required for surgical management was higher for testes located in the abdomen than for those located in the inguinal region in both dogs and cats. Due to differences in anatomy, cryptorchid prevalence, and surgical techniques, cryptorchidism in dogs and cats should be evaluated separately. Careful, preemptive identification and localization of the retained testicle(s) can be beneficial for efficient excision of cryptorchid testes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23144,"journal":{"name":"Topics in companion animal medicine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 100961"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143485231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All pet owners are not the same: End-of-Life caregiver expectations and profiles.","authors":"Sara Hoummady ,&nbsp;Laureline Chaise ,&nbsp;Marion Guillot ,&nbsp;Nancy Rebout","doi":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study aims to explore the specific needs of French pet owners who have experienced the loss of a pet, recognizing the limited focus on end-of-life and palliative care in veterinary practice. By characterizing owner profiles, the research seeks to enhance veterinary approaches and education to better address the unique challenges and emotional aspects associated with pet care and loss. An anonymous online survey was distributed to 302 French owners who already experienced the loss of an animal, including demographic information and feelings about their experience of a pet's end-of-life (EOL). Data were analysed using descriptive and qualitative analysis (including the use of AI chatbot ChatGPT). 56.6 % of participants reported a relatively smooth pet death, yet 67.0 % found the end-of-life period challenging. Three distinct owner groups emerged, each with varying needs. The first group expressed high guilt and a greater need for support, emphasizing the necessity for information and improved training. The second group, more informed and independent, benefits from veterinary support, while a leaflet suits them. The third group, competent in pain evaluation, requires less veterinary support. These differences highlight the importance of personalized owner support. The study proposes essential pillars for veterinarians and nurses' training, forming the EPITO system: Emotional support, Personalization, Information, Training, Tools, and Open discussion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23144,"journal":{"name":"Topics in companion animal medicine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 100960"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidural administration of tramadol does not provide sufficient intraoperative analgesia for elective ovariohysterectomy in healthy cats","authors":"Franco IG ,&nbsp;Souza AR ,&nbsp;Costa IM ,&nbsp;Julião GH ,&nbsp;Oliveira BB ,&nbsp;Nishimura HML ,&nbsp;Abimussi CJX ,&nbsp;Floriano BP","doi":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Few studies today address trans-operative analgesia provided by tramadol without local anesthetics for intra-abdominal procedures. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of trans-operative analgesia provided by epidurally administered tramadol in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. For this purpose, 16 healthy queens were randomly assigned to participate in one of two groups: GC, control group, 0.9% NaCl at 0.3 mL/kg; and GT, tramadol group, tramadol 1 mg/kg in saline to the same final volume. Subjects received premedication with ketamine, xylazine and morphine and were anesthetized and maintained with a propofol infusion at 0.4-0.8 mg/kg/min until the end of surgery. Variables heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (F_R) and systolic blood pressure (SAP) were recorded before epidural injection (TB), 5 minutes after epidural injection (TAE), at surgical incision of the skin (TSI), at clamping of the first ovarian pedicle (TP1), at clamping of the second pedicle (TP2), at clamping of the uterine stump (TU), at the beginning of abdominal cavity closure (TC) and at the final suture of the skin (TFS). A bolus of fentanyl 2 μg/kg was administered IV in case of a 20% increase of physiologic variables during these times. At the end of the study, data was analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey test. The number of fentanyl boluses was compared between groups using Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn test. All analyses were performed under 5% significance. There were no significant differences in HR, F_R and SAP between groups. Only a mild difference was seen in HR in GT at times MP1, MP2, MU and MC compared to baseline (before epidural injections). There were no differences in number of fentanyl boluses between groups, with median (range) of 3 (1–5) in GC and 3 (1–4) in GT. In conclusion, tramadol given epidurally to cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy does not provide reliable intraoperative analgesia, and therefore other strategies are necessary to ensure intraoperative analgesia of healthy cats during elective ovariohysterectomy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23144,"journal":{"name":"Topics in companion animal medicine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 100959"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143070480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of selected nutrients and contaminants in fish oil supplements for dogs*","authors":"Lauren R. Ober ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Larsen ,&nbsp;Lauren E. Hoffman ,&nbsp;Birgit Puschner ,&nbsp;Andrea J. Fascetti","doi":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish oil supplements for dogs are used therapeutically for various clinical conditions. However, products may be variable in quality, potency, and stability. The objective of this study was to analyze eleven canine fish oil supplements from two time points (2010 and 2021) for the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) arochlors, minerals, and vitamins A and D, and to compare their compositions to label claims. Molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, lead, and PCBs were not detected in any samples. Other minerals were detected in some products, and concentrations were well below general maximum tolerable levels or applicable regulatory maximums for dog foods. EPA and DHA concentrations varied widely among products and between timepoints. Overall, there were six instances of products not meeting label claims within 5 % for EPA, DHA, or both. Across both timepoints, five minimum content claims were made for vitamin A, and three for vitamin D. In 2010, the analyzed concentrations were below the claims for one product each for vitamins A and D, while for 2021 all products met their respective claims. Overall, products were assessed to have low risk for vitamins A and D or mineral toxicoses when used as recommended. At higher (therapeutic) doses, contributions to the overall intake for nutrients of concern should be considered, including selenium and fat soluble vitamins. In addition, there is room for improvement for manufacturers to ensure accurate label guarantees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23144,"journal":{"name":"Topics in companion animal medicine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 100949"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142960921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}