Toxicological Review最新文献

{"title":"Methods of biodiagnostics in aquatic ecotoxicology","authors":"G. Chuiko, I. Tomilina, Nadezda Vladimirovna Kholmogorova","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-315-322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-315-322","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Modern ecotoxicology for the detection, quantitative and qualitative assessment of the content of toxicants in the environment and living organisms uses the entire spectrum of chemical-analytical methods. However, methods of biodiagnostics are specific to this science. Materials and methods. The paper summarizes information on the use of modern methods of biodiagnostics in aquatic ecotoxicology: biomarking, biotesting and bioindication. Results. The main advantage of biodiagnostics over physicochemical methods of analysis is the ability to identify the biological consequences of the action of a single stress factor or their combination. At the same time, biodiagnostic methods allow fixing the additivity, antagonism and synergy of their joint action. Biomarking differs from other biodiagnostic methods in response time from several minutes to several days, high sensitivity and sufficient specificity, since it gives the ability to register the changes occurring in the biological system at the early stages of the action of factors at their low intensity and at the same time identify the nature of the stress factor. Biotesting has a slower response time than biomarking (from several hours to several weeks), but the ecological significance at the level of an individual is more obvious: the death of an organism, a decrease in reproductive ability up to the cessation of reproduction, disruption of growth, development, various types of behavior, etc. Bioindication is characterized by a sufficiently long-time delay of responses of supraorganismal biosystems to the action of a stress factor from several weeks to several years. At the same time, it makes possible assess more adequately and reliably the changes that have occurred over a long period of timeof stress factor action in order to predict options for the further development of ecosystems. Limitations. Methods of biodiagnostics in aquatic ecotoxicology have no restrictions on their use. However, unlike the methods of physicochemical analysis, they do not allow a quantitative, and sometimes a qualitative assessment of the stress factor. Therefore, they should be used in conjunction with the methods of qualitative and quantitative physicochemical analysis. Conclusion. Thus, the biodiagnostic approach, including biomarking, biotesting, and bioindication, together with physics and chemicals analysis plays an important role in the modern integrated system for assessing the ecological state of water bodies and anthropogenic impact on them.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75259713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of hyperammoniemia on the course of delirious syndrome in acute severe poisoning with 1,4-butandiol and methods of its correction","authors":"A. H. Lodyagin, A. Sinenchenko, Bair Vasilyevich Batotsyrenov, G. I. Sinenchenko","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-223-230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-223-230","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article presents an assessment of the effect of hyperammonemia on the course of delirious syndrome in acute severe poisoning with 1,4-butanediol and methods of its correction. Purpose of the study. to analyze the effect of free ammonia on the severity of delirium in acute severe poisoning with 1,4-butanediol and to develop methods for correcting hyperammonemia. Material and methods. In the course of the work, a prospective examination was carried out of 59 male patients aged 20 to 45 years (the average age was 29.2 ± 4.47 years) of the intensive care unit and intensive care center of the center for the treatment of acute poisoning of the St. I.I. Dzhanelidze with acute severe poisoning with 1,4-butanediol, complicated by delirious syndrome. The results were statistically processed using the Statistica for Windows software (version 10). Results. During the study, patients with delirious syndrome were diagnosed with transient hyperammonemia of moderate severity according to the classification proposed by Lazebnik L.B. et al. (2019) with hepatocellular insufficiency syndrome. The factor of the increase in free ammonia in the blood was protein catabolism and tissue hypoxia. The use of a hepatoprotector based on a compound of arginine and glutamic acid “Glutargin” made it possible to correct metabolic disorders and significantly reduce the duration of exogenous psychosis and minimize post-delirious complications in the form of psychoorganic syndrome and severe postpsychotic asthenia. Limitations. When studying the effect of hyperammonemia on the course of the delirious syndrome in acute severe poisoning with 1,4-butanediol, a prospective examination of 59 male patients of the intensive care unit was carried out, whose intensive care included arginine glutamate (Glutargin), which made it possible to establish the cause of the prolonged course of delirium and improve the tactics of its treatment. Conclusion. Obtained in the present The study results demonstrate the high efficacy of the hepatoprotector “Glutargin” in relation to slowing the progression of the clinical course of post-intoxication delirium in acute severe poisoning with 1,4-butanediol.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79506432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological and ultrastructural changes in rat kidneys in the early period after paraoxone poisoning","authors":"M. O. Sokolova, V. Sobolev, N. V. Goncharov","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-231-237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-231-237","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Toxic nephropathies are not limited to a single morphological type of kidney tissue damage. The widespread distribution of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) in the modern world makes it necessary to study the morphological manifestations and delayed effects of OPs on various organs and tissues of the human and animal body. Material and methods. The article presents the results of a study of changes in the kidneys of rats at the ultrastructural level in the early stages after a single injection of paraoxon at doses of LD50 and LD84. Results. It has been shown that after the introduction of paraoxon, the epithelial cells of the convoluted tubules are initially damaged, and a week after the poisoning, changes are recorded in the renal corpuscle, manifested in an increase in the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane. Limitations. Morphological changes in the renal tissues were analyzed in a single poisoning at doses of LD50 and LD84. Conclusion. The changes detected in the renal corpuscles indicate the feasibility of further studies on the effect of FOS on the nature, sequence and mechanism of nephrotoxic effects of FOS in models of acute and chronic intoxication.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80649394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaches of European to the regulation of waste management (review)","authors":"Khalidya Khizbulaevna Khamidulina, Andrey Konstantinovich Nazarenko, E. Tarasova, D. N. Rabikova, E. Petrova, A. Filin","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-255-266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-255-266","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Waste management, including hazardous waste, is one of the issues that are regulated at the level of the European Union with the help of Directives that are binding on all EU member states. Various EU Waste Directives have been approved since 1975, and in 2008 the fundamental EU Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives) was adopted, which describes the waste management policy, defines the classification of waste and methods for their processing and disposal. Material and methods. When preparing the review, legal documents (in particular, Directives, EU Regulations in the field of waste management) and guidelines for practical waste management in the EU were used. Results and discussions. The review presents a methodology for classifying waste, dividing it into non-hazardous and hazardous. Hazard codes and classes, threshold values, i.e. criteria for classifying waste as hazardous. Conclusion. At the stage of analysis of European legislation concerning waste management, the EU pays special attention to the classification of waste as an important tool for differentiating their flow and planning the management of their individual types. The main principle of classification is the differentiation of waste according to the degree of danger to the environment and humans, which allows minimizing their negative impact.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89390786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the selenium oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles combined action in a subchronic experiment on rats","authors":"I. Minigalieva, Y. Ryabova, M. Sutunkova, V. Gurvich, L. Privalova, V. Panov, A. V. Tazhigulova, Svetlana Nikolaevna Solovieva, Yulia Maksimovna Sutunkova, B. Katsnelson","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-238-247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-238-247","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Exposure to selenium oxide nanoparticles can be combined with exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles at working place. The type of this combined action has not been previously studied. Material and methods. Stable suspensions of selenium oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles (at a single dose of 1 or 2 mg/kg of body weight) or deionized water (control) were administered to male rats 3 times a week for 6 weeks. At the end of the exposure, the toxic effect was evaluated by a large number of the animal organism indices. The statistical significance of intergroup differences was assessed using Student’s t-test. To analyze the patterns of two-factor combined toxicity, we used the Response Surface Methodology (RSM analysis). Results. Under combined intoxication with selenium oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles, liver damage was observed, assessed by a decrease in the albumin-globulin index and the content of alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum, an increase in the number of degenerated hepatocytes. Kidney function altered as indicated by a decrease in the level of urea and uric acid in the urine, creatinine in the blood serum, an increase in degenerated cells of proximal and distal tubules. The analysis of isobolograms obtained by RSM revealed the ambiguity of the type of selenium oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles combined action, depending on which effect and at which dose level it is estimated by. Conclusion. The subchronic toxicity of selenium oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles is characterized by qualitatively similar harmful effects. At the same time, the combined action of these nanoparticles is typologically ambiguous, varying from contradirectionality to synergism.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"171 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77494498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hygienic regulation of the antiretroviral drug tenofovir in the air of the working area","authors":"M. I. Golubeva, M. V. Bidevkina, I. A. Bobrineva, E. A. Fedorova, L. Krymova","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-248-254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-248-254","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Tenofovir is an antiviral drug of the group of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of retrovirus - human immunodeficiency virus. Material and methods. A toxicological and hygienic study of the toxicity and danger of tenofovir in laboratory animals (mice, rats, rabbits) was carried out with various routes of intake: orally (mice, rats), intraperitoneally (mice), cutaneous (mice, rabbits), inhalation (rats) for development and justification of indicative limit values of tenofovir in the air of the working area. Results. When injected into the stomach, tenofovir belongs to the 4th hazard class in terms of DL50 for mice and rats over 10,000 mg/kg (GOST 12.1.007-76). When injected into the abdominal cavity DL50 for male mice 1443 mg/kg (OECD toxicity class 5). Tenofovir has a moderate irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes of rabbits, does not irritate the skin; does not have a skin-resorptive, cumulative and sensitizing effect. In a subacute experiment in rats with intragastric administration (1000 mg/kg, 28 days), tenofovir had a general toxic effect with a predominant impairment of kidney and liver function. Tenofovir Limac is set at 17.3 mg/m3 for effects on renal function. Limitations. When developing and substantiating hygienic standards for the anti-retroviral drug tenofovir in the air of the working area. Conclusion. The recommended indicative limit values for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate aerosol in the air of the working area is 0.1 mg/m3.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73114802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial toxicology as an important part of occupational medicine: retrospective, reality and development prospects (literature review)","authors":"Gennady Maksimov","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-206-216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-206-216","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The stages of development of industrial toxicology and the contribution of the main scientific schools to the theory and practice of hygienic regulation of industrial substances in the air of the working area are considered, the main tasks for the near future are identified. Material and methods. The analysis of domestic literature, materials of scientific conferences and 25 years of experience in the section “Industrial toxicology” of the Commission “Scientific foundations of occupational health and occupational diseases” of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences was carried out. Results. On the edge of the XX-XXI centuries, there was a significant reduction in industrial toxicology laboratories in specialized institutes, which led to a multiple decrease in the number of annual substantiation of maximum allowable concentration and indicative limit values for chemicals in the air of the working area, while maintaining a great need for this work. The lack of hygienic regulations for chemicals used in technological processes reduces the quality of a special assessment of the working conditions of workers. Against this background, due to the intensive development of the nanoindustry, in which known substances in the nanoscale acquire new properties, the chemical safety strategy becomes even more relevant. The absence of a medical specialty “preventive toxicology” complicates the quality training of relevant specialists. Limitations. The study was based on the materials of domestic publications in the open press. Conclusion. The experimental base of industrial toxicology needs to be significantly expanded, and the system of hygienic regulation of chemicals in the air of the working area needs to be optimized and transferred from initiative research to a planned distribution process.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73418748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effectiveness of psychological-pedagogical methods for preventing the risk of re-poisoning","authors":"A. V. Oksuzyan, A. A. Galieva, Kirill Igorevich Mitryakov","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-217-222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-4-217-222","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. In the present article correlations of internal consistency of family and personal, social and environmental, anamnestic and physical data in persons with acute poisonings were determined for the first time. Also the pedagogical and psychological methods of prevention of the above nosology, directed to the prevention of acute poisonings, were reviewed. A corrective program of repeated poisonings prevention, carried out in the project “School of Health” in the form of conversations, lectures, autogenic training, reduced the number of repeated poisonings. Material and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of the archive of the Budget Health Care Institution of the Udmurt Republic, “City Clinical Hospital No. 6” of the Ministry of Health of the Udmurt Republic, by copying data from the medical history. The analysis was carried out in three groups of patients: those with acute alcohol and drug poisoning, as well as those hospitalized due to non-compliance with safety regulations. After discharge from the hospital, they were offered to attend a “Health School,” during which topical talks on the prevention of re-poisoning were given. The analysis was carried out according to the developed diagnostic card, the data obtained were processed with the help of statistical programs. Results. The analysis yielded theoretical validity, which indicated correlation of the results of psychodiagnostics, with the categories of the developed scale. It was determined by the correspondence of the results with possible similar related techniques. Based on the conducted statistical analysis, a rating scale of poisoning risk assessment was derived and preventive measures were developed, which proved to be effective in preventing recurrent acute poisonings. Limitations. The analysis of medical records of the patients treated in the medical care institution of the Udmurt Republic, “City Clinical Hospital No. 6”, Ministry of Health Care of the Udmurt Republic, assessed 190 medical records, which represents a sufficient reference sample. Conclusion. The developed technique can be introduced in practical public health care for the prevention of repeated acute poisonings.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84534765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-resolution GC-MS in metabolic profiling of biological samples with the mass spectrometry. Updating of the method","authors":"A. Ukolov","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-3-139-148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-3-139-148","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The introduction of metabolomic approaches into the practice of toxicological studies, as well as the expansion of the methodological capabilities of the laboratory for the determination of low-molecular, metabolic biomarkers of the effect, makes it possible to more effectively detect and identify new biomarkers. Material and methods. For metabolic profiling of blood plasma and urine samples, Shimadzu QP2010plus or Agilent 5975C gas chromatomass spectrometers were used. The results were processed using optimized databases of analytical characteristics of endogenous compounds and the AMDIS system; NIST/EPA/NIH 2017 was used to identify the detected compounds. Statistical processing was performed using Statistica. Results. A two-stage procedure for preparing blood plasma and urine samples for analysis by GC-MS was developed, a mixture of internal standards was selected, a list of compounds - endogenous metabolites was determined, and the metrological characteristics of their determination were evaluated. Limitations. The list of analytes suitable for determination by GC-MS is limited to volatile and conditionally volatile compounds. Conclusion. Using an optimized database of sample metabolites prepared for analysis according to a standardized procedure allows filtering out analytes with low reproducibility. Small (up to 100) chromatospectral databases make it possible to increase the reliability of identification, eliminate the effect of retention time drift, and, as a result, increase the statistical power of the entire experiment without increasing the number of laboratory animals.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80012911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health status analysis of the population living in the zone of protective measures of a chemical weapons destruction facility, during the conversion period","authors":"D. Gulyaev, Mariya Yurevna Kombarova, E. N. Nechaeva, Taisiya Ivanovna Kucherskaya, A. Klyachin, A. A. Salnikov","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-3-197-202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-3-197-202","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. One of the tasks to be solved in the framework of the of the “Destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles in the Russian Federation” Federal Targeted Program was the social and hygienic monitoring (control) over the health of the population living in the zones of protective measures (ZPMs) of chemical weapons destruction facilities (CWDFs) as an integral part of state policy in the field of ensuring citizens’ guarantees for a favorable living environment and preservation of life and health. The purpose of the study is to determine the possible impact of the conversion of a chemical weapons destruction facility on the health of the population living in the zone of protective measures. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of the assessment, according to the statistical reporting forms, the health parameters of the population living in the zone of protective measures of the Maradykovsky CWDF located in the Kirov region. Results. Analysis of the medical and demographic parameters of the Orichi and Kotelnich Districts, Kirov Region, located in the ZPM zone of the Marazykovsky CWDF, in 2018, a decrease in the population compared to the previous year by 0.7% and 2.1%, respectively, was revealed. The birth rate proved to be lower compared to the weighted average birth rates over the period of 2010-2015, and the overall mortality rate proved to be higher than the birth rate, which was explained by the aging of the population and the regressive type of age structure. The prevalence and primary morbidity rates among the adult population were statistically significantly lower than the levels in the control groups (p < 0.05), and the structure of prevalence and primary morbidity compared with the respective values for the control group. Comparison of the prevalence rates for certain classes of diseases between the populations living in the territory in focus and in other territories revealed no increase in the mass noninfectious morbidity threshold. Limitations. When studying the health indicators of the population living in the zone of protective measures of the chemical weapons destruction facility “Maradykovsky”, located in the Kirov region, an assessment of the statistical reporting materials of the departments of the MIAC of the Kirov region, data from reporting forms No. 12 “Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the service area of the medical institution” of the Kirov region was carried out. Conclusion. The study revealed no correlation the activities of the the Maradykovsky CWDF during the conversion period and the health status of the population living in the ZPM of the facility.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"237 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85657518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}