{"title":"The impact of the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia on the development of the commander's individual liability under international criminal law","authors":"Katarzyna Czeszejko-Sochacka","doi":"10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.1","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of military command is an issue which, under the rules of international criminal law, involves a number of numerous issues, related to the regime of commander liability. The case of Russia's armed assault on Ukraine and the questions arising in connection with the possibility of prosecuting the President of the Russian Federation, as well as military commanders - has revived the discussion on the issue of criminal liability of the main actors in these events. If the trials took place, those in leadership positions would be tried under the regime of commander’s liability. Since the Nuremberg Tribunal, the issue of superior responsibility has undergone extensive changes. The article presents the influence of the jurisprudence of the Yugoslav tribunal on the formation of regulations on military command. This is because it was the first international court that had to face this issue. The International Criminal Court built on its experience, clarified the concept of commander's liability and supplemented it with new components.","PeriodicalId":229183,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd europejski","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121871910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evolution of R&D state aid in Poland in the context of Multiannual Financial Perspectives","authors":"Adam A. Ambroziak, Beata Grzegorzewska, A. Kopeć","doi":"10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229183,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd europejski","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116338881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cohesion policy and the EU's response to climate change challenges","authors":"Dorota Murzyn","doi":"10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229183,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd europejski","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134128072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamics and determinants of Russia’s geoeconomic strength in relation to the Central and Eastern European region","authors":"P. Śliwiński","doi":"10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229183,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd europejski","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125310465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gender equality and innovation - towards sustainable development and social innovation using the example of activities undertaken by the European Union","authors":"Leszek Kwieciński","doi":"10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.2","url":null,"abstract":"The main research problem of the article is to present arguments relating to the growing importance of the concept of sustainable development and social innovation for which social order and gender equality are of key importance. Such identification of the concept of sustainable socio-economic development with social order and gender equality in the creation of contemporary innovations can be identified in a scientific perspective with the functional theory of social change by A.R. Redcliffe-Brown, B. Malinowski. On the other hand, in practical terms, with all types of activities, strategies or programs undertaken and implemented in the pragmatics of European Union activities (eg. the EC Program \"A Union that strives for more\", the Ljubljana Declaration, the Horizon Europe Program, including Women Tech EU). The article uses both traditional research methods as a middle-order system analysis and institutional-legal method, as well as new methods, including sociological neoinstitutionalism, and networks. The research techniques used in the analysis are mainly quantitative techniques, ie. desk research or analysis of the content of existing data, such as She Figures, GEM, Statista.com.","PeriodicalId":229183,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd europejski","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134152856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Youth labour market in the European Union countries – convergence or divergence?","authors":"Kamil Kotliński","doi":"10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.5","url":null,"abstract":"The permanent division of the EU Member States into a southern region (with huge imbalances in the youth labour market) and a northern region (with a relatively good situation for the youngest part of the workforce) is a serious challenge for the cohesion policy. The aim of this research is to assess the divergence of the youth labour market in the EU countries and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on it. In the research, classical measures of dispersion were used and the gamma convergence method was adopted. The used indicators were: NEETs and the unemployment rate (age group between 15–24 years old). Research results: despite significant disproportions, the existence of convergence was found, although the COVID-19 crisis inhibited it.","PeriodicalId":229183,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd europejski","volume":"633 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132592123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multidimensional analysis of the banking sector stability in the Eurozone countries. Effects in the context of risk","authors":"Jacek Pera","doi":"10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229183,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd europejski","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121753264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The cross-border crime and security of the movement of goods in the European Union – the role of the Border Guard of the Republic of Poland","authors":"Jowita Świerczyńska","doi":"10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.22.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.22.5","url":null,"abstract":"Issues related to broadly understood border security are discussed by the EU institutions and Member States, as well as attracting interest from various academic communities. The discussion has multiple dimensions. Regarding the cross-border movement of goods, the role of the security guardian is most frequently attributed to customs authorities, often without acknowledging the importance of another border service, i.e. the border guard. Therefore, the article’s aim is to analyse the role of the Border Guard of the Republic of Poland in the process of ensuring the security of the cross-border movement of goods in the European Union and actions to combat cross-border economic crime in the context of movement of people. This article is divided in introduction, two parts presenting the research results, and conclusions. The first part describes the essence of security and threats in the cross-border movement of goods in the context of cross-border movement of people, the second one refers to the role of the Border Guard of the Republic of Poland as the guardian of the security of the European Union’s external border. The conclusion presents recommendations for maintaining a high level of protection and border surveillance in the cross-border movement of goods. This article is theoretical, with elements of comparative analysis.","PeriodicalId":229183,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd europejski","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124456993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The essence and specificity of the state multiculturalism policy","authors":"Javid Asadov","doi":"10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.22.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.22.1","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this article is to examine multiculturalism as a specific policy of multi-ethnic states, and its essence and specificity. Multiculturalism can be considered as a policy aimed at preserving and developing cultural diversity in a particular state, as well as a theory or ideology justifying such policy. In the essence of multiculturalism lies the idea of the peaceful coexistence of different groups – ethnic, racial, religious, cultural, and other – within one state. The present study addresses the following research question: how multiculturalism obligations have been considered by states policy? In the course of the research, the answer to this question was achieved by analysing what multiculturalism is, and then – examining several theoretical approaches to this policy. As a result, the author concluded that multiculturalism can be a component of state policy only in states where the government actively promotes and protects the rights and interests of various cultural groups.","PeriodicalId":229183,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd europejski","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129690147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Early warning mechanisms for global crises in non-governmental organisations","authors":"Justyna Marzec","doi":"10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.22.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.22.8","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to analyse the use of the early warning mechanism in non-governmental organisations on the example of the International Crisis Group, which is a leading entity in respect of that matter. For the purposes of the study, the author verifies the hypothesis that the mechanisms developed in the International Crisis Group are effective, and the forecasts are useful for the needs of decision-makers. It is supported by the fact that non-governmental organisations shape desired attitudes and decisions taken by the international community regarding the prevention and resolution of conflicts. Several questions were posed in this research: (1) what is the nature of early warning mechanisms? (2) what distinguishes early warning systems in international organizations? (3) what is the effectiveness of early warning mechanisms? (4) how is the International Crisis Group's early warning mechanism used? The case study method was used to verify the research hypothesis, while the main technique is the analysis of the state of the scholar literature and the content of appropriate documents.","PeriodicalId":229183,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd europejski","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130413869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}