Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics最新文献

{"title":"Equivalent fatigue crack growth rate model and life assessment method for the surface of welded joints under variable amplitude loading","authors":"Chao Wang,&nbsp;Kaiyun Wang,&nbsp;Tao Zhu,&nbsp;Jingke Zhang,&nbsp;Bing Yang,&nbsp;Shoune Xiao,&nbsp;Guangwu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The surface fatigue crack growth mechanism of welded structures under random loads in service is complex, and the assessment method based on failure life lacks an effective description of the crack growth process. This study investigates the surface crack evolution mechanism in welded joints under random fatigue loading. First, a series of experiments were conducted to determine the through-thickness crack growth rate parameters of aluminum alloy butt joints. These experiments revealed the influence of thickness and stress ratio on the fatigue crack growth rate. The normalization of the growth rate of surface cracks under variable fatigue loading was achieved through the introduction of the constraint factor of surface cracks and the crack closure function(Δ<em>K</em>_eff-d<em>a</em>/d<em>N</em>). Moreover, the effect of mean stress on the crack growth threshold was considered to describe the crack growth behavior of welded joints more accurately under near-threshold conditions and at high stress ratios. Furthermore, a two-stage model for surface fatigue crack growth in welded joints under variable-amplitude loading is proposed. The random load was converted into an equivalent variable-amplitude load spectrum, enabling a dynamic calculation of the surface fatigue crack growth life. Finally, this model significantly narrows the prediction error for test fatigue life from −25% ∼ 45% under the BS7910 standard analytical method to within −15% ∼ 25%, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed life assessment method for variable-amplitude fatigue crack growth in welded joints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22879,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 105470"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bearing stability assessment of flawed sandstone considering multi-parameter coupling and analytic hierarchy process: effects of flaw geometric configuration","authors":"Zheng Ma ,&nbsp;Hai Pu ,&nbsp;Kangsheng Xue ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Liu ,&nbsp;Gaobo Qu ,&nbsp;Dejun Liu ,&nbsp;Qingyu Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ensuring rock mass stability is a fundamental prerequisite for the long-term safety, reliability, and sustainability of underground engineering structures. In this study, sandstone specimens containing parallel pre-existing fractures were selected as research objects. By integrating acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques, the mechanical response and strain localization evolution of prefabricated sandstone under uniaxial loading were systematically investigated. To quantitatively evaluate the stability characteristics, a comprehensive stability index (SI) was established based on three key parameters: the strength reduction parameter (<em>I</em>_C), brittleness parameter (<em>I</em>_σ), and energy storage parameter (<em>I</em>_U). The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to determine the relative weights of these parameters, enabling quantitative comparison of sandstone stability under varying fracture geometries. The results demonstrate that the presence of multiple prefabricated fractures markedly degrades the mechanical integrity of sandstone, leading to a reduction in peak strength ranging from approximately 30% to 60%. As the flaw dip angle increases, the peak AE amplitude rises correspondingly, and the failure mode transitions from axial mixed tensile failure to oblique tensile–shear failure. With an increase in the rock bridge angle, AE activity becomes more intense, and the dominant failure mechanism shifts from shear to tensile cracking around the rock bridge zone. Specimens classified within the stable zone generally exhibited larger dip angles (approximately 75°) and rock bridge angles (greater than 90°), whereas those within the hazardous zone were characterized by lower dip angles (approximately 15°) and smaller rock bridge angles (less than or equal to 60°). For specimens with rock bridge angles greater than 90°, approximately 55.6% exhibited pronounced brittle behavior, suggesting a heightened potential for rockburst occurrence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22879,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 105454"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the toughness properties of Q355 steel welded joint considering constraint effects and low-temperature conditions","authors":"Tong Sun ,&nbsp;Yuanqing Wang ,&nbsp;Yongjiu Shi ,&nbsp;Jianlei Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the low-temperature fracture behavior of Q355 steel welded joints in the base metal (BM), weld metal (WM), and heat-affected zone (HAZ) over a testing temperature range from 23 °C to −100 °C. V-notch Charpy impact tests and Single-Edge Notched Bend (SENB) fracture toughness tests under different constraint conditions were conducted to obtain impact energy (<em>KV</em>2), <em>J</em>-R curves, and characteristic values (<em>J</em>_1C and <em>J</em>_max). The reference temperature <em>T</em>₀ was evaluated using the Master Curve method, and the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature <em>T</em>_t was determined by Boltzmann fitting. The results show that <em>KV</em>2 decreases markedly with decreasing temperature in all regions, indicating a clear ductile-to-brittle transition. The BM exhibits the highest stability of low-temperature toughness, followed by the WM, while the HAZ shows the greatest scatter and the highest sensitivity to temperature reduction. For standard SENB specimens, <em>J</em>-R curves and <em>J</em>_1C values remain nearly constant in the ductile regime, whereas significant differences emerge in the mixed and brittle regimes, with the BM showing the lowest <em>T</em>₀ and the HAZ the highest. For non-standard SENB specimens, reducing crack length and specimen thickness lowers constraint levels and leads to increased fracture toughness and reduced <em>T</em>₀. Transition temperatures <em>T</em>_t obtained from Charpy impact and fracture toughness tests differ significantly, with <em>J</em>_1C providing a conservative assessment and <em>J</em>_max reflecting crack-propagation resistance. Overall, the low-temperature fracture behavior of Q355 steel welded joints is strongly influenced by testing temperature, constraint condition, and material region, with the HAZ remaining the most critical zone for low-temperature fracture resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22879,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 105475"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking better: How defects activate multiple toughening mechanisms in lattice materials","authors":"Alessandra Lingua ,&nbsp;Antoine Sanner ,&nbsp;François Hild ,&nbsp;David S. Kammer","doi":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toughening in heterogeneous lattice materials is commonly attributed to crack path tortuosity, but the relative importance of this and other mechanisms remains unclear because direct experimental evidence is scarce. Here, we introduce isolated, well-controlled defects into brittle lattice specimens and use mechanical testing with digital image correlation to track crack growth at the scale of individual cells. This approach allows us to experimentally evaluate how local imperfections influence fracture processes. We find that defects do not affect crack initiation or peak load, yet they can increase the work to failure. Crack path tortuosity contributes to this increase in some configurations but is not statistically significant in others, indicating that it is not the sole governing toughening mechanism. Instead, we observe ligament bridging, a mechanism that has not been reported experimentally in lattice materials, and find that it contributes to enhanced work to failure. These results show that targeted defects can activate toughening mechanisms beyond tortuosity, providing an additional route for designing fracture-resistant lattice materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22879,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 105483"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of rock fracture toughness using a physics-integrated transformer model","authors":"Yunru Wang ,&nbsp;Mao Zhou ,&nbsp;Fengfei He ,&nbsp;Wenyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Feifei Qin ,&nbsp;Shiming Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately evaluating the temperature-dependent fracture toughness of rocks is essential for ensuring the long-term stability of deep underground engineering structures. However, conventional high-temperature fracture tests are operationally complex, time-consuming, and costly, which restricts their wide application in engineering design. To address these challenges, this study proposes a physics-informed Transformer framework designed to achieve high-accuracy predictions of Mode I, Mode II, and mixed-mode I–II fracture toughness under small-sample conditions. A temperature-dependent, multi-material database consisting of 120 Center-Cracked Brazilian Disk (CCBD) test cases was established for model training and validation. By embedding physically interpretable constraints into the Transformer model, the model effectively learns nonlinear couplings among input variables, enabling a synergistic integration of physical mechanisms and data-driven prediction. The proposed model maintains excellent accuracy despite limited data availability and demonstrates strong predictive performance across different temperatures and fracture modes. The results indicate that the method provides a reliable and interpretable approach for high-temperature fracture toughness prediction, offering an efficient, economical, and engineering-practical alternative in scenarios where experimental data are difficult to obtain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22879,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 105502"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrity conditions of К-220-44-2М and К-325-23.5 turbine shafts at a short circuit on a turbogenerator in the presence of crack","authors":"A. Bovsunovsky ,&nbsp;M. Borodii ,&nbsp;O. Bovsunovsky","doi":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Catastrophic failures of steam turbines, which occurred in the history of thermal power engineering, were caused by the long-term accumulation of fatigue damage and sudden application of dynamic torque. The dynamic torque is the result of abnormal operating modes of a turbogenerator at the connection of turbogenerator to the power network with an inaccurate synchronization, as well as at short circuit on a turbogenerator. So, this a real engineering problem. Under certain conditions, such a load causes intense torsional vibrations of the turbine shaft, sufficient for its disintegration in condition of crack presence. Given the problem, the method to estimate the critically dangerous sizes of circular, transverse and longitudinal crack, at which a short circuit on a turbogenerator will lead to the disintegration of the turbine shaft, has been created. The method was applied to estimate the critically dangerous size of crack in K-220-44-2 M and K-325-23.5 turbine shafts. It was based on the dynamic torques in the most stressed sections of the turbine shafts because of a short circuit. The crack for which the stress intensity factor reaches the fracture toughness of the rotor steel is considered as critically dangerous. It is assumed that such a crack will lead to disintegration of the shaft because of a short circuit. Using the method, the critical size of circular, transverse and longitudinal crack in K-220-44-2 M and K-325-23.5 turbine shafts were determined in a certain range of the rotor steel fracture toughness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22879,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 105447"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of loading rate and fracture mode on fracture characteristics of sandstone: Insights from semi-circular bending tests","authors":"Quanle Zou ,&nbsp;Haolong Zheng ,&nbsp;Chuanqi Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Sun ,&nbsp;Yulin Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2025.105422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2025.105422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rocks in underground engineering often undergo deformation and fracture within complex environments characterized by varying disturbance intensities, which directly impact engineering stability and disaster prevention. However, current understanding of sandstone fracture mechanisms under coupled loading rate and fracture mode remains relatively limited. Herein, three-point bending tests were conducted to thoroughly investigate the deformation and fracture characteristics of sandstone under different loading rates and fracture modes, and further reveal the corresponding mechanism. It is indicated that the peak load, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of sandstone specimens all exhibit strong dependence on loading rate and fracture mode. Crack propagation paths are governed by the coupling of the above-mentioned two factors. Specimens exhibiting mixed fracture modes will display distinctive fracture characteristics. Furthermore, it is found that the deformation and fracture in sandstone specimens are governed by the competition between the time effects induced by loading rate and the spatial configuration of the crack. At low loading rates, the spatial configuration dominates the failure details, while high loading rates diminish these differences, promoting simplified dynamic instability failure in the specimens. These findings provide valuable insights into sandstone fracture processes and deep rock mass engineering stability assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22879,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 105422"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145876970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling effects of bedding and rock bridge inclination on the failure behavior of 3D printed layered sandstone specimens","authors":"Xingyu Tao ,&nbsp;Shuyang Yu ,&nbsp;Jun Yu ,&nbsp;Yifei Li ,&nbsp;Shan Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiajie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coupling interaction between bedding and fissures in deep layered rock masses significantly escalates the suddenness and complexity of surrounding rock instability. Consequently, investigating the mechanisms by which weak bedding planes and fissure geometric distributions control rock fracture behavior is of great importance. To address the challenge of experimental discreteness caused by the heterogeneity of natural rocks, additive manufacturing via sand-based 3D printing was employed to produce rock-like samples featuring diverse bedding orientations and double-fissure rock bridge angles. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted, combined with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and discrete element simulations, to systematically reveal the coupling mechanisms between bedding effects and fissure-induced effects at both macroscopic and mesoscopic scales. The results indicate that: (1) The ultimate fracture manifestations of the samples exhibit significant anisotropy, where the bedding angle and fissure rock bridge inclination jointly determine the load-carrying capacity and overall structural integrity of the rock specimens. (2) Analysis of DIC full-field strain and PFC force chain evolution reveals that low rock bridge inclinations primarily induce stress superposition at crack tips and shear coalescence, manifesting as fissure-dominated failure. Conversely, high rock bridge inclinations trigger a significant stress shielding effect, shifting high-stress zones toward weak bedding planes, which results in splitting along the bedding or mixed-mode failure. (3) Numerical simulations further elucidate the stress propagation laws within the discontinuous medium, confirming the dual role of bedding planes as either stress transmission channels or barrier screens. The results contribute significantly to the theoretical framework of fracture mechanics regarding bedded rock masses containing pre-existing flaws. Furthermore, they offer essential guidance for assessing stability and mitigating geohazards in deep underground projects facing complex geological environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22879,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 105482"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite by interleaving polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun beaded fiber membranes","authors":"Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Chuanguo Ma ,&nbsp;Liaoxian Wei ,&nbsp;Yuqi Liu ,&nbsp;Shaoning Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2025.105432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2025.105432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrospun nanofiber membranes are promising interlayer toughening materials for carbon fiber/epoxy (CF/EP) composites. However, the simple control of their morphology to achieve a significant interlaminar toughening effect remains a relatively underexplored area. Herein, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) electrospun membranes were successfully prepared through solvent regulation of <em>N</em>, <em>N</em>-dimethylformamide/acetone (DMF/ACE) ratios. Controlled morphological evolution was accomplished through the systematic increase of the DMF fraction from 0.6 to 1.0. Smooth large-diameter fibers underwent a transition to bead-on-string architectures, with the bead density increasing gradually and the fiber diameter decreasing. This trend reached its peak at a DMF:ACE ratio of 9:1. This optimized structure enhanced the mode I fracture toughness of CF/EP laminates to 1.08 ± 0.04 kJ·m⁻², representing 116 % improvements over unmodified laminates. Crack deflection by beads, interfacial bead pull-out, and constrained fiber bridging were identified as dominant toughening mechanisms. Cohesive zone modeling simulations further validated a 74.7 % interfacial strength enhancement without stiffness compromise. This solvent-regulation strategy provides a new perspective on the application of electrospun fiber membranes in the interlaminar toughening of CF/EP composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22879,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 105432"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of cohesive zone models in CFRP delamination modeling","authors":"José Vicente Calvo,&nbsp;Antonio Ramón Quiñonero-Moya,&nbsp;Norberto Feito,&nbsp;José Enrique Tarancón,&nbsp;Eugenio Giner","doi":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2025.105423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tafmec.2025.105423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composite laminates such as carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are highly susceptible to delamination damage, which is considered one of the most important failure mechanisms in this type of material. In this work, a parametric study of one of the most used numerical methods to simulate this type of fracture is developed: the cohesive zone model (CZM) as implemented in the finite element (FE) code Abaqus. After reviewing the damage mechanics formulation of Mode I CZMs for static (monotonic) loading, the source of uncertainty arising from the calibration or selection of the input parameters is highlighted. Therefore, this study is intended to serve as a guide to facilitate the correct selection of these parameters, whether working with implicit or explicit formulations. To achieve this goal, double cantilever beam (DCB) experimental tests have been carried out on a thin CFRP laminate of four unidirectional plies oriented at 0°. Based on experimental results, the critical energy release rate in Mode I was estimated and applied to 2D and 3D DCB models for implicit and explicit formulations. The experimental results have been used to validate both numerical models, showing maximum load errors of about 3 %, and perform an exhaustive evaluation of the sensitivity of different parameters, which serve as an input to the cohesive element implementation available in Abaqus, like interfacial stiffness, viscous regularization, or automatic stabilization among others. The study shows that some parameters, as the interfacial stiffness, admit relatively wide admissible ranges. Explicit analyses require adequate mesh refinement, recommending at least seven elements within the cohesive zone length to avoid oscillations, and viscous regularization or automatic stabilization should be limited to maintain dissipated energy below 2 % of total internal energy to ensure accuracy of the solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22879,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 105423"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}