Frontiers Digit. Humanit.最新文献

{"title":"Coordinated Decisions and Unbalanced Power. How Latin Cities Shaped Their Terrestrial Transportation Network","authors":"Francesca Fulminante, L. Prignano, Ignacio Morer, Sergi Lozano","doi":"10.3389/fdigh.2017.00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2017.00004","url":null,"abstract":"The period between the beginning of the Early Iron Age and the end of the Archaic Period is a time of changes and developments in the Italian Peninsula, which led to the creation of regional ethnic and political groups and to the formation of the first city-states in Western Europe. In the present study, we focus on the evolution of terrestrial route network in the Tyrrhenian region of Latium vetus as it has been hypothesised by scholars from the archaeological evidence. Our main goal is to investigate the mechanisms linking decision making processes and the structure of transportation networks. We first attempted to replicate some of its features applying three models previously elaborated for the neighboring region of Southern Etruria. Since it was not possible to attain entirely satisfactory results, we modified the model that performed better in the Etruscan region by including a tunable amount of rich-get-richer bias which improved considerably its performance. Our results suggest that coordinated decision making with a slightly unbalanced power was responsible for the peculiar characteristics of the route network topology of Latium vetus. Moreover, the mechanism implemented by this model implies that places located at favourable positions can build on their initial advantage and get more and more powerful. This fits very well with the picture elaborated by different scholars on the nature of power balance and dynamics in this region.","PeriodicalId":227954,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers Digit. Humanit.","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134229013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying Linguistic Changes over 200 Years of Newspapers through Resilient Words Analysis","authors":"Vincent Buntinx, Cyril Bornet, F. Kaplan","doi":"10.3389/fdigh.2017.00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2017.00002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a methodology to analyze linguistic changes in a given textual corpus allowing to overcome two common problems related to corpus linguistics studies. One of these issues is the monotonic increase of the corpus size with time and the other one is the presence of noise in the textual data. In addition, our method allows to better target the linguistic evolution of the corpus, instead of other aspects like noise fluctuation or topics evolution. A corpus formed by two newspapers, \"La Gazette de Lausanne\" and \"Le Journal de Gen`eve\", is used, providing 4 million articles from 200 years of archives. We first perform some classical measurements on this corpus in order to provide indicators and visualizations of linguistic evolution. We then define the concept of a lexical kernel and word resilience, to face the two challenges of noises and corpus size fluctuations. This paper ends with a discussion based on the comparison of results from linguistic change analysis and a concludes with possible future works continuing in that direction.","PeriodicalId":227954,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers Digit. Humanit.","volume":"23 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128557621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-presence Analysis and Economic Patterns: Mediterranean Imports in the Celtic World","authors":"Aurélia Feugnet, Fabrice Rossi, Clara Filet","doi":"10.3389/fdigh.2017.00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2017.00001","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents one of the first steps of a project which aims at exploring the diffusion patterns of Mediterranean imported goods in Late Iron Age Europe (250 to 25 BC), and the organisation of the commercial interactions of these goods. It brings together two archaeologists and a mathematician in the study of a wide inventory of 57,735 Italian and Greek imports discovered from England to Serbia. This large amount of new and unpublished data is analysed through the joint use of network analysis tools and formal statistical methods. The analysis focuses on detecting patterns in the association of imported artefacts that are often found on the same sites. The objectives are to highlight groups of imports that may have circulated together, and to emphasise regional selections by local populations. At this stage of the study, two main systems of imports have been highlighted, used respectively in West and Central Europe. Interesting leads that will need further investigation include the imports status and the role they played in Celtic societies, as acculturated objects or more as objects for acculturation.","PeriodicalId":227954,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers Digit. Humanit.","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122515139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Creations: Intellectual Property and the Automata","authors":"J. Deltorn","doi":"10.3389/fdigh.2017.00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2017.00003","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid progress of deep neural network architectures is allowing both to automate the production of artworks and to extend the domain of creative expression. As such, it is opening new ground for professional and amateur artists alike. A major asset of these new computer processes is their capacity to derive, from a training phase, a generative model from which new artefacts can be produced. This attribute allows for a wide range of novel applications. New music or paintings in the style of famous artists can be produced at the click of a button, or combined to form new artworks. New graphical compositions can be “hallucinated” by the deep algorithmic models to produce striking, unexpected, visual forms. By the same token, the dependence on pre-existing, protected, artworks lays the ground for potential zones of friction with the rights holders of the source data that helped shape the generative model. This articulation, between the popular creative movement initiated by the deep neural architectures and the pre-existing rights of the authors, leads to a confrontation between the present legal framework for the protection of artistic creations and the new modalities offered by these new technological objects. The present work will address the conditions of protection of creations generated by deep neural networks under the main copyright regimes.","PeriodicalId":227954,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers Digit. Humanit.","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121967707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Was Thebes Necessary? Contingency in Spatial Modeling","authors":"T. Evans, R. Rivers","doi":"10.3389/fdigh.2017.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2017.00008","url":null,"abstract":"When data is poor we resort to theory modelling. This is a two-step process. We have first to identify the appropriate type of model for the system under consideration and then to tailor it to the specifics of the case. To understand settlement formation, which is the concern of this paper, this not only involves choosing input parameter values such as site separations but also input functions which characterises the ease of travel between sites. Although the generic behaviour of the model is understood, the details are not. Different choices will necessarily lead to different outputs (for identical inputs). We can only proceed if choices that are `close' give outcomes that are similar. Where there are local differences it suggests that there was no compelling reason for one outcome rather than the other. If these differences are important for the historic record we may interpret this as sensitivity to contingency. We re-examine the rise of Greek city-states as first formulated by Rihll and Wilson in 1979, initially using the same `retail' gravity model. We suggest that, whereas cities like Athens owe their position to a combination of geography and proximity to other sites, the rise of Thebes is the most contingent, whose success reflects social forces outside the grasp of simple network modelling.","PeriodicalId":227954,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers Digit. Humanit.","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128595875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender, Discrimination, and Housing in Turn of the Century Montréal: What Mapping the Census Returns of Immigrants Can Tell Us","authors":"R. Sweeny","doi":"10.3389/fdigh.2016.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2016.00008","url":null,"abstract":"Women owned a quarter of all rental units in Montreal, Canada, in 1903, a city where 85% of the population were tenants. In no major city in the world today do women control an equivalent area of the formal economy. This paper asks did it the gender of proprietorship matter? It answers this through a series of tests linking a 30% sample of all immigrant-headed households in the 1901 census with a complete historical GIS of all properties and their owners in the city for 1903. The paper plays special attention to Ashkenazi Jews, Syrians, Chinese and Italians, as these relatively recent immigration streams constituted a major break with the largely British and French ancestry of the majority of the population in this 300 year-old settler colony. It then links the patterns in the sample to an index of all households in the census, to explore how these immigrant families integrated into the larger host communities. The paper shows that landladies and landlords had differing practices with regard to overcrowding and to the enforcement of segregation. The paper makes a sustained argument for rethinking how we should approach the relationship between gender and property.","PeriodicalId":227954,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers Digit. Humanit.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115118115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Digital Tools for Spatial Analysis in Population Geography","authors":"Jordi Martí-Henneberg, Xavier Franch-Auladell, Jorge Solanas-Jiménez","doi":"10.3389/fdigh.2016.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2016.00009","url":null,"abstract":"Digital tools, and in particular GIS, have enormously increased the possibilities for analysis in historical geography. In this article, we shall explain how these tools can be used to study the evolution of population density over a significant period. The territorial units used will be municipalities, as they allow detailed territorial analysis. However, research projects that take municipalities as their points of reference tend to be complex because their territorial boundaries have often undergone numerous changes over the course of modern history. The same has occurred, to a greater or lesser degree, in all of the countries in Europe (Bennett, 1989). The countries that have had the most stable municipal boundaries over the past 150 years include France, Italy and Spain, though the modifications to their boundaries have also been notable. However, like all relevant challenges, these changes also offer us new opportunities, if we are able to cope with them. In this particular case, the challenge will be to achieve the territorial homogenisation of the historical municipal series. In other words, when the municipal limits have changed, it will be necessary to adapt the data from the old municipal territories to the new ones. This exercise will have a number of applications. In this article, we present just one of these: the possibility of detecting areas and periods in which, over the course of history, there has been population growth, decline or stagnation. This will serve as a relevant indicator, or proxy, for organising research in other fields. We also understand that it will be possible to apply our research about Spain to other countries and that this will make it possible to evaluate the interest and results that we can expect from the homogenised work. We think that, despite its interest, this type of study has, until now, been very rare on account of the methodological difficulties involved. However, these new digital tools in the field of Historical GIS (HGIS), as spatial aggregation and Moran I techniques, have helped to provide solutions to assume this challenge.","PeriodicalId":227954,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers Digit. Humanit.","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125450561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Congruency-Based Reranking","authors":"Itai Ben-Shalom, Noga Levy, Lior Wolf, N. Dershowitz, Adiel Ben-Shalom, Roni Shweka, Y. Choueka, Tamir Hazan, Yaniv Bar","doi":"10.3389/fdigh.2016.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2016.00007","url":null,"abstract":"We present a tool for re-ranking the results of a specific query by considering the matrix of pairwise similarities among the elements of the set of retrieved results and the query itself. The re-ranking thus makes use of the similarities between the various results and does not employ additional sources of information. The tool is based on graphical Bayesian models, which reinforce retrieved items strongly linked to other retrievals, and on repeated clustering to measure the stability of the obtained associations. To this, we add an active relevance-based re-ranking process in order to leverage true matches, which have very low similarity to the query. The utility of the tool is demonstrated within the context of a visual search of documents from the Cairo Genizah. It is also demonstrated in a completely different domain or retrieving, given an input image of a painting, other related paintings.","PeriodicalId":227954,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers Digit. Humanit.","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130082563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing the Robustness of Local Network Metrics in Research on Archeological Local Transport Networks","authors":"M. R. Groenhuijzen, Philip Verhagen","doi":"10.3389/fdigh.2016.00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2016.00006","url":null,"abstract":"With the increased application of network analysis in archaeology to form hypotheses, particularly concerning the research on mobility, a need has arisen to validate the network analysis results. This paper presents a case study of a local transport network in the Dutch part of the Roman limes between 70-270 AD created using a least-cost approach, and tests the robustness of the local network metric of betweenness centrality and the archaeological interpretation thereof. It is demonstrated that while the majority of sites have a robust and thus reliable betweenness centrality, there are still a large number of sites for which the network measurements are very dependent on the precise structure of the network present. Testing robustness of network analysis results thus proves a useful tool both for validating the network modeling results as well as the archaeological interpretations of that network.","PeriodicalId":227954,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers Digit. Humanit.","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114738651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Distance between Us: Using Construal Level Theory to Understand Interpersonal Distance in a Digital Age","authors":"Elisabeth Norman, H. Tjomsland, D. Huegel","doi":"10.3389/fdigh.2016.00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2016.00005","url":null,"abstract":"Several authors have shown how communication using digital devices influences the experience of psychological distance. For instance, the hyper-accessibility associated with mobile phones reduces the felt distance between people who are separated by geographical space (Cummings, Kraut, & Kiesler, 2001; Katz & Byrne, 2013; Sommer, 2002; Turkle, 2006). The current paper discusses how interpersonal distance, i.e., the perception of separation in space and time that people sense between themselves and others who are significant to them, is influenced by digital communication. It also explores the psychological mechanisms that can explain this influence. This work draws inspiration from construal level theory (Trope & Lieberman, 2010), as well as specific studies that have explored psychological distance in specific situations, e.g., in virtual work groups (Wilson, Crisp, & Mortensen, 2013) and real-time streaming video situations (Lim, Cha, Park, Lee, & Kim, 2012). Our contention is that construal level theory can be applied to understand the effect of digital communication on a broad range of human relationships.","PeriodicalId":227954,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers Digit. Humanit.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129182349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}