The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Review on crop load management in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)","authors":"P. Verma, Shivani Sharma, N. Sharma, N. Chauhan","doi":"10.1080/14620316.2022.2149425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2149425","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Apples grown often produce more fruit, but they are characterised by heavy bloom and fruit set, which results in undersized, poorly coloured, and low-quality apples. The optimal crop load, which is a quantitative measure, results in a steady annual yield and marketable fruit. Winter pruning technique, chemical thinning, hand thinning, mechanical thinning, and artificial spur extinction (ASE) are several crop load management techniques that all work together to improve return bloom and boost high-quality fruit production in apple, especially in high-density plantations. An overview of current studies to regulate apple crop load via apple-producing regions is provided in the article. In high-density apple orchards, this will help in determining the best crop load management strategies.","PeriodicalId":22704,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology","volume":"11 1","pages":"299 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88599143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquaporin expression and changes in fatty acid levels in apple leaves subjected to partial root-zone irrigation","authors":"Hajar Ghafari, H. Hassanpour, M. Jafari, S. Besharat","doi":"10.1080/14620316.2022.2147102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2147102","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Partial root-zone drying (PRD) can induce changes in levels of the membrane fatty acids, transporter channels such as aquaporins (AQPs) and drought stress-responsive transcription factors (TFs) expression. The apple (Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. cv. Braeburn) trees were exposed to different PRD treatments for two consecutive years. The plasma-membrane intrinsic proteins (PIP1;1) and tonoplast-intrinsic proteins (TIP1;1) AQPs presented the highest expression in alternate partial root-zone drying (APRD75) and fixed partial root-zone drying (FPRD75) treatments than FPRD50 and control throughout the entire irrigation season, which was 120-140-fold higher in these treatments during some times. The TFs were highly expressed in APRD75 and FPRD75 treatments. The highest unsaturated fatty acid content was observed in APRD75 and FPRD75 treatments, and the lowest saturated fatty acid content was obtained in FPRD50 in both years. In addition to improving the water use efficiency (WUE) and maintaining the yield, APRD75 and FPRD75 treatments had a higher jasmonic acid (JA) content than the control. These results implied that changes in levels of the membrane fatty acids, AQPs, JA and TFs induced by APRD75 and FPRD75 treatments may be one of the possible ways for apple trees to adapt to the changing environmental conditions caused by PRD.","PeriodicalId":22704,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology","volume":"27 1","pages":"454 - 467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76556130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between the incidence of fire blight in apple orchards and plant nutritional imbalance indices","authors":"M. S. Tadayon, S. Sadeghi","doi":"10.1080/14620316.2022.2147100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2147100","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fire blight disease is a major threat to the apple orchards in various regions of the world. The multivariate compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) was considered to evaluate the effect of plant nutrient imbalance in development of fire blight in ‘golden delicious’ apple orchards in Fars province, Iran. To establish CND norms and the fire blight severity index, 81 commercial orchards were used. The CND reference norms (V*x) for a low fire blight severity subpopulation were calculated as V*N = 2.813 ± 0.186, V*P = 0.297 ± 0.147, V*K = 2.660 ± 0.149, V*Ca = 2.442 ± 0.218, V*Mg = 1.188 ± 0.061, V*S = 0.595 ± 0.399, V*Fe = −0.952 ± 0.212, V*Mn = −3.132 ± 0.195, V*Zn = −4.040 ± 0.366, V*Cu = −5.032 ± 0.177, V*B = −3.361 ± 0.120, V*Rd = 6.521 ± 0.128. According to the calculated leaf nutrient indices based on the CND reference norms and principal component analysis (PCA), leaf Ca, S, B and Zn deficiency and leaf K and P excess significantly correlated with the enhancement of fire blight severity index (FBSI). The reduction of global nutrient imbalance index (CND-r2) to below 20.38 decreases the severity of fire blight in ‘golden delicious’ apple orchards. Key policy highlights The CND reference norms for a low fire blight severity subpopulation was calculated. CND nutrient index significantly correlated with fire blight severity index. The reduction of global nutrient imbalance index decreases the severity of fire blight.","PeriodicalId":22704,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"394 - 407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85722378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bulb development in garlic – a review","authors":"K. M. Khokhar","doi":"10.1080/14620316.2022.2150326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2150326","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many factors including cold conditioning, temperature, photoperiod, plant population, clove weight, soil nutrients, irrigation, plant growth regulators, and genetic responses influence bulb development in garlic. Garlic produces poor bulbs in warm and short-day conditions but cool and long-days induce flowering. Bulbs exposed before planting from 0° to 10°C for 8 weeks accelerate growth as the low temperatures modify the hormonal balance. Large cloves (>2–4 g) yield heavier bulbs than small (1–2 g) cloves. Plant population has an impact on bulb size: the higher the plant population, the smaller the bulb size. Garlic is sensitive to moisture stress especially during bulb initiation and development. Depending upon cultivar, soil type, and fertility status, NPK fertilisation for enhancement of bulb yield varies from 60–200, 20–75, and 40–166 kg ha−1, respectively. Low-temperature pre-treatment (4°C) increases salicylic acid (SA) concentration in the leaf sheath and enhances bulbing. Injecting garlic plants with gibberellin (GA3) solution increases clove number per bulb. Like onion, flowering and bulb formation in garlic are controlled by different (Flowering Locus T) FT genes. Two antagonistic FT-like genes regulate bulb formation. AsFT1 enhances bulb formation, while AsFT4 prevents AsFT1 up-regulation and inhibits bulbing.","PeriodicalId":22704,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology","volume":"71 2","pages":"432 - 442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72563100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the pros and cons of red photons for greenhouse tomato production: increasing the percentage of red photons improves LED efficacy but plant responses are cultivar-specific","authors":"Paul Kusuma, Theoharis Ouzounis, David Hawley, T. Kerstens, L. Marcelis, E. Heuvelink","doi":"10.1080/14620316.2022.2147101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2147101","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Supplemental lighting is necessary for winter greenhouse tomato production, and optimised spectra must consider both yield and energy use. In a 20-week winter greenhouse experiment, two common commercial tomato cultivars – ‘Merlice’ and ‘Brioso’ – were grown under four LED spectra with 38%, 63%, 81%, and 95% red photons. As the percentage of red photons increased, the blue and green percentages decreased (not at the same ratio). Stem length, specific leaf area, and dry mass partitioning were not significantly affected by spectra in either cultivar, but increasing the red percentage from 38% to 95% decreased harvested fruit fresh mass by 13%, total plant dry mass by 7.1%, and fruit dry mass by 9.5% in ‘Merlice’. There were no significant differences in these parameters for ‘Brioso’. The yield kWh−1 increased with increasing percent red in both cultivars because LED fixtures with higher fractions of photons from 660 nm red LEDs have higher photon efficacies (µmol J−1). The efficacies of the lamps in this study were estimated to range from 2.6 to 3.6 µmol J−1. Growers must consider tradeoffs that can occur between yield and efficacy in some cultivars, and how these factors apply to their situation, when choosing the spectrum for their greenhouse.","PeriodicalId":22704,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology","volume":"30 1","pages":"443 - 453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82016457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extension of postharvest life by application of edible coatings on tomatoes var. 234 with silencing of the TomLoxb gene","authors":"Wendy Marisol Mazón-Abarca, Elizabeth León-García, J. A. Ramírez De León, Javier De La Cruz-Medina, H. García","doi":"10.1080/14620316.2022.2142678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2142678","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fruit mutants with the silenced TomloxB gene (tomato lipoxygenase B) have proven to be an alternative in extending postharvest life; however, their interaction with other classical technologies, such as the use of edible coatings, has been scarcely explored. The synergy between the two treatments can improve aspects of fruit quality during its postharvest life or even increase this period. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of coatings (candelilla wax (CW) and Semperfresh® (S)) on the postharvest life and lipoxygenase activity of genetically modified (GM) tomatoes. Wild Type (WT) and GM tomatoes with the antisense TomLoxB gene insertion were used. LOX activity values on day 18 were 721 U/mg protein, in fruits coated with CW, below the WT fruit (859 U/mg protein) and other GM fruits with other coatings (916 to 996 U/mg protein). CW was the coating that exhibited the best results in preserving the postharvest life of the GM tomato for up to 30 days, compared to the other coatings (24 days). Genetic modification in tomatoes prolonged their postharvest life, which increased further with the use of coatings such as CW.","PeriodicalId":22704,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology","volume":"27 1","pages":"355 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78466803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical farming - smart urban agriculture for enhancing resilience and sustainability in food security","authors":"Soojin Oh, Chungui Lu","doi":"10.1080/14620316.2022.2141666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2141666","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Global food security has been significantly threatened by the Covid-19 pandemic and several prolonged challenges such as climate change, population increases, shortage of natural resources, energy crisis, and rapid urbanisation worldwide. Although numerous attempts have been made to secure resilience in the food system, many countries are suffering from hunger and malnutrition, particularly in African and some Asian countries. This review paper presents one of the sustainable farming practices – vertical farming that could play a key role in mitigating global food security in the current uncertain world. It addresses the recent development of vertical farming with advanced precision monitoring and controlling system by the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It also provides information about the opportunities and challenges of vertical-urban agriculture and how urban agriculture meets economic, social and educational needs.","PeriodicalId":22704,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology","volume":"6 1","pages":"133 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82785265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hormone profiling in artificially induced ‘crumbly’ fruit in raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) at two different development stages","authors":"Luca M. Scolari, R. D. Hancock, J. Graham, Sabine Freitag, S. Verrall, Amanda R. Moreno-Mellado, J. W. Allwood","doi":"10.1080/14620316.2022.2141140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2141140","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In red raspberry, a condition known as ‘crumbly’ fruit causes the formation of misshapen fruits with drupelets reduced in number but enlarged in size. Complex fruits such as those of raspberry, formed by the aggregation of many fertilised ovaries, require a regulating mechanism to coordinate and synchronise their growth and development. The receptacle was hypothesised as the leading hub that, by means of hormonal crosstalk with the fertilised ovaries, regulates the fruit growth process. Experiments were designed to perturb the regulating system by damaging the receptacle of hand pollinated flowers of the floricane-fruiting variety Glen Ample to produce artificially crumbly fruits. Hormone profiling was performed in control and artificially induced crumbly fruit samples at two stages of development green developing fruit and red ripe fruit. Of the hormones that could be adequately detected and quantified, abscisic acid (ABA) was elevated in the receptacle of crumbly samples at both developmental stages while SA was higher only in green fruit receptacles. In the druplets, trans-zeatin (tZ) concentration was greater in green than red fruit but the crumbly treatment did not influence content. The data highlight a potential role for these three phytohormones in the development of misshapen ‘crumbly-like’ fruits.","PeriodicalId":22704,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology","volume":"276 1","pages":"384 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77268525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of productivity in strawberry: do the plants need larger canopies, more flowers, or higher CO2 assimilation for higher yields?","authors":"Christopher Michael Menzel","doi":"10.1080/14620316.2022.2077240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2077240","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Productivity in strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) is dependent on the production of new crowns, leaves and inflorescences, with fruit growth dependent on CO2 assimilation in the leaves. The yields of new cultivars peaked in the 1970s and 1980s in many locations, possibly because of the focus of breeding on fruit quality and other plant traits and the loss of diversity across commercial breeding populations. It is not known if higher yields are related to higher plant growth or higher CO2 assimilation in the leaves. This review assessed whether cultivars need larger canopies, more flowers, or higher CO2 assimilation for higher yields. There were moderate to strong relationships between plant growth or yield, and net CO2 assimilation per leaf area (P < 0.05; R 2 = 0.42 to 0.84) or the stability of net CO2 assimilation (P = 0.052, R 2 = 0.48) across cultivars and environments. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased mean (± SE) net CO2 assimilation by 88 ± 40% compared with plants at ambient and increased yield by 112 ± 73%. There was a linear decrease in yield as light levels decreased below full sun (P < 0.001, R 2 = 0.66), and linear decreases in yield the longer two cultivars were grown under 20% full sun (P = 0.002, R 2 = 0.84; P < 0.001, R 2 = 0.86). Daily gross primary productivity (GPP, mol CO2 per m2) estimated by measuring the changes in the concentration of CO2 above a crop was still increasing when the PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) was above 2,000 µmol per m2 per s (rectangular hyperbola models, R 2s = 0.44 or 0.72). There were linear decreases in yield as the number of leaves (P < 0.05, R 2 = 0.70 to 0.90), crowns (P < 0.001, R 2 = 0.82) or flowers (P < 0.05, R 2 = 0.51) were removed from plants. There were moderate to strong phenotypic correlations (R P > 0.50, N = 47 studies) and weak correlations (R P < 0.50, N = 69 studies) between yield and vegetative growth and flowering. Estimate of broad- and narrow-sense heritability for canopy growth and yield are low to moderate (H 2 and h 2 = 0.15 to 0.40). Cultivars produce high yields in different ways, suggesting that breeders consider the relationship between yield and plant architecture when developing cultivars. Initial experiments should include data on the number of leaves, crowns and inflorescences per plant. Subsequent experiments should include data on leaf area index (LAI) and/or LAD (leaf area density) using image analysis technology. More research is required to determine the value of measuring net CO2 assimilation per leaf area, with current technology time-consuming and the results variable. The use of image analyses to characterise the canopy will assist the development of high-yielding cultivars. Genome-wide association (GWA) and genomic prediction (GP) will also accelerate the identification of high-yielding populations and individuals.","PeriodicalId":22704,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology","volume":"43 1","pages":"674 - 696"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82045493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated full-length transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the early defense mechanisms in Paulownia witches’ broom disease","authors":"Xiaogai Zhao, Xibing Cao, Yabing Cao, Zhenli Zhao, Guoqiang Fan","doi":"10.1080/14620316.2022.2136586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2136586","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Paulownia witches’ broom (PaWB) is a devastating disease of Paulownia spp. caused by phytoplasma infection. To reveal the reason for the absence of morphological changes at the early stage of phytoplasma infection, in this study, a combination of second-and third-generation sequencing (single-molecule real-time long-read isoform) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were performed to analyse the changes of full-length transcripts and metabolites at the early stage of phytoplasma infection. A total of 140,528 non-redundant full-length transcripts, 597 transcription factors, 1,658 long non-coding RNAs, and 645 metabolites were identified. The third-generation sequencing improved the annotation of the reference Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl. genome by 8.86%. Combination analysis of the full-length transcriptome and metabolome revealed that phenolics and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase synthesis related genes were significantly up-regulated in the early stage of phytoplasma-infected P. fortunei. Based on the results of full-length transcriptome and metabolome integrative analysis, we constructed an early defence model diagram of PaWB disease. Our results provide powerful insights into the reason for absence of morphological at the early stage of phytoplasma infection.","PeriodicalId":22704,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology","volume":"155 4 1","pages":"342 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83148156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}