International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering最新文献_第3页

Study on the Development of Multi-Purpose Fire Engines through Vehicle Safety Factor Design 基于车辆安全系数设计的多用途消防车发展研究

International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.7731/kifse.22d06965

Yong-taek Han

{"title":"Study on the Development of Multi-Purpose Fire Engines through Vehicle Safety Factor Design","authors":"Yong-taek Han","doi":"10.7731/kifse.22d06965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7731/kifse.22d06965","url":null,"abstract":"With the recent rapid economic growth, the construction of high-rise buildings such as new town apartment complexes, residential-commercial complexes, and office buildings has increased. This study thus attempted to develop a multi-purpose fire engine to enhance the response to a fire and rescue efforts in line with the steady increase in the demand for safety in high-rise buildings, through a design that combined techniques that focused on large ladders and a midsized 5-ton fire pump engine. A ladder function was added to the most widely used fire engine, with the design incorporating a maximum ladder height of 20 m for fire suppression and lifesaving. A basket was fitted to the end of the ladder to enable firefighters to safely perform these tasks, while the outrigger was designed to vertically descend to allow ladder work as long as vehicle entry is possible despite illegally parked cars. Based on the chassis of a commercial 5-ton fire engine as a type of conventional midsized pump engine, the result was a multi-purpose fire engine developed for special uses that require both fire pump and ladder functions. The multi-purpose fire engine was designed in consideration of safety factors for the direct rescue of people from buildings using a basket rated for a maximum load of 250 kg, through the application of a boom in addition to the common fire pump. It is expected that after their rapid arrival at the scene of a fire, such multi-purpose fire engines could be used for firefighting or lifesaving at relatively low 2-6-story buildings. It is anticipated that the present investigation and other relevant studies will allow the application of this novel design to various other vehicle types such as water tanks, chemical tanks, and rescue vehicles.","PeriodicalId":225639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114863331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative Study on Theoretical and Numerical Calculations of Mass Flow Rate through Opening of Compartment 舱室开口质量流量理论计算与数值计算的比较研究

International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.7731/kifse.19d48c0f

S. Ha, C. Oh

{"title":"Comparative Study on Theoretical and Numerical Calculations of Mass Flow Rate through Opening of Compartment","authors":"S. Ha, C. Oh","doi":"10.7731/kifse.19d48c0f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7731/kifse.19d48c0f","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, stratified, well-mixed, and simplified theoretical model equations and Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) were used to calculate the mass inflow, outflow and neutral height to determine the usefulness of previously proposed simple formulas for the calculation of the mas flow rate through openings of compartments in case of fire. The mass flow rate through the opening was evaluated for two conditions, i.e., a fire inside the compartment and no fire, with a high-temperature homogeneous mixture filled inside the compartment. The height of the neutral plane calculated using the theory and FDS under the condition of fire inside the compartment well obeyed the trend of the experiment. In particular, the FDS results for the neutral plane height and inlet air mass flow well agreed with the experiment. However, for the inlet air mass flow rate, the theoretically obtained stratified and well-mixed model equations overestimated the mass flow variation trend according to the increase in opening width. The results of the stratified model equation were the most consistent with the FDS calculation results regardless of temperature, under the condition of a uniform mixture inside the compartment. Regarding the inlet air flow rate, the difference between the theoretical equation result and FDS result was not small. In contrast, for the effluent air flow rate, the results of the simplified formula were the most consistent with the FDS results.","PeriodicalId":225639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122690582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of Thermal Thickness and Charring Properties of Solid Combustibles on Heat Release and CO Emission Characteristics 固体可燃物的热厚度和炭化特性对其放热和CO排放特性的影响

International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.7731/kifse.d131722d

Myung-Kyu Lee, S. Park

{"title":"Effects of Thermal Thickness and Charring Properties of Solid Combustibles on Heat Release and CO Emission Characteristics","authors":"Myung-Kyu Lee, S. Park","doi":"10.7731/kifse.d131722d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7731/kifse.d131722d","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a series of ISO 5660-1 cone calorimetry experiments were performed to understand how the heat release rate (HRR) and CO emission are affected by the thermal thickness and charring properties of solid combustibles. To this end, HRRs and CO emissions measured from burning Douglas-fir wood (which produces a charring layer during combustion) and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) (which does not produce a charring layer) in the ISO 5660-1 cone calorimetry experiments were compared. Relative to PMMA, Douglas-fir wood produced a lower rate of heat release and CO emission, helping lessen human damage in fires. Results obtained from the ISO 5660-1 cone calorimetry experiments clearly demonstrate that the heat release rate varies depending on the thermal thickness and the presence of charring layer within solid combustibles. Unlike PMMA, the charring layer developed for Douglas-fir wood during combustion further increases the thermal thickness, reducing the amount of thermal decomposition and the heat released from fire. The cone calorimetry experiment results also indicate that increases in charring properties of solid combustibles were directly correlated with reductions in the HRR and increases in the CO emission.","PeriodicalId":225639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"101-102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114700122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of Factors Related to Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Korea: Using Data from the 2019 Acute Cardiac Arrest Survey 韩国院外心脏骤停患者自发循环恢复相关因素分析:使用2019年急性心脏骤停调查数据

International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.7731/kifse.9c7f755a

Hyojeong Choi, S. Roh

引用次数: 0

Fire Image Classification Based on Convolutional Neural Network for Smart Fire Detection 基于卷积神经网络的火灾图像分类智能火灾探测

International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.7731/kifse.cb750817

Joohyung Roh, Yukyung Kim, M. Kong

{"title":"Fire Image Classification Based on Convolutional Neural Network for Smart Fire Detection","authors":"Joohyung Roh, Yukyung Kim, M. Kong","doi":"10.7731/kifse.cb750817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7731/kifse.cb750817","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effect of the class number on the prediction performance of the convolutional neural network (CNN) classification model that is applied in fire detectors to reduce nuisance fire alarms by appropriately recognizing fire images including those of flames and smoke. A CNN model trained by transfer learning using five image datasets of flame, smoke, normal, haze, and light was realized and trained by altering the class number to generate the classification model. A total of three classification models were generated as follows: classification model 1 was trained using normal and fire images including flames and smoke; classification model 2 was trained using flame, smoke, and normal images; and classification model 3 was trained using flames, smoke, normal, and haze, and light images. A test image dataset independent of training was used to assess the prediction performance of the three classification models. The results indicate that the prediction accuracy for classification models 1, 2, and 3 were approximately 93.0%, 94.2%, and 97.3%, respectively. The performance of the predicted classification improved as the class number increased, because the model could learn with greater precision the features of the normal images that are similar to those of the fire images.","PeriodicalId":225639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123116459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Thermal Properties of KIV Electric Wires Subjected to Compression Damage 压缩损伤KIV电线的热性能

International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.7731/kifse.8887d052

S. Kim

{"title":"Thermal Properties of KIV Electric Wires Subjected to Compression Damage","authors":"S. Kim","doi":"10.7731/kifse.8887d052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7731/kifse.8887d052","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the thermal properties of a KIV insulated wire subjected to compression damage. In the wire breakage measurement experiment for the compressed insulated wire, 25, 50, 75, and 95% compression damage were applied to the cross-sectional area of the wire using a compression testing machine, and a quantitative value of the applied load was derived. The applied load for 95% damage was found to be 110 kgf. An additional experiment was performed on the thermal properties of the wire cut by compression damage. At a current of 30 A, the maximum temperature of a normal sample was 28 °C and that of a sample with 95% damage increased by 31.9 °C to 59.9 °C within the same test time. At 45 A, the maximum temperature of a normal sample was 55.7 °C and that of a sample with 95% damage increased by 37.3 °C to 93 °C. At 60 A, the maximum temperature of a normal sample was 90.8 °C and that of a sample with 95% damage sharply increased by 103 °C to 193.8 °C. Because the wires of home appliances and electric devices are frequently used when pressed in daily life, caution needs to be exercised by using protective frames to prevent the compression of electric wires, and in turn prevent the occurrence of electric fires.","PeriodicalId":225639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127659884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prediction of Travel Time of Fire Service using Kriging and Weighted-sum Technique 基于Kriging和加权和技术的消防车辆行驶时间预测

International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.7731/kifse.9980c86f

Yoon Lee, Minseok Kim, Ji-Soo Lee

引用次数: 0

Statistical Characteristics of Scattering Ratio Based on Three Optical Wavelengths for Smoke Particles 基于三种光波长的烟雾粒子散射比统计特性

International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.7731/kifse.4e23ccc1

Kyuwon Han, Soocheol Kim, HoeSung Yang, Kwang Soo Cho, Kangbok Lee, Ho-Sik Han

{"title":"Statistical Characteristics of Scattering Ratio Based on Three Optical Wavelengths for Smoke Particles","authors":"Kyuwon Han, Soocheol Kim, HoeSung Yang, Kwang Soo Cho, Kangbok Lee, Ho-Sik Han","doi":"10.7731/kifse.4e23ccc1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7731/kifse.4e23ccc1","url":null,"abstract":"Photoelectric smoke detectors, which operate by reacting to the scattering of light caused by particles entering the light path, are widely used and extremely sensitive. Owing to higher standards imposed by Underwriters Laboratories, researchers have begun analyzing the properties of smoke particles. In particular, several wavelengths are used to classify particles by their scattering reactivity. The performances of actual smoke detectors are limited by their hardware and price. Therefore, properties that can distinguish particle types in these limited conditions must be determined. In addition, algorithms for extracting valid data intervals from unstable scattering data must be developed. In this study, scattering intensity ratios for three wavelengths are derived via simulations of light scattering by particles. An upper cumulative sum is defined for the three wavelengths, and an index for the start of particle inflow is extracted. In addition, valid intervals are extracted based on the scattering intensity ratios and the moving variance of adjacent wavelengths, and the properties of each particle are defined using the extracted indexes. For verification, a data acquisition device that can obtain data using the three selected wavelengths (470, 525, and 850 nm) from two sensors is designed. Five types of fire sources and non-fire alarm sources are selected and used in a test chamber designed to generate particle data. After applying the algorithm, the data in the valid data intervals can be used to derive a sample mean scattering intensity ratio that is more constant than that of the overall data or the data processed using the CUSUM index. In addition, the fire sources have a higher sample mean scattering intensity ratio than water vapor, which is a non-fire alarm source. The scattering intensity ratios for smoke particles can be extracted in real time via a comparison with experimental results obtained from the selected sensors.","PeriodicalId":225639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124347153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Examination of the Scaling Law of Fire Phenomena in Compartment with Horizontal Natural Opening using Numerical Simulation 用数值模拟研究水平自然开口舱室火灾现象的尺度规律

International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.7731/kifse.203e195d

M. Park, Yun-Young Kim, C. Lee

{"title":"Examination of the Scaling Law of Fire Phenomena in Compartment with Horizontal Natural Opening using Numerical Simulation","authors":"M. Park, Yun-Young Kim, C. Lee","doi":"10.7731/kifse.203e195d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7731/kifse.203e195d","url":null,"abstract":"The scaling law was examined using numerical simulation for fire phenomena in a compartment with a horizontal natural opening in this study. The results of the large-scale conversion of the scaled model numerical simulation results ([Small-scale] condition) from the earlier studies obtained by applying the scaling law were compared to those of the large-scale numerical simulation performed in this study ([Large-scale] condition). The overall trends for the effects of horizontal natural opening area and fire source location on the discharge mass flow rate through the horizontal natural opening, temperature distribution in the compartment, and flow velocity through the horizontal opening were found to be identical under the [Small-scale] and [Large-scale] conditions. A complex bidirectional flow was observed through the horizontal natural opening under the conditions of this study and the accuracy in predicting the average W-velocity value based on the scaling law was low; however, the accuracy in predicting the range of velocity fluctuation was higher than the average value under certain conditions. Based on the standard deviation of the numerical simulation results, the percentages of the data within ± 30% of the difference between the [Small-scale] and [Large-scale] conditions relative to the total number of data were 100, 75, and 88% for the discharge mass flow rate, temperature, and flow velocity through the horizontal natural opening, respectively. The accuracy of the scaling law was found to be high for the discharge mass flow rate under the conditions considered in this study.","PeriodicalId":225639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131443358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

A Quantitative Analysis of the Fire Hazard Generated from Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 氢燃料电池汽车火灾危险性的定量分析

International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.7731/kifse.f4b33457

Sungwook Kang, Kyu-Min Lee, Minjae Kwon, O. Lim, Joungyoon Choi

{"title":"A Quantitative Analysis of the Fire Hazard Generated from Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles","authors":"Sungwook Kang, Kyu-Min Lee, Minjae Kwon, O. Lim, Joungyoon Choi","doi":"10.7731/kifse.f4b33457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7731/kifse.f4b33457","url":null,"abstract":"There is a lack of information on (i) the potential fire load of new green-technology vehicles, (ii) flame spread behavior, (iii) thermal impacts on high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels (HSVs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) during fuel cell electric vehicles fires (FCEVs), and (iv) thermal damage to adjacent vehicles and upper structural members during FCEV fires occurring in civil structures, such as underground spaces, multi-story parks, and tunnels. In view of this, a full-scale fire test was conducted in this study to quantitatively assess the fire risk of hydrogen FCEVs. Large-scale cone calorimetry was used to quantify the thermal intensity released from the FCEV fire. The flame spreading behavior through an FCEV with HSVs and LIBs was observed using the thermocouples installed. Changes in the temperature and irradiance around the FCEV fire were also measured using an instrumented test rig. The peak heat release rate, total heat released, and fire growth rate were observed to be 5.99 MW, 11.8 GJ, and 0.0055 kW/s², respectively. The temporal point of hydrogen gas release from the HSVs' thermal pressure relief device (TPRD) was estimated to be 16.2-26.2 min. The initiation of thermal runaway of LIBs was deduced from the temperature-time profiles of the LIB modules and their metal housing approximately 22.2 min after HCEV ignition. Moreover, FCEV fires could thermally impair adjacent upper structural members by 800 ℃ combustion gas for at least 13 min and emit a median heat flux of 27.2 kW/m² (peak heat flux of 76.5 kW/m²) to adjacent vehicles. The measurements and findings obtained from this study can contribute to the evaluation of and further studies on newly emerging fire hazards.","PeriodicalId":225639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115645944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0