The Internet Journal of Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Acute And Subacute Toxicity Of Aqueous Extract Of Abrus Precatorius Seed In Wister Rats","authors":"R. Sunday, O. Ilesanmi, E. Obuotor","doi":"10.5580/2ce3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2ce3","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, acute toxicity of aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius seed was carried out in mice and Wister rats by oral (p.o.) and intraperitoneal route (i.p.) while subacute toxicity was evaluated in Wister rats (i.p.). The LD 50 of the extract in mice was greater than 5000 mg/kg (p.o.) and 0.71 mg/kg (i.p.) while in rats it was 316.20 mg/kg (p.o.) and 0.35 mg/kg (i.p.). In subacute toxicity studies, the extract elicited a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight, red blood cell count, lymphocyte count, feed and water intake, and significant (p<0.05) increase in white blood cell count and eosinophil count. Biochemical investigation showed a significant (p<0.05) change in serum and liver cholesterol, alkaline phosphate, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and albumin. The study concluded that the aqueous extract of A. precatorius seed could possess moderate toxicity and adequate caution should be exercised in its use in ethnomedicine.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88439275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artemisinin Combination Therapies; Safe Or Not Safe ?","authors":"U. Georgewill, O. Ebong","doi":"10.5580/2b58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2b58","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the safety profile of five brands of Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs); Dihydroartemisinin plus Piperaquine(DP), Artesunate plus Amodiaquine(AS+AQ), Artesunate plus Sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine(AS+S/P), Artemether plus lumefantrine(AL) and Artesunate plus mefloquine(AS+MQ) combinations in mice. A total of 70 mice were used for the subacute toxicity test. The mice were placed in groups of five and received clinical and double clinical doses of the Artemether Combination Therapies(ACTs). The control groups received clinical and double clinical doses of chloroquine and water. Treatment was done once daily for seven days and on alternate days for twenty three days. On day 31, the animals were sacrificed and the liver, kidney and heart were harvested. Histological examination revealed no significant treatment related histopathological changes in the heart, liver and kidney of all the treated groups as the tissues showed normal cytoarchitecture comparable to that of the control. Our findings reveal that these drugs are relatively safe and the results could give some help to future researches.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74188919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fixed Drug Eruption Due to Tinidazole: 2 Case Reports and Review of Literature","authors":"K. Sangma, J. Wahlang, Maxilline D. Marak, M. Sangma, Monalisa Lyngdoh, D. Brahma","doi":"10.5580/2c13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2c13","url":null,"abstract":"Fixed Drug Eruption (FDE) is a common type of drug eruption characterized by single or multiple skin lesions which occur at the same site each time the drug is administered. FDEs though usually not fatal, can cause cosmetic embarrassment if exposed parts are affected due to recurrence of the reaction on the previously affected site and residual hyperpigmentation. Genital fixed drug eruption in particular, is the cause for apprehension among the sufferers. FDE usually occurs within hours of administration of the offending agent. Nitroimidazoles including tinidazole have been used for anaerobic infections especially in intestinal amoebiasis, without much side effects, but may cause FDEs. We report 2 (two) cases of FDE due to tinidazole attending dermatology out patient clinic. The first one is a case of FDE on the glans penis and the second one is a case of FDE on the lips and trunk. In both the cases tinidazole was advised to stop. The cases were managed with steroid and anti histamines. Both the patient and famlily members were counseled for possible ADRs occurred due to tinidazole intake and advised to avoid tinidazole and any self medication and also to notify to physicians physicians regarding such reactions in future.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80368837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Clinical Index for Appropriate Hyperoncotic Albumin Use","authors":"S. Nishimura, Emi Yamamoto, K. Daibo, S. Fujimoto, A. Moriyama, Y. Hazama, Mariko Hoshino, H. Fujita","doi":"10.5580/2e26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2e26","url":null,"abstract":"We designed a clinical index to facilitate the appropriate use of hyperoncotic albumin. We judged the use of hyperoncotic albumin as appropriate or inadequate according to pre-administration serum albumin levels. Then, we calculated the monthly rates of appropriate and inadequate use for our entire hospital, each department, and each doctor who ordered hyperoncotic albumin. Both usage rates improved after the results were reported to the doctors and the cases of inadequate usage were examined. On the other hand, both the number of orders for albumin and the total volume of albumin used in the hospital increased during the investigation period. These results indicate that factors other than pre-administration serum albumin levels play an important role in the judgment of albumin use.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87297536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect Of Aegle Marmelos Correa On Blood Glucose Level In Normal And Alloxan- Induced Diabetic Albino Rats","authors":"S. Baishnab, Swarnamoni Das","doi":"10.5580/2ede","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2ede","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study is to evaluate the action extract of Aegle marmelos correa on blood glucose level in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. The aqueous extract (100mg/kg/d) was administered orally for four weeks to alloxaninduced diabetic rats. Blood glucose was estimated every week for four consecutive weeks. For evaluation of mechanism of action of test drug, glycogen estimation was done in liver, heart and skeletal muscle and effect on adrenaline-induced hyperglycemia was seen. The test drug significantly (p<0.01) reduced the rise in blood glucose induced by alloxan. The test drug produced significant (p<0.01) increase in liver glycogen and also significantly (p<0.01) reduced adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemia. No significant lowering of normal blood glucose was also found. Thus, the fruit of Aegle marmelos has significant antidiabetic activity.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91132798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse Reaction To Diazepam; A Case Report","authors":"B. Tabowei, B. Kombo, George Duke Mukoro","doi":"10.5580/2c92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2c92","url":null,"abstract":"Diazepam belongs to the group known as benzodiazepines tranquilizers, anxiolytics, and anti-convulsant agent. Its use as in most drugs has been associated with side effects and adverse reactions. Although a lot of therapeutic goals can be accrued to its use, the case report would highlight an unreported adverse reaction to Diazepam. A 25 years old man had an adverse reaction to diazepam after being administered as a premedication, 10mg intravenously. The observations were tachycardia, blisters all over the body, gross swelling of the right upper limb where the drug was administered, fever, diplopia, headache, as well as sudden hypotension preceded by hypertension. He was managed adequately with steroids, antihistamine, phenergan and intravenous fluid. Notwithstanding surgery for left inguinal hernia was carried-on.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"42 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91202337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational Use of Drugs and Irrational Drug Combinations","authors":"Dk Brahma, Maråk, J. Wahlang","doi":"10.5580/2b59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2b59","url":null,"abstract":"Irrational use of Medicines is a global phenomenon. Rational use of drugs may be defined as: Patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time, and the lowest cost to them and their community. Overuse, polypharmacy and incorrect use of drugs are the most common problems of drug use today. Irrational use of drugs may result due to various reasons at various levels including the prescribing errors and over the counter drugs. Irrational use of medicines may lead to serious negative health and economic consequences. Many irrational drug combinations are available in Indian market. Proper implementation of rational use of drugs will improve the quality of life and result in better community healthcare.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77319228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation Of Antiulcer Activity Of Ocimum Sanctum And Its Mechanism In Animal Models","authors":"R. Kath, R. Gupta","doi":"10.5580/2c61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2c61","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the antiulcer activity of ocimum sanctum and to explore its mechanism of action. In this study, ocimum sanctum leaf extract was investigated for its activity against aspirin induced gastric ulcers in albino rats. The drug showed significant activity in the doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. To explore the mechanism, its activity was observed on oxytocin induced contractions in rat uterus. It exhibited a significant potentiation of the height of contraction induced by oxytocin. The maximum potentiation was observed in the dose of 0.5 mg/ml which may be due to enhanced synthesis of prostaglandins since they are mediators of uterine contractions. This indicates a cytoprotective mechanism for the antiulcer activity of ocimum sanctum.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80066949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Antibacterial Drug Utilization Study at Surgical Units of Shree Sayaji General Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India","authors":"P. Bhabhor, H. C. Hotchandani","doi":"10.5580/2aa0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2aa0","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionAntibacterials account for nearly 20% of all new and repeat prescriptions each year and over 50% of total value of drugs sold in India. Irrational prescribing of these drugs is known to take place throughout the world. In developing countries like India, this may be extremely important as the funds available for healthcare budget may be quite limited. It has been observed that 64% of the total antibacterials prescribed are either not indicated or inappropriate in terms of drug selection or dosage or therapeutic basis. It is clear that if this can be improved, then misuse of antibacterial can be avoided to a large extent. However before suggesting any change, it is necessary to evaluate the existing base line practice which can be done using data on prescriptions and prescribing practices with the help of a drug utilization study. This may therefore, help us to identify the problems, suggest the remedial measures and promote rational use. So, to analyze the same at Shree Sayaji General Hospital (SSG Hospital), a tertiary level teaching hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat in six surgical units this study was carried out. AimPrimary aim of the study was to evaluate the extent and pattern of use of antibacterial agents, in in-patients of six surgical units of SSG Hospital, Vadodara with secondary aim to determine the type of antibacterial used along with their purpose of use, route of administration, duration and supply.Material and MethodsThis was a prospective study with duration of 6 months from March, 2006 to August, 2006. Six units of general surgery with one ward for each of them were selected for the work. Fifty patients admitted to each unit during the time of the study were randomly selected for the work making total number of 300 cases. Patients had been visited thrice weekly for recording all the relevant details of the case (s) in a pre-validated, predefined performa for a consequent analysis. The performa included diagnosis, date of admission, operation (if any) and discharge. Along with these, drug utilization details that included trade name of the drug(s), dose, route and frequency of administration, duration of treatment, indications (whether prophylactic or curative), source (hospital supply / market purchase) were also collected. Results of the culture and sensitivity tests if performed along with any other laboratory tests were also recorded. Adverse drug reactions were also monitored. The data obtained was analyzed for important prescribing indicators i.e. common surgical conditions observed amongst indoor patients in general surgery department, groups of antimicrobial agents used commonly, Individual antimicrobial agents used commonly, number of patients where antibacterial drugs were given orally or parenterally, purpose for the antibacterial drug use (prophylactic/curative) etc. ResultsAmong 300 indoor patients, there were 228 males (76%) as compared to 72 females (24%). It was observed that antimicrobial drugs were prescr","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75022164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant Properties Of Inula Racemosa, A Traditional Herbal Medicine","authors":"S. Salil, A. Bhupinder, A. Basheer","doi":"10.5580/2c60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2c60","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction-The root of Inula racemosa (local name Pushkarmool) is an effective traditional herbal medicine for ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, bronchial asthma and other diseases, where oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis. ObjectiveTo evaluate the antioxidant properties of the herb.Material and methodsThe effect of daily oral administration of alcoholic extract (as viscous residue/ resin suspended in 1% gum acacia) of Inula racemosa roots to rats for 21 days was investigated on lipid peroxide formation and reduced glutathione (GSH) content, two well established markers for oxidative stress status, in blood and liver.Results-The level of GSH in blood and liver was significantly higher in treated animals as compared to control.There was concomitant reduction in the rate of lipid peroxide formation in the blood from treated animals.ConclusionsThese observations suggest that the root of Inula racemosa has antioxidant properties that may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of herb in various diseases.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86009873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}