The Cerebellum最新文献

{"title":"CACNA1G Causes Dominantly Inherited Myoclonus-Ataxia with Intellectual Disability: A Case Report","authors":"Martina De Riggi, Agnese De Giorgi, Luca Pollini, Luca Angelini, Giulia Paparella, Antonio Cannavacciuolo, Daniele Birreci, Davide Costa, Alessandra Tessa, Gemma Natale, Marco Fiorelli, Daniele Galatolo, Filippo Maria Santorelli, Serena Galosi, Matteo Bologna","doi":"10.1007/s12311-024-01734-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01734-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are characterized by substantial phenotypic variability. Among them, SCA42 is a rare non-expansion entity presenting with slowly progressive cerebellar syndrome but whose clinical spectrum may be also wider. A 53-year-old male presented with progressive myoclonus-ataxia and intellectual disability. Genetic screening revealed a novel c.3835G &gt; A (p. Asp1279Asn) variant in the <i>CACNA1G</i> gene. SCA42 is a rare non-expansion SCA caused by mutations in <i>CACNA1G</i> on chromosome 17q21, encoding the Ca(V)3.1, a low-threshold voltage-gated T-type calcium channel. The novel variant we identified is potentially involved in channel activity. This case expands the knowledge regarding <i>CACNA1G</i>-associated phenotype and highlights the importance of genetic screening in myoclonus-ataxia disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":22415,"journal":{"name":"The Cerebellum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Cerebello-Frontal Circuits Associated with Emotional Prosody: A Double-Blind tDCS and fNIRS study","authors":"Francesco Panico, Sharon Mara Luciano, Alessia Salzillo, Laura Sagliano, Luigi Trojano","doi":"10.1007/s12311-024-01741-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01741-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The emotional and cognitive cerebellum has been explored by several studies in the past years. Recent evidence suggested the possible contribution of the cerebellum in processing emotional prosody, namely the ability to comprehend the emotional content of a given vocal utterance, likely mediated by anatomical and functional cerebello-prefrontal connections. In the present study, the involvement of a functional cerebello-prefrontal network in recognising emotional prosody was assessed by combining non-invasive anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right or the left cerebellum and functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the prefrontal cortex, in a double-blind within-subject experimental design on healthy participants. The results showed that right and, to a less extent, left cerebellar tDCS (as compared to sham stimulation) reduced neural activation in the prefrontal cortex while accuracy and reaction times at the vocal recognition task remained unchanged. These findings highlight functional properties of the cerebello-frontal connections and the psychophysiological effects of cerebellar brain stimulation, with possible clinical applications in psychiatric and neurological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":22415,"journal":{"name":"The Cerebellum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different Numbers of Conjunctive Stimuli Induce LTP or LTD in Mouse Cerebellar Purkinje Cell","authors":"Atsuro Daida, Tohru Kurotani, Kazuhiko Yamaguchi, Yuji Takahashi, Noritaka Ichinohe","doi":"10.1007/s12311-024-01726-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01726-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission at parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses plays an important role in cerebellum-related motor coordination and learning. LTD is induced by the conjunction of PF stimulation and climbing fiber (CF) stimulation or somatic PC depolarization, while long-term potentiation (LTP) is induced by PF stimulation alone. Therefore, it is considered that different types of stimulation induce different types of synaptic plasticity. However, we found that a small number of conjunctive stimulations (PF + somatic depolarization of PC) induced LTP, but did not induce LTD of a small size. This LTP was not associated with changes in paired-pulse ratio, suggesting postsynaptic origin. Additionally this LTP was dependent on nitric oxide. This LTP was also induced by a smaller number of physiological conjunctive PF and CF stimuli. These results suggested that a larger number or longer period of conjunctive stimulation is required to induce LTD by overcoming LTP. Ca²⁺ transients at the PC dendritic region was measured by calcium imaging during LTD-inducing conjunctive stimulation. Peak amplitude of Ca²⁺ transients increased gradually during repetitive conjunctive stimulation. Instantaneous peak amplitude was not different between the early phase and late phase, but the average amplitude was larger in the later phase than in the early phase. These results show that LTD overcomes LTP, and increased Ca²⁺ integration or a number of stimulations is required for LTD induction.</p>","PeriodicalId":22415,"journal":{"name":"The Cerebellum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered Function and Structure of the Cerebellum Associated with Gut–Brain Regulation in Crohn’s Disease: a Structural and Functional MRI Study","authors":"Yunfei Li, Yanling Zheng, Lan Rong, Yan Zhou, Zhen Zhu, Qian Xie, Zonghui Liang, Xiaohu Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s12311-024-01715-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01715-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study employed structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate changes in the function and structure of the cerebellum associated with gut-brain axis (GBA) regulation in patients diagnosed with Crohn’s disease (CD). The study comprised 20 CD patients, including 12 with active disease (CD-A) and 8 in remission (CD-R), as well as 21 healthy controls. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was utilized for structural analysis of cerebellar gray matter volume, while independent component analysis (ICA) was applied for functional analysis of cerebellar functional connectivity (FC). The results showed significant GMV reduction in the left posterior cerebellar lobe across all CD patients compared to HCs, with more pronounced differences in the CD-A subgroup. Additionally, an increase in mean FC of the cerebellar network was observed in all CD patients, particularly in the CD-A subgroup, which demonstrated elevated FC in the vermis and bilateral posterior cerebellum. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between cerebellar FC and the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and a trend toward a negative association with the reciprocal of the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) score in CD patients. The study’s findings suggest that the cerebellum may play a role in the abnormal regulation of the GBA in CD patients, contributing to a better understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying CD and highlighting the cerebellum’s potential role in modulating gut-brain interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":22415,"journal":{"name":"The Cerebellum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oculomotor and Vestibular Deficits in Friedreich Ataxia - Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quantitative Measurements","authors":"E. Sohns, D. J. Szmulewicz, A. A. Tarnutzer","doi":"10.1007/s12311-024-01716-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01716-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Disease-specific oculomotor assessments play a crucial role in the early diagnosis of hereditary cerebellar ataxias. Whereas several studies have reported on quantitative oculomotor and vestibular measurements in Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA), the value of specific oculomotor paradigms remains unclear. We aimed to address this knowledge gap through a systematic literature review and providing disease-specific recommendations for a tailored set of eye-movement recordings in FRDA. MEDLINE and Embase were searched for studies reporting on quantitative oculomotor and/or vestibular measurements in FRDA-patients. Data on oculomotor and vestibular parameters were extracted and correlations with a range of clinical parameters were sought. Included studies (<i>n</i> = 17) reported on 185 patients. Abnormalities observed included the presence of saccadic intrusions (143/161) such as square-wave jerks (SWJ, 90/109) and ocular flutter (21/43), impaired eccentric gaze-holding (40/104), abnormal pursuit (81/93) and angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) deficits (39/48). For visually-guided saccades (VGS), we frequently observed increases in saccade latency (27/38) and dysmetric saccades (71/93), whereas saccade velocity was more often preserved (37/43). Augmented anti-saccade (AS) latency, downbeat nystagmus and frequent macro-SWJ correlated with disease duration. Increased AS-latency and VGS-latency, frequent macro-SWJ, reduced aVOR-gain and augmented aVOR peak-latency correlated with disease severity. A broad range of oculomotor and vestibular deficits are documented in the literature. Impairments in pursuit, saccades and aVOR-responses are most commonly reported, and as such, should be prioritized as disease markers. Quantitative oculomotor testing in FRDA may facilitate early diagnosis and prove valuable in monitoring disease progression and treatment response.</p>","PeriodicalId":22415,"journal":{"name":"The Cerebellum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of the Optimization of Cognitive and Social Functions in the Cerebellum and Thereby the Rise of Homo sapiens Through Cumulative Culture","authors":"Larry Vandervert, Mario Manto, Michael Adamaszek, Chiara Ferrari, Andrea Ciricugno, Zaira Cattaneo","doi":"10.1007/s12311-024-01692-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01692-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolution of the prominent role of the cerebellum in the development of composite tools, and cumulative culture, leading to the rise of Homo <i>sapiens</i> is examined. Following Stout and Hecht's (2017) detailed description of stone-tool making, eight key repetitive involvements of the cerebellum are highlighted. These key cerebellar learning involvements include the following: (1) optimization of cognitive-social control, (2) prediction (3) focus of attention, (4) automaticity of smoothness, appropriateness, and speed of movement and cognition, (5) refined movement and social cognition, (6) learns models of extended practice, (7) learns models of Theory of Mind (ToM) of teachers, (8) is predominant in acquisition of novel behavior and cognition that accrues from the blending of cerebellar models sent to conscious working memory in the cerebral cortex. Within this context, the evolution of generalization and blending of cerebellar internal models toward optimization of social-cognitive learning is described. It is concluded that (1) repetition of movement and social cognition involving the optimization of internal models in the cerebellum during stone-tool making was the key selection factor toward social-cognitive and technological advancement, (2) observational learning during stone-tool making was the basis for both technological and social-cognitive evolution and, through an optimizing positive feedback loop between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, the development of cumulative culture occurred, and (3) the generalization and blending of cerebellar internal models related to the unconscious forward control of the optimization of imagined future states in working memory was the most important brain adaptation leading to intertwined advances in stone-tool technology, cognitive-social processes behind cumulative culture (including the emergence of language and art) and, thereby, with the rise of Homo <i>sapiens</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":22415,"journal":{"name":"The Cerebellum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140812925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Verbal Fluency in the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome Scale in Friedreich Ataxia","authors":"Louise A. Corben, Eliza Blomfield, Geneieve Tai, Hiba Bilal, Ian H. Harding, Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis, Martin B. Delatycki, Adam P. Vogel","doi":"10.1007/s12311-024-01694-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01694-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cerebellar pathology engenders the disturbance of movement that characterizes Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), yet the impact of cerebellar pathology on cognition in FRDA remains unclear. Numerous studies have unequivocally demonstrated the role of the cerebellar pathology in disturbed cognitive, language and affective regulation, referred to as Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome (CCAS), and quantified by the CCAS-Scale (CCAS-S). The presence of dysarthria in many individuals with ataxia, particularly FRDA, may confound results on some items of the CCAS-S resulting in false-positive scores. This study explored the relationship between performance on the CCAS-S and clinical metrics of disease severity in 57 adults with FRDA. In addition, this study explored the relationship between measures of intelligibility and naturalness of speech and scores on the CCAS-S in a subgroup of 39 individuals with FRDA. We demonstrated a significant relationship between clinical metrics and performance on the CCAS-S. In addition, we confirmed the items that returned the greatest rate of failure were based on Verbal Fluency Tasks, revealing a significant relationship between these items and measures of speech. Measures of speech explained over half of the variance in the CCAS-S score suggesting the role of dysarthria in the performance on the CCAS-S is not clear. Further work is required prior to adopting the CCAS-S as a cognitive screening tool for individuals with FRDA.</p>","PeriodicalId":22415,"journal":{"name":"The Cerebellum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140623838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Protecting Cerebellar Volumes of Older Adults with mild Cognitive Impairment","authors":"Maria Devita, Giulia Debiasi, Mariagiulia Anglani, Chiara Ceolin, Ilaria Mazzonetto, Chiara Begliomini, Simone Cauzzo, Cecilia Raffaelli, Alessandro Lazzarin, Adele Ravelli, Alessandra Bordignon, Marina De Rui, Giuseppe Sergi, Alessandra Bertoldo, Daniela Mapelli, Alessandra Coin","doi":"10.1007/s12311-024-01695-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01695-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study aims to investigate the relationship between cerebellar volumes and cognitive reserve in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). A description of proxies of cerebellar cognitive reserve in terms of different volumes across lobules is also provided. 36 individuals with MCI underwent neuropsychological (MoCA, MMSE, Clock test, CRIq) assessment and neuroimaging acquisition with magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. Simple linear correlations were applied between cerebellar volumes and cognitive measures. Multiple linear regression models were then used to estimate standardized regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals. Simple linear correlations between cerebellar lobules volumes and cognitive features highlighted a significant association between CRIq_Working activity and specific motor cerebellar volumes: Left_V (ρ = 0.40, p = 0.02), Right_V (r = 0.42, p = 0.002), Vermis_VIIIb (ρ = 0.47, p = 0.003), Left_X (ρ = -0.46, p = 0.002) and Vermis_X (r = 0.35, p = 0.03). Furthermore, CRIq_Working activity scores correlated with certain cerebellar lobules implicated in cognition: Left_Crus_II, Vermis VIIb, Left_IX. MMSE was associated only with the Right_VIIB volume (r = 0.35, p = 0.02), while Clock Drawing Test scores correlated with both Left_Crus_I and Right_Crus_I (r = -0.42 and r = 0.42, p = 0.02, respectively). This study suggests that a higher cognitive reserve is associated with specific cerebellar lobule volumes and that Working activity may play a predominant role in this association. These findings contribute to the understanding of the relationship between cerebellar volumes and cognitive reserve, highlighting the potential modulatory role of Working activity on cerebellum response to cognitive decline.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":22415,"journal":{"name":"The Cerebellum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140623834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the Cerebellum in the Construction of Functional and Geometrical Spaces","authors":"Eya Torkhani Langlois, Daniel Bennequin, Giovanni de Marco","doi":"10.1007/s12311-024-01693-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01693-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The perceptual and motor systems appear to have a set of movement primitives that exhibit certain geometric and kinematic invariances. Complex patterns and mental representations can be produced by (re)combining some simple motor elements in various ways using basic operations, transformations, and respecting a set of laws referred to as kinematic laws of motion. For example, point-to-point hand movements are characterized by straight hand paths with single-peaked-bell-shaped velocity profiles, whereas hand speed profiles for curved trajectories are often irregular and more variable, with speed valleys and inflections extrema occurring at the peak curvature. Curvature and speed are generically related by the 2/3 power law. Mathematically, such laws can be deduced from a combination of Euclidean, affine, and equi-affine geometries, whose neural correlates have been partially detected in various brain areas including the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. The cerebellum has been found to play an important role in the control of coordination, balance, posture, and timing over the past years. It is also assumed that the cerebellum computes forward internal models in relationship with specific cortical and subcortical brain regions but its motor relationship with the perceptual space is unclear. A renewed interest in the geometrical and spatial role of the cerebellum may enable a better understanding of its specific contribution to the action-perception loop and behavior’s adaptation. In this sense, we complete this overview with an innovative theoretical framework that describes a possible implementation and selection by the cerebellum of geometries adhering to different mathematical laws.</p>","PeriodicalId":22415,"journal":{"name":"The Cerebellum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140600251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Patients with the Diagnosis of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia: A Multicenter National Study","authors":"Dilek Cavusoglu, Gulten Ozturk, Dilsad Turkdogan, Semra Hiz Kurul, Uluc Yis, Mustafa Komur, Faruk Incecik, Bulent Kara, Turkan Sahin, Olcay Unver, Cengiz Dilber, Gulen Gul Mert, Cagatay Gunay, Gamze Sarikaya Uzan, Ozlem Ersoy, Yavuz Oktay, Serdar Mermer, Gokcen Oz Tuncer, Olcay Gungor, Gul Demet Kaya Ozcora, Ugur Gumus, Ozlem Sezer, Gokhan Ozan Cetin, Fatma Demir, Arzu Yilmaz, Gurkan Gurbuz, Meral Topcu, Haluk Topaloglu, Ahmet Cevdet Ceylan, Serdar Ceylaner, Joseph G. Gleeson, Dilara Fusun Icagasioglu, F. Mujgan Sonmez","doi":"10.1007/s12311-024-01690-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01690-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by hypoplasia and degeneration of the cerebellum and pons. We aimed to identify the clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings of the patients with diagnosed PCH with confirmed genetic analysis. We collected available clinical data, laboratory, and imaging findings in our retrospective multicenter national study of 64 patients with PCH in Turkey. The genetic analysis included the whole-exome sequencing (WES), targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS), or single gene analysis. Sixty-four patients with PCH were 28 female (43.8%) and 36 (56.3%) male. The patients revealed homozygous mutation in 89.1%, consanguinity in 79.7%, pregnancy at term in 85.2%, microcephaly in 91.3%, psychomotor retardation in 98.4%, abnormal neurological findings in 100%, seizure in 63.8%, normal biochemistry and metabolic investigations in 92.2%, and dysmorphic findings in 51.2%. The missense mutation was found to be the most common variant type in all patients with PCH. It was detected as <i>CLP1</i> (<i>n</i> = 17) was the most common PCH related gene. The homozygous missense variant c.419G &gt; A (p.Arg140His) was identified in all patients with <i>CLP1.</i> Moreover, all patients showed the same homozygous missense variant c.919G &gt; T (p.A307S) in <i>TSEN54</i> group (<i>n</i> = 6). In Turkey, <i>CLP1</i> was identified as the most common causative gene with the identical variant c.419G &gt; A; p.Arg140His. The current study supports that genotype data on PCH leads to phenotypic variability over a wide phenotypic spectrum.</p>","PeriodicalId":22415,"journal":{"name":"The Cerebellum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140600514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}