The EGU General Assembly最新文献

{"title":"Effect of artificial recharge on submarine groundwater discharge: a Belgian case study","authors":"M. Paepen, K. Walraevens, T. Hermans","doi":"10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-7495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-7495","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Belgian coastal phreatic aquifer is mostly characterized by salty/brackish pore water at shallow depth. The eolian dunes delimiting the sandy beach are one of the few locations where fresh potable water can be found. The drinking water demand of the coastal region is putting high pressure on these water resources, especially during the touristic summer season. Also, the dryer summers that were faced over the last years increase the need for solutions.</p><p>At Oostduinkerke, the Intercommunale Waterleidingsmaatschappij van Veurne-Ambacht (IWVA) combines the pumping of groundwater in the dunes with artificial surface (since 2002) and underground recharge (since 2014) for more sustainable exploitation. The infiltrating water is treated effluent from a nearby sewage treatment plant (Aquafin, Wulpen). The recharge in the dunes reduces the risk of attracting salty/brackish water from the North Sea and the lower lying polder area in the South and allows for more stable groundwater levels, especially around the infiltration lake.</p><p>To assess the efficiency of the managed aquifer recharge project, we collected electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data offshore, on the beach, and part of the dunes. Marine continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) were performed during both low and high tide. The latter provide a good overlap with the land ERT. The profiles were collected in front of the IWVA site, as well as, to the west and east, to assess the lateral variation of the salt-freshwater distribution in the aquifer. Based on the electrical resistivity distribution, we are able to identify the patterns of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and saltwater intrusion in the study area.</p><p>The infiltration of treated wastewater directly affects the piezometric levels of the surrounding area. Before the exploitation started in the dunes (1947), the natural freshwater heads were higher west of the infiltration area, due to the presence of a shallow clay layer (Vandenbohede et al., 2008). The higher hydraulic heads are also seen on recent groundwater models (Lebbe, 2017), but despite the larger hydraulic gradient in the West, the pore water resistivity seems to be higher in front of the IWVA site based on our data. Also, the zone of discharge is found below the low water line in front of the infiltration site, while it is seen on the beach to the west and east. We can assume that the SGD flux is largest in front of the recharge site (Paepen et al., 2020). Therefore, SGD seems to be enhanced by artificial recharge in this area. Further research is needed to validate this.</p><p>Lebbe, L. (2017). Grondwatermodel van de geplande wijzigingen in waterwinning Sint-Andr&#233;. Opdrachtgever: Intercommunale Waterleidingsmaatschappij van Veurne Ambacht (IWVA).</p><p>Paepen, M., Hanssens, D., Smedt, P. D., Walraevens, K., & Hermans, T. (2020). Combining resistivity and frequency domain electromagnetic methods to investigate submarine groundwater discharge in t","PeriodicalId":22413,"journal":{"name":"The EGU General Assembly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91338172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the current accuracy of altimetry satellite orbits","authors":"S. Rudenko, D. Dettmering, M. Bloßfeld, J. Zeitlhöfler, Riva Alkahal","doi":"10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-12148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-12148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><span>Precise orbits of altimetry satellites are a prerequisite for the investigation of global, regional, and coastal sea levels together with their changes, since accurate orbit information is required for the reliable determination of the water surface height (distance between the altimeter position in space and the water surface). Orbits of altimetry satellites are nowadays usually computed using DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite), SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging), and, of some satellites, GPS (Global Positioning System) observations of a global network of tracking stations. Significant progress in the improvement of altimetry satellite orbit quality has been achieved in the last 30 years. However, the differences of the sea level and its trend computed using up-to-date orbit solutions derived at various institutions using different software packages, types of observations (DORIS+SLR as compared to GPS+DORIS) and different up-to-date models still exceed the requirements of the Global Climate Observing System for the uncertainties of the regional sea level </span><span>(< 1 cm) and its trend (< 1 mm/year). </span></p><p><span>In this study, we evaluate the current accuracy of orbits of altimetry satellites derived by various institutions in the state-of-the-art reference frames using up-to-date background models for precise orbit determination by using various observation types. We present some results of our analysis of geographically correlated errors and radial orbit differences for various orbit solutions. We also discuss </span><span>possible reasons </span><span>causing the orbit differences and potential ways to reduce them. </span></p>","PeriodicalId":22413,"journal":{"name":"The EGU General Assembly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77010169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of Antarctic and Greenland ice loss on polar motion: an assessment based on GRACE and multi-mission satellite altimetry","authors":"F. Göttl, A. Groh, M. Kappelsberger, Undine Strößenreuther, L. Schröder, V. Helm, M. Schmidt, F. Seitz","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-egu21-2564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-2564","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Increasing ice loss of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets (AIS, GrIS) due to global climate change affects the orientation of the Earth&#8217;s spin axis with respect to an Earth-fixed reference system (polar motion). Ice mass changes in Antarctica and Greenland are observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) in terms of time variable gravity field changes and derived from surface elevation changes measured by satellite radar and laser altimeter missions such as ENVISAT, CryoSat-2 and ICESat. Beside the limited spatial resolution, the accuracy of GRACE ice mass change estimates is limited by signal noise (meridional error stripes), leakage effects and uncertainties of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models, whereas the accuracy of satellite altimetry derived ice mass changes is limited by waveform retracking, slope related relocation errors, firn compaction and the density assumption used in the volume-to-mass conversion.</p><p>&#160;</p><p>In this study we use different GRACE gravity field models (CSR RL06M, JPL RL06M, ITSG-Grace2018) and satellite altimetry data (from TU Dresden, University of Leeds, Alfred Wegener Institute) to assess the accuracy of the gravimetry and altimetry derived polar motion excitation functions. We show that due to the combination of individual solutions, systematic and random errors of the data processing can be reduced and the robustness of the geodetic derived AIS and GrIS polar motion excitation functions can be increased. Based on these investigations we found that AIS mass changes induce the pole position vector to drift along the 60&#176; East meridian by 2 mas/yr during the study period 2003-2015, whereas GrIS mass changes cause the pole vector to drift along the 45&#176; West meridian by 3 mas/yr.</p>","PeriodicalId":22413,"journal":{"name":"The EGU General Assembly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75788330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of solar wind flows from the inner corona to 1 AU: constraints provided by SOHO UVCS and SWAN data","authors":"A. Bemporad, O. Katushkina, V. Izmodenov, D. Koutroumpa, E. Quémerais","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11921","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Sun modulates with the solar wind flow the shape of the whole Heliosphere interacting with the surrounding interstellar medium. Recent results from IBEX and INCA experiments, as well as recent measurements from Voyager 1 and 2, demonstrated that this interaction is much more complex and subject to temporal and heliolatitudinal variations than previously thought. These variations could be also related with the evolution of solar wind during its journey through the Heliosphere. Hence, understanding how the solar wind evolves from its acceleration region in the inner corona to the Heliospheric boundaries is very important.</p><p>In this work, SWAN Lyman-&#945; full-sky observations from SOHO are combined for the very first time with measurements acquired in the inner corona by SOHO UVCS and LASCO instruments, to trace the solar wind expansion from the Sun to 1 AU. The solar wind mass flux in the inner corona was derived over one full solar rotation period in 1997, based on LASCO polarized brightness measurements, and on the Doppler dimming technique applied to UVCS Lyman-&#945; emission from neutral H coronal atoms due to resonant scattering of chromospheric radiation. On the other hand, the SWAN Lyman-&#945; emission (due to back-scattering from neutral H atoms in the interstellar medium) was analyzed based on numerical models of the interstellar hydrogen distribution in the heliosphere and the radiation transfer. The SWAN full-sky Lyman-&#945; intensity maps are used for solving of the inverse problem and deriving of the solar wind mass flux at 1 AU from the Sun as a function of heliolatitude. First results from this comparison for a chosen time period in 1997 are described here, and possible future applications for Solar Orbiter data are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":22413,"journal":{"name":"The EGU General Assembly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85339939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling Mineral-Scaling in Geothermal Reservoirs Using Both a Local Equilibrium and a Kinetics Approach","authors":"A. Hussain, N. Khoshnevis, B. Meulenbroek, Wouter R.L. van der Star, H. Bruining, J. Claringbould, A. Reerink, K. Wolf","doi":"10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-16033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-16033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; When producing heat from a geothermal well, the produced water cools down in the heat exchanger, and experiencing a lower pressure in the surface processing-facility (1 &#8211; 10 bar) than in the reservoir (100 &#8211; 300 bar). The decrease in pressure may cause gas to come out of solution. This decrease in temperature and degassing of the produced water may cause precipitation and dissolution (mineralization) to occur. After the produced water is cooled down, it is reinjected into the reservoir through an injection well. Mineralization in the reservoir restricts the flow path of the injected water, resulting in reduced injectivity. Consequently, more energy is required by the injection pump, which results in additional costs, and thereby reduces the project&#8217;s economic return.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <br>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; When numerically modeling mineralization in a geothermal reservoir, accounting for the reaction kinetics can be computationally expensive. The simulations can be made less expensive by assuming local equilibrium between the reactants and reaction-products; but using this approach might give results that are not in agreement with experimental findings. <br>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Here we present an analytical model for mineral precipitation in a low-enthalpy geothermal reservoir. We compare the kinetics of the relevant reaction terms with respect to the transport terms (heat and flow) to determine whether the local equilibrium approach (LEA) or kinetics approach (KA) is appropriate for modeling a specific reaction. We focus on the near-wellbore region in the reservoir, where precipitation can behave as a &#8216;skin&#8217;; when assuming radial-flow, precipitation in the near-wellbore region has a more dramatic impact on the injectivity than precipitation further downstream in the reservoir.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <br>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Using numerical simulations we validate the approach to use different methods of geochemical modelling based on the reaction speed and its potential impact on computation time. <br>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Based on our analysis on mineralization in the near-wellbore-region, the three different reaction regimes can be distinguished when comparing the time-scale of reaction to the time-scale of transport, viz.: (1) <strong>fast reactions</strong> (mineralization can be considered instantaneous and modelling these reactions using LEA or KA does not lead to significantly different simulation results); (2) <strong>very slow reactions</strong> (no significant change in ion concentrations in the region of interest, whether these r","PeriodicalId":22413,"journal":{"name":"The EGU General Assembly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79670149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring and Modelling of ionospheric disturbances by means of GRACE, GOCE and Swarm in-situ observations","authors":"M. Schmidt, A. Goss, E. Erdogan","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14214","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The main objective of the ESA-funded project COSTO (Contribution of Swarm data to the prompt detection of Tsunamis and other natural hazards) is to better characterize, understand and discover coupling processes and interactions between the ionosphere, the lower atmosphere and the Earth&#8217;s surface as well as sea level vertical displacements. Together with our project partners from the University of Warmia and Mazury (UWM), the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) and the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC) we focus in COSTO to tsunamis that are the result of earthquakes (EQ), volcano eruptions or landslides.</p><p>In the scope of COSTO a roadmap was developed to detect the vertical and horizontal propagation of Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TID) in the observations of Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites. Under the assumption that the TIDs triggered by tsunamis behave in approximately the same way for different EQ / tsunami events, this roadmap can be applied also to other events. In this regard, the Tohoku-Oki EQ in 2011 and the Chile EQ in 2015 were studied in detail. The aim of investigating these events is to detect the TIDs in the near vicinity of the propagating tsunami. Thereby, given tsunami propagation models serve as a rough orientation to determine the moments in time and positions for which there is co-location with selected LEO satellites/missions, namely GRACE, GOCE and Swarm. GOCE with an altitude of around 280km and the GRACE satellites with an altitude of around 450km flew over the region where the Tohoku-Oki tsunami was located, about 2.5 hours after the EQ. Using wavelet transform, similar signatures with periods of 10-30 seconds could be detected in the top-side STEC observations of GOCE as well as in the Ka-band observations of GRACE at the time of the overflight. These signatures can be related to the gravity wave originating from the tsunami. Similar signatures were detected in the signals from the GRACE Ka-band observations and in the Swarm Langmuir Probe measurements at an altitude of 450 km for the 2015 Chile tsunami. These roadmap studies provided the first opportunity to observe the vertical and horizontal tsunami induced gravity waves in the ionosphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":22413,"journal":{"name":"The EGU General Assembly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88200528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of severe storms on forecasting the Ionosphere-Thermosphere system through the assimilation of SWARM-derived neutral mass density into physics-based models","authors":"I. Fernández-Gómez, A. Goss, M. Schmidt, M. Kosary, Timothy Kodikara, E. Forootan, C. Borries","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10552","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The response of the Ionosphere - Thermosphere (IT) system to severe storm conditions is of great importance to fully understand its coupling mechanisms. The challenge to represent the governing processes of the upper atmosphere depends, to a large extent, on an accurate representation of the true state of the IT system, that we obtain by assimilating relevant measurements into physics-based models. Thermospheric Mass Density (TMD) is the summation of total neutral mass within the atmosphere that is derived from accelerometer measurements of satellite missions such as CHAMP, GOCE, GRACE(-FO) and Swarm. TMD estimates can be assimilated into physics-based models to modify the state of the processes within the IT system. Previous studies have shown that this modification can potentially improve the simulations and predictions of the ionospheric electron density. These differences could also be interpreted as an indicator of the ionosphere-thermosphere interaction. The research presented here, aims to quantify the impact of data satellite based TMD assimilation on numerical model results.</p><p>Subject of this study is the Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Plasmasphere electrodynamics (CTIPe) physics-based model in combination with the recently developed Thermosphere-Ionosphere Data Assimilation (TIDA) scheme. TMD estimates from the ESA&#8217;s Swarm mission are assimilated in CTIPe-TIDA during the 16 to the 20 of March 2015. This period was characterized by a strong geomagnetic storm that triggered significant changes in the IT system, the so-called St. Patrick day storm 2015. To assess the changes in the IT system during storm conditions due to data assimilation, the model results from assimilating SWARM mass density normalized to the altitude of 400 km are compared to independent thermospheric estimates like GRACE-TMDS. In order to evaluate the impact of the data assimilation on the ionosphere, the corresponding output of electron density is compared to high-quality electron density estimates derived from data-driven model of the DGFI-TUM.</p>","PeriodicalId":22413,"journal":{"name":"The EGU General Assembly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91328794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionospheric VTEC Forecasting using Machine Learning","authors":"Randa Natras, M. Schmidt","doi":"10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-8907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-8907","url":null,"abstract":"The accuracy and reliability of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications are affected by the state of the Earth‘s ionosphere, especially when using single frequency observations, which are employed mostly in mass-market GNSS receivers. In addition, space weather can be the cause of strong sudden disturbances in the ionosphere, representing a major risk for GNSS performance and reliability. Accurate corrections of ionospheric effects and early warning information in the presence of space weather are therefore crucial for GNSS applications. This correction information can be obtained by employing a model that describes the complex relation of space weather processes with the non-linear spatial and temporal variability of the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) within the ionosphere and includes a forecast component considering space weather events to provide an early warning system. To develop such a model is challenging but an important task and of high interest for the GNSS community. \u0000 \u0000To model the impact of space weather, a complex chain of physical dynamical processes between the Sun, the interplanetary magnetic field, the Earth's magnetic field and the ionosphere need to be taken into account. Machine learning techniques are suitable in finding patterns and relationships from historical data to solve problems that are too complex for a traditional approach requiring an extensive set of rules (equations) or for which there is no acceptable solution available yet. \u0000 \u0000The main objective of this study is to develop a model for forecasting the ionospheric VTEC taking into account physical processes and utilizing state-of-art machine learning techniques to learn complex non-linear relationships from the data. In this work, supervised learning is applied to forecast VTEC. This means that the model is provided by a set of (input) variables that have some influence on the VTEC forecast (output). To be more specific, data of solar activity, solar wind, interplanetary and geomagnetic field and other information connected to the VTEC variability are used as input to predict VTEC values in the future. Different machine learning algorithms are applied, such as decision tree regression, random forest regression and gradient boosting. The decision trees are the simplest and easiest to interpret machine learning algorithms, but the forecasted VTEC lacks smoothness. On the other hand, random forest and gradient boosting use a combination of multiple regression trees, which lead to improvements in the prediction accuracy and smoothness. However, the results show that the overall performance of the algorithms, measured by the root mean square error, does not differ much from each other and improves when the data are well prepared, i.e. cleaned and transformed to remove trends. Preliminary results of this study will be presented including the methodology, goals, challenges and perspectives of developing the machine learning model.","PeriodicalId":22413,"journal":{"name":"The EGU General Assembly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84109912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scattering ratio profiles retrieved from ALADIN/Aeolus and CALIOP/CALIPSO lidar observations: instantaneous overlaps, statistical comparison, and sensitivity to high clouds","authors":"A. Feofilov, H. Chepfer, V. Noel, M. Chiriaco","doi":"10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-4746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-4746","url":null,"abstract":"Clouds and aerosols play an important role in the Earth’s energy budget through a complex interaction with solar, atmospheric, and terrestrial radiation, and air humidity. Optically thick clouds efficiently reflect the incoming solar radiation and, globally, clouds are responsible for about two thirds of the planetary albedo. Thin cirrus trap the outgoing longwave radiation and keep the planet warm. Aerosols scatter or absorb sunlight depending on their size and shape and interact with clouds in various ways. \u0000 \u0000Due to the importance of clouds and aerosols for the Earth’s energy budget, global satellite observations of their properties are essential for climate studies, for constraining climate models, and for evaluating cloud parameterizations. Active sounding from space by lidars and radars is advantageous since it provides the vertically resolved information. This has been proven by CALIOP lidar which has been observing the Earth’s atmosphere since 2006. Another instrument of this kind, CATS lidar on-board ISS provided measurements for over 33 months starting from the beginning of 2015. The ALADIN lidar on-board ADM/Aeolus has been measuring horizontal winds and aerosols/clouds since August 2018. More lidars are planned – in 2022, the ATLID/EarthCare lidar will be launched and other space-borne lidars are in the development phase. \u0000 \u0000In this work, we compare the scattering ratio products retrieved from ALADIN and CALIOP observations. The former is aimed at 35 deg from nadir, it measures the atmospheric backscatter at 355nm from nadir, is capable of separating the molecular and particular components (HSRL), and provides the profiles with a vertical resolution of ~1km up to 20km altitude. The latter, operating at 532nm is aimed at 3 deg from nadir and measures the total backscatter up to 40 km. Its natural vertical resolution is higher than that of ALADIN, but the scattering ratio product used in the comparison is provided at ~0.5km vertical grid. \u0000 \u0000We have performed a search of nearly simultaneous common volume observations of atmosphere by these two instruments for the period from 28/06/2019 through 31/12/2019 and analyzed the collocated data. We present the zonal averages of scattering ratios as well as the instantaneous profile comparisons and the statistical analysis of cloud detection, cloud height agreement, and temporal evolution of these characteristics. \u0000 \u0000The preliminary conclusion, which can be drawn from this analysis, is that the general agreement of scattering ratio profiles retrieved from ALADIN and CALIOP observations is good up to 6-7 km height whereas in the higher atmospheric layers ALADIN is less sensitive to clouds than the CALIOP. This lack of sensitivity might be compensated by further averaging of the input signals and/or by an updating of the retrieval algorithms using the collocated observations dataset provided in the present work.","PeriodicalId":22413,"journal":{"name":"The EGU General Assembly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82696147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shallow geothermal energy potential of south-west Germany","authors":"Johannes M. Miocic","doi":"10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-10010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-10010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A large-scale transformation of the heating and cooling sector is needed to achieve the climate neutrality goals by 2050 as outlined in the European Green Deal. One frequently discussed option for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions is the widespread use of ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) for heating and cooling living spaces. Here, the technical potential of GSHPs to supply heat to buildings in the state of Baden-W&#252;rttemberg, Germany, is analysed. This study is based on the yearly demand for heating energy at a building block scale, geological conditions, mean annual surface temperatures, as well as legal restrictions such as temperature differences at the heat pump, maximum monthly heat extraction rates as well as areas restricted from drilling. It is shown that for many densely populated areas many GSHPs would be needed to supply all the energy needed for heating. However, in less densely populated areas GSHPs can be used for heating. If future heating demand is lower due to wide-spread insulation retrofitting, GSHPs could supply most of the energy needed for heating even in densely populated areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":22413,"journal":{"name":"The EGU General Assembly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80747689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}