The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Method for Determination of Tinidazole using Direct UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and Differential Spectrophotometry in Pure and Tablet Dosage Forms","authors":"L. Singh, S. Nanda","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V14I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V14I3","url":null,"abstract":"Three simple, rapid, selective, precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods for the determination of tinidazole in tablet formulation were developed. The first method was based on the direct absorbance measurements of tinidazole in 0.5 N NaOH with a λmax of 368.6 nm and linearity range of 20 – 150 µg/ml. The second method was based on direct measurement of absorbance at 279.2 nm for tinidazole in 0.5 N HCl whereby the linearity range was 50-150 µg/ml. The third method was based on the differential spectra between tinidazole solution in 0.5 N NaOH and 0.5 N HCl. The maxima recorded was 368.8 nm while the minima was 276 nm with a linearity range of 20 – 120 µg/ml. The methods were validated by determining accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and performing recovery studies. The developed methods were successfully applied in the analysis of commercial samples of tinidazole and could therefore be used in the routine analysis of tinidazole formulations.","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"76 1","pages":"75-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78684969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescribing Practices and Polypharmacy in Kitovu Hospital, Uganda","authors":"N. McGaughey, M. Lynch, David Bell","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V13I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V13I3","url":null,"abstract":"This audit of prescribing practices explores recent trends at Kitovu Hospital, Uganda. The average number of drugs prescribed per patient was 2.89 ± 0.11, of which 1.79±0.09 were generics and 0.69±0.06 antibiotics. No injections were prescribed. Patient essential drug knowledge was 100% while the adequacy of labelling was 0%. The number of drugs prescribed correlated positively with patient age, was greater for female patients, similar for doctors and clinical officers but greater in medical (3.30±0.15, n=50) than surgical (2.48±0.13, n=50) outpatient clinics. The mean consultation time was 6.56 min and 10.25 min per patient in medical and surgical outpatient clinics respectively. The patient essential knowledge indicators were greatly improved but only modest reduction in polypharmacy was evident compared to the Ugandan Pharmaceutical Sector national survey of 2002. Antibiotic prescription was high and generic prescribing was found to be low. Policy changes are required to enhance rational drug use in the health sector in Uganda. Keywords: Polypharmacy, generics, antibiotics, regional referral hospital, outpatient clinic East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 13 (2010) 66-71","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"66-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75013514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological quality and preservative capacity of commonly available cosmetics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"K. Mwambete, A. Simón","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V13I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V13I1","url":null,"abstract":"Ten brands of cosmetics were randomly purchased from shops in Dar es Salaam, and were subjected to microbiological assessment for microbial quality, preservative capacity and identification of microbial contaminants. Aliquots of each cosmetic were uniformly spread-plated on agar plates to quantify, isolate and identify microbial contaminants using conventional microbiological methods. The cup-plate technique complemented by the dilution test was used for evaluation of cosmetic preservative capacity. Microbial contaminants were present in 70% of the cosmetics. The most frequently isolated and identified microbial contaminants were attributable to Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus and Trichophyton species. The cosmetics displayed inadequate preservative capacity evidenced by inability to lower the inherent bio-burdens to acceptable levels and to inhibit growth of the tested microorganisms. Such products can have detrimental effects on health status of consumers as consequence of their altered stability profiles and secondary microbial infections. Therefore, microbiological quality control of cosmetics available in the Tanzanian market should be re-enforced. Keywords: Preservative capacity, cosmetics, microbial quality, microorganisms East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 13 (2010) 3- 11","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"3-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90447382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge attitude and practice on contraceptive use among secondary school students in Dar es Salaam Tanzania.","authors":"P. Reddy","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V13I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V13I2","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid increase in the proportion of sexually active adolescents is exposing large numbers of youths to the risk of unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. Promotion and strengthening of reproductive health education and services, especially among adolescents requires access to current baseline data on knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception among adolescents, including secondary school students. This data is very scanty for Tanzania. The aim of this work was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraceptive use among secondary school students in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania. Ilala district of Dar es salaam has a high concentration of secondary schools enrolling a cosmopolitan population of students hailing from most regions of the country. These come from various social-economic backgrounds effectively representing the general Tanzanian population. The study was designed as a cross-sectional descriptive study. Secondary school students aged 14 to 19 years were interviewed on their knowledge, attitude and practice on contraceptive use using a structured questionnaire. A total of 200 students (126 females, 74 males) participated in the study. Knowledge on contraceptive use was found to be good to average (75%). Knowledge and prevalence of contraceptive use was found to increase with age, current use and positive attitude. Female students had better knowledge on contraception than male students. Good knowledge on contraception did not translate into increased use, the prevalence of use being only 34% as compared to 75% of students with average to good knowledge. More students reported using the male condom for contraception. Most students (69.5%) mentioned pharmacies and drug stores as their main source of contraceptives. These findings underscore the need for early education on human sexuality and the benefits of family planning. Health care providers, including pharmacists, must be trained to be able to provide adequate basic contraceptive services to adolescents and the general public. There is need to improve access to contraceptive services by adolescents. Keywords: Contraceptives knowledge, attitude to contraception, practice of contraception, secondary school students East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 13 (2010) 43-49","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"69 2 1","pages":"43-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90254324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescribing Patterns and Cost of Antihypertensive Drugs in Private Hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.","authors":"G. Rimoy, M. Justin-Temu, C. Nilay","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I3.46285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I3.46285","url":null,"abstract":"Antihypertensive agents are used to prevent morbidity and mortality related to hypertension. Prescribing patterns and the cost of some antihypertensive were studied for 600 patients attending medical clinics in four private hospitals in Dar es Salaam using the WHO drug use indicator forms. The average number of drugs per prescription ranged from 1.9 to 4.2 while that of antihypertensives varied from 1.3 to 2.1. About 50 % of the prescriptions contained 2 to 3 drugs. The most frequently prescribed antihypertensives were diuretics (41 %), β-blockers (28.5 %), calcium channel blockers (19.8 %), hydralazine/losartan (18.5 %) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (11.5 %). Antihypertensives prescribed as monotherapy included atenolol (23.2 %), bendrofluazide (22 %), frusemide (19 %), hydralazine (11.2 %), nifedipine (9.8 %), amlodipine (9.5 %) and enalapril (9.3 %). Among the combination therapy drugs were angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor+diuretic (7 %), β-blocker+diuretic (4 %), calcium channel blocker+losartan (2.3 %), β-blocker+angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (2.2 %), calcium channel blocker+angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (1.8 %) and diuretic+hydralazine (1.7 %). The cost of nifedipine, bendrofluazide and frusemide was about five to six times higher in the private hospitals than at the government owned medical stores department. This study reveals a need for continuing education and standard treatment guidelines for rational prescribing of antihypertensive drugs.","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"22 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78241390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Hibiscus esculentus Linn. on the Mechanical and Disintegration Properties of Paracetamol Tablets","authors":"A. Mann, N. Jain, Kharya","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I3.46284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I3.46284","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of mucilage obtained from the ripe fruits of Hibiscus esculentus Linn. (Malvaceae) on the mechanical and disintegration properties of paracetamol tablets were investigated against gum acacia as a standard binding agent. The effects of the nature and concentration of the mucilage binder and the relative density of the tablet on the tensile strength, brittle fracture index and disintegration time of the tablets were investigated. Relative density, concentration and nature of binder had the greatest effects on tensile strength, brittle fracture index and disintegration time, respectively. Increasing, the concentration of mucilage from 2.5 % to 10.0 % w/w, and increasing relative density of the tablet from 0.70 to 0.80 led to an increase in tensile strength and disintegration time, but a decrease in brittle fracture index. Tablets formulated with H. esculentus mucilage had lower tensile strength and disintegration time values than those containing gum acacia, and exhibited less lamination and capping. The nature and concentration of binder had the highest interaction among the factors studied. In conclusion, Hibiscus esculentus mucilage could be useful as an alternative binding agent to gum acacia, especially where faster disintegration is required and lamination and capping are of concern.","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87874170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity of Novel Tryptophan Analogs against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani","authors":"S. Mung’ong’o, V. Mugoyela, M. Hooper, S. Croft, A. Fairlamb","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I3.46283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I3.46283","url":null,"abstract":"Drugs available for the treatment of Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis are grossly inadequate and have many drawbacks. Most of them are ineffective for the chronic form of the disease. The drugs available are expensive and most need parenteral administration. In addition, most of them are extremely toxic and resistance develops fast. There is an urgent need for new, safe and more effective drugs. As part of the continued search for novel antitrypanosomal drugs, the present study was aimed at the design and synthesis of novel tryptophan analogs which have a potential to inhibit essential trypanosomal enzymes. Some of these compounds have shown significant activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro. In the present study, 17 of the most promising compounds were selected and tested for possible activity against the biochemically closely related protozoans Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani using in vitro models. Seven compounds showed significant activity against T. cruzi, producing more than 50 % inhibition of multiplication at or below 30 μM concentrations. Four compounds also had significant activity against L. donovani promastigotes in vitro . These findings support the common observation that antiprotozoal drugs tend to exhibit a broad spectrum of activity among various protozoans.","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80377929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Brief Review of Probiotic Use","authors":"C. Maitai, Dm Kokonya","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I3.46287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I3.46287","url":null,"abstract":"Probiotic therapy refers to use of live microorganisms to treat human pathological disorders such as lactose intolerance and antibiotic induced superinfections. The critical point to be consideted is whether such administered microorganisms can remain viable and multiply in the gastrointestinal tract given that their nutrient and environmental condition requirements are very exacting. In this brief review, the authors discuss the use of probiotics from a historical perspective and conclude that their use especially in form of traditional fermented food products can be justified the controversy notwithstanding.","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85539808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wet Process Induced Phase Transited Drug Delivery System as a Means for Delivery of Gastrointestinal Irritant Drug: Histomorphological Analysis","authors":"A. Philip, K. Pathak","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I1.44762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I1.44762","url":null,"abstract":"A non-disintegrating, asymmetric membrane capsular system for a poorly water soluble drug, flurbiprofen, was developed and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Asymmetric membrane capsules were made by phase inversion. The effect of varying osmotic pressure of the dissolution medium on drug release was studied. Acute toxicity studies and histomorphological analysis were conducted in rats. Scanning electron microscopy showed an outer dense region with few pores and an inner porous region on the prepared asymmetric membrane. Statistical tests on in vitro release studies were applied at p>0.05. The drug release was found to be independent of the pH but dependent on the osmotic pressure of the dissolution medium. The results of in vivo toxicity studies may support the use of phase transited asymmetric membrane capsules as a means for delivery of gastro-intestinal irritant drugs in a controlled manner through Fickian diffusion.","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"156 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84677375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmid Borne Resistance in Klebsiella Isolates from Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.","authors":"J. M. Bururia, P. Kinyanjui, P. Waiyaki, S. Kariuki, P. Karimi","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I2.44765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V11I2.44765","url":null,"abstract":"Eighty six Klebsiella isolates from Kenyatta National Hospital and the Centre for Microbiology, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi were screened for resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents and for their plasmid content. Plasmids were transferred into Esherichia coli K-12 and resulting transconjugants screened for resistance to the antimicrobial agents used on Klebsiella donors and for their plasmid content. Plasmids from the Klebsiella isolates were also transformed into Eschericia coli and transformants analyzed for resistance and plasmid content. Endonuclease restriction mapping was done to characterize the plasmids from Klebsiella isolates and their Eschericia coli transformants. Resistance was found to be plasmid borne and transmissible.","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86107410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}