The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology最新文献

Anatomical description of a pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps (Cetacea: Kogiidae), pre‐term calf using CT scan and 3D reconstructions 利用 CT 扫描和三维重建对侏儒抹香鲸 Kogia breviceps（鲸目动物：Kogiidae）产前幼鲸进行解剖描述

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25573

Lara Bennati‐Madureira, Gabriel Leandro Gomes, Kellen Adriana Curci Daros, André Luis da Silva Casas

{"title":"Anatomical description of a pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps (Cetacea: Kogiidae), pre‐term calf using CT scan and 3D reconstructions","authors":"Lara Bennati‐Madureira, Gabriel Leandro Gomes, Kellen Adriana Curci Daros, André Luis da Silva Casas","doi":"10.1002/ar.25573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25573","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about the biology of pygmy sperm whales, Kogia breviceps (De Blainville, 1838), being that most anatomical descriptions for the species derive from necropsy after stranding or from osteological material preserved in museums. This species is rarely seen despite its wide distribution, and its reproductive behaviour is still being investigated. The eventual occurrence of pregnant female strandings and the collection and description of foetuses can give clues about the organisms' mostly unknown early development. However, this type of biological material is extremely rare, limiting anatomical analysis due to the risk of damage or loss. Here, we describe the external and internal anatomy of an 84 cm long K. breviceps foetus. The methods utilised were non‐intrusive, meaning that no incisions were made on the specimen. The foetus was analysed using computed tomography images and a three‐dimensional reconstruction of the skeleton. A great number of features were observed, such as axial and appendicular skeletal structures, internal organs, echolocation apparatus and umbilical cord, as well as diagnostic characters of the species, such as the asymmetrical skull, spermaceti chamber and false gill pigmentation. We suggest that more specimens on different stages of development should be analysed by the same technique, as well as further comparison with specimens from other taxa, in order to facilitate more comparative studies on embryonic and foetal development of cetaceans.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

New Glires materials from the East Mesa, Erlian Basin (Nei Mongol, China) 二连盆地东梅山（中国内蒙古）出土的格利尔斯新材料

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25462

Qian Li

引用次数: 0

Morphological diversity of saber‐tooth upper canines and its functional implications 剑齿虎上犬齿的形态多样性及其功能影响

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25458

Caitlin D. Shelbourne, Stephan Lautenschlager

{"title":"Morphological diversity of saber‐tooth upper canines and its functional implications","authors":"Caitlin D. Shelbourne, Stephan Lautenschlager","doi":"10.1002/ar.25458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25458","url":null,"abstract":"Elongated upper canine teeth, commonly known as saber‐teeth, have evolved three times within the sub‐order Feliformia. The species that wielded them flourished throughout the Cenozoic and have historically been separated into two morphological groups: the dirk‐tooths with longer, flatter canines, and the scimitar‐tooths with shorter, serrated teeth. However, quantitative morphological analysis has not been conducted on these teeth to determine the true amount of diversity within the group, and how the upper canine morphology of extant feliforms compared to their extinct relatives has also not been explored. Using Geometric Morphometric analysis, it is shown that saber‐tooth upper canine morphology is exceptionally diverse, with no extant clade having all its members occupy the same morphospace based on tooth length and curvature. Instead, a neutral basal morphospace is observed for all groups and diversification from this basal position is seen as species become more derived. A distinct and consistent scimitar tooth morphology is also not observed within the morphospace. When compared with extant taxa, several saber‐tooth species are seen to be morphologically similar to extant feliforms, several of which exhibit novel dietary strategies in comparison to the obligate carnivore felids. Biomechanical analyses of different actual and theoretical tooth shapes demonstrate that saber‐teeth upper canines further represent a functional compromise between sharpness, curvature, and length on the one hand, and robustness and material investment on the other.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140636422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating extinct pseudosuchian body mass estimates using a femur volume‐based model 利用基于股骨体积的模型评估已灭绝伪蜥的体重估计值

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25452

Holly N. Woodward, Paul Aubier, Mariana Valéria Araújo de Sena, Jorge Cubo

{"title":"Evaluating extinct pseudosuchian body mass estimates using a femur volume‐based model","authors":"Holly N. Woodward, Paul Aubier, Mariana Valéria Araújo de Sena, Jorge Cubo","doi":"10.1002/ar.25452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25452","url":null,"abstract":"The clade Pseudosuchia appeared 250 million years ago. The exclusively semi‐aquatic Crocodylia, which includes crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials is the only surviving subgroup. Investigating Crocodylia biology is pivotal for inferring traits of extinct pseudosuchians. Alligator femur length is widely used for modeling pseudosuchian body mass, but the regression is influenced by sex and captivity status, leading to potential accuracy problems. An alternative model results from the correlation between alligator femur volume and body mass, which is unaffected by those covariates. Here, an alligator femur volume‐based regression is applied to estimate the masses of non‐crocodylian pseudosuchians, encompassing goniopholids, dyrosaurs, notosuchians, and thalattosuchians. For each, femur volume as the predictor yields lower body masses than does femur length. Morphological resemblances to existing crocodylians support the inference that extinct goniopholids and dyrosaurs were semi‐aquatic. Therefore, body masses predicted from femur length and volume should be reasonable, although larger body masses obtained from femur length may reflect sensitivity to sex or environmental factors. Fully terrestrial notosuchians had proportionately longer femora for their body sizes compared to semi‐aquatic crocodylians, suggesting that the higher body masses predicted from alligator femur length are overestimates. Fully aquatic thalattosuchians, skeletally adapted for buoyancy and with reduced reliance on the femur for locomotion, pose challenges for both femur length and volume‐based models. The results of this study advocate for the use of femur volume to predict body mass, particularly for semi‐aquatic and terrestrial pseudosuchians, and encourage further exploration of volumetric models as body size predictors for extinct vertebrates.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140623020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparing cranial biomechanics between Barbourofelis fricki and Smilodon fatalis: Is there a universal killing‐bite among saber‐toothed predators? 比较Barbourofelis fricki和Smilodon fatalis的头骨生物力学：剑齿食肉动物中是否存在一种通用的杀戮咬合方式？

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Pub Date : 2024-04-13 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25451

Borja Figueirido, Shane Tucker, Stephan Lautenschlager

{"title":"Comparing cranial biomechanics between Barbourofelis fricki and Smilodon fatalis: Is there a universal killing‐bite among saber‐toothed predators?","authors":"Borja Figueirido, Shane Tucker, Stephan Lautenschlager","doi":"10.1002/ar.25451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25451","url":null,"abstract":"Saber‐tooths, extinct apex predators with long and blade‐like upper canines, have appeared iteratively at least five times in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. Although saber‐tooths exhibit a relatively diverse range of morphologies, it is widely accepted that all killed their prey using the same predatory behavior. In this study, we CT‐scanned the skull of Barbourofelis fricki and compared its cranial mechanics using finite element analysis (FEA) with that of Smilodon fatalis. Our aim was to investigate potential variations in killing behavior between two dirk‐toothed sabretooths from the Miocene and Pleistocene of North America. The study revealed that B. fricki had a stoutly‐built skull capable of withstanding stress in various prey‐killing scenarios, while the skull of S. fatalis appeared less optimized for supporting stress, which highlights the highly derived saber‐tooth morphology of the former. The results may indicate that B. fricki was more of a generalist in prey‐killing compared to S. fatalis, which experiences lower stresses under stabbing loads. We hypothesize that morphological specialization in saber‐tooths does not necessarily indicate ecological specialization. Our results support the notion that morphological convergence among saber‐toothed cats may obscure differences in hunting strategies employed to dispatch their prey. Our findings challenge the assumption of the universally assumed canine‐shear biting as the prey‐killing behavior of all saber‐toothed cats. However, further research involving a wider range of dirk and scimitar‐toothed forms could provide additional insights into the diversity of cranial biomechanics within this fascinating group of extinct mammalian predators.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Postcranial anomalies of Eocene freshwater pleurodiran and cryptodiran turtles from the Spanish Duero Basin 西班牙杜罗河盆地始新世淡水褶纹龟和隐纹龟的颅后反常现象

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Pub Date : 2024-04-13 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25443

Andrea Guerrero, Francisco Ortega, Santiago Martín de Jesús, Adán Pérez‐García

{"title":"Postcranial anomalies of Eocene freshwater pleurodiran and cryptodiran turtles from the Spanish Duero Basin","authors":"Andrea Guerrero, Francisco Ortega, Santiago Martín de Jesús, Adán Pérez‐García","doi":"10.1002/ar.25443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25443","url":null,"abstract":"Testudines are one of the best‐represented taxonomic groups among the Paleogene taxa of the Duero Basin (Castile and Leon Autonomous Community, central Spain). Among them, Neochelys (Podocnemidide) and Allaeochelys (Carettochelyidae) are most abundant, allowing the population to be assessed for osteological anomalies. The abundance of postcranial remains of both taxa allows us to identify several individuals with potential anomalies, mostly in their shells. Some of them have already been described in previous studies, but most of them are still unpublished. The objective of this study is to analyze in detail the anomalous Neochelys and Allaeochelys remains. As a result, different categories of causal agents (such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, or trauma) have been identified as potential producers of the anomalies in these freshwater turtles. Information regarding the pathogenesis and healing stages of some of these anomalies is provided.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Early synapsids neurosensory diversity revealed by CT and synchrotron scanning 通过 CT 和同步辐射扫描揭示早期突眼动物神经感觉的多样性

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25445

J. Benoit, R. Araujo, E. S. Lund, A. Bolton, T. Lafferty, Z. Macungo, V. Fernandez

{"title":"Early synapsids neurosensory diversity revealed by CT and synchrotron scanning","authors":"J. Benoit, R. Araujo, E. S. Lund, A. Bolton, T. Lafferty, Z. Macungo, V. Fernandez","doi":"10.1002/ar.25445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25445","url":null,"abstract":"Non‐mammaliaform synapsids (NMS) represent the closest relatives of today's mammals among the early amniotes. Exploring their brain and nervous system is key to understanding how mammals evolved. Here, using CT and Synchrotron scanning, we document for the first time three extreme cases of neurosensory and behavioral adaptations that probe into the wide range of unexpected NMS paleoneurological diversity. First, we describe adaptations to low‐frequency hearing and low‐light conditions in the non‐mammalian cynodont Cistecynodon parvus, supporting adaptations to an obligatory fossorial lifestyle. Second, we describe the uniquely complex and three‐dimensional maxillary canal morphology of the biarmosuchian Pachydectes elsi, which suggests that it may have used its cranial bosses for display or low‐energy combat. Finally, we introduce a paleopathology found in the skull of Moschognathus whaitsi. Since the specimen was not fully grown, this condition suggests the possibility that this species might have engaged in playful fighting as juveniles—a behavior that is both social and structured. Additionally, this paper discusses other evidence that could indicate that tapinocephalid dinocephalians were social animals, living and interacting closely with one another. Altogether, these examples evidence the wide range of diversity of neurological structures and complex behavior in NMS.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Who was the real sabertooth predator: Thylacosmilus or Thylacoleo? 谁才是真正的剑齿虎？Thylacosmilus还是Thylacoleo？

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25444

Christine M. Janis

{"title":"Who was the real sabertooth predator: Thylacosmilus or Thylacoleo?","authors":"Christine M. Janis","doi":"10.1002/ar.25444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25444","url":null,"abstract":"Sabertoothed mammalian predators, all now extinct, were almost exclusively feloid carnivorans (Eutheria, Placentalia): here a couple of extinct metatherian predators are considered in comparison with the placental sabertooths. Thylacosmilus (the “marsupial sabertooth”) and Thylacoleo (the “marsupial lion”) were both relatively large (puma‐sized) carnivores of the Plio‐Pleistocene in the Southern Hemisphere (Argentina and Australia, respectively). Both carnivores have captured the public imagination, especially as predators that were somehow analogous to northern placental forms. But a more detailed consideration of their morphology shows that neither can be simply analogized with its supposed placental counterpart. While Thylacosmilus did indeed have saber‐like canines, many aspects of its anatomy show that it could not have killed prey in the manner proposed for the sabertoothed felids such as Smilodon. Rather than being an active predator, it may have been a specialized scavenger, using the hypertrophied canines to open carcasses, and perhaps deployed a large tongue to extract the innards. Thylacoleo lacked canines, and its supposedly “caniniform” incisors could not have acted like a felid's canines. Nevertheless, while its mode of dispatching its prey remains a subject for debate, it was clearly a powerful predator, likely to be capable of bringing down prey bigger than itself while hunting alone. In that regard, it may have filled the ecomorphological role proposed for placental sabertooths, and so despite the lack of canines can be nominated as the true “marsupial sabertooth” out of the two extinct taxa.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bending performance changes during prolonged canine eruption in saber‐toothed carnivores: A case study of Smilodon fatalis 剑齿食肉动物在长时间犬齿喷出期间弯曲性能的变化：Smilodon fatalis 的案例研究

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25447

Z. Jack Tseng

{"title":"Bending performance changes during prolonged canine eruption in saber‐toothed carnivores: A case study of Smilodon fatalis","authors":"Z. Jack Tseng","doi":"10.1002/ar.25447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25447","url":null,"abstract":"The canine of saber‐toothed predators represents one of the most specialized dental structures known. Hypotheses about the function of hypertrophied canines range from display and conspecific interaction, soft food processing, to active prey acquisition. Recent research on the ontogenetic timing of skull traits indicates the adult canine can take years to fully erupt, but the consequences of prolonged eruption on inferences of canine functional morphology are missing from current discourse and have not been quantified. Here I evaluate hypotheses about adult canine bending strength and stiffness, respectively, during eruption in the felid Smilodon fatalis. Simulated eruption sequences of three adult canines were generated from specimen models to assess shifting cross‐sectional geometry properties, and bending strength and stiffness under laterally directed loads were estimated using finite element analysis. Consistent with beam theory expectations, S. fatalis canine cross‐sectional geometry is optimized for increased bending strength with increased erupted height. However, canine cross‐sectional geometry changes through eruption exaggerate rather than minimize lateral deflection. Spatial constraint for maximum root length from adjacent sensory structures in the maxilla and the recently identified universal power law are hypothesized to limit the growth capacity of canine anteroposterior length and, consequently, maintenance of bending stiffness through eruption. Instead, the joint presence of the deciduous and adult canines for >50% of the adult canine eruption period effectively increases canine mediolateral width and brings bending strength and stiffness estimates closer to theoretical optima. Similarly prolonged retention of deciduous canines in other sabertooths suggests dual‐canine buttressing is a convergently evolved strategy to maximize bending strength and stiffness.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Action Sites of Propofol in the Normal Human Brain Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 异丙酚在正常人大脑中的作用部位的功能磁共振成像研究

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21289

Hui Zhang, Wei Wang, Zhijing Zhao, Y. Ge, Jinsong Zhang, Daihua Yu, W. Chai, Shengxi Wu, Lixian Xu

{"title":"The Action Sites of Propofol in the Normal Human Brain Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging","authors":"Hui Zhang, Wei Wang, Zhijing Zhao, Y. Ge, Jinsong Zhang, Daihua Yu, W. Chai, Shengxi Wu, Lixian Xu","doi":"10.1002/ar.21289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21289","url":null,"abstract":"Propofol has been used for many years but its functional target in the intact brain remains unclear. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate blood oxygen level dependence signal changes in the normal human brain during propofol anesthesia and explored the possible action targets of propofol. Ten healthy subjects were enrolled in two experimental sessions. In session 1, the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale was performed to evaluate asleep to awake/alert status. In session 2, images with blood oxygen level dependence contrast were obtained with echo‐planar imaging on a 1.5‐T Philips Gyroscan Magnetic Resonance System and analyzed. In both sessions, subjects were intravenously administered with saline (for 3 min) and then propofol (for 1.5 min) and saline again (for 10.5 min) with a constant speed infusion pump. Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale scoring showed that the subjects experienced conscious–sedative–unconscious–analepsia, which correlated well with the signal decreases in the anesthesia states. Propofol induced significant signal decreases in hypothalamus (18.2% ± 3.6%), frontal lobe (68.5% ± 11.2%), and temporal lobe (34.7% ± 6.1%). Additionally, the signals at these three sites were fulminant and changed synchronously. While in the thalamus, the signal decrease was observed in 5 of 10 of the subjects and the magnitude of decrease was 3.9% ± 1.6%. These results suggest that there is most significant inhibition in hypothalamus, frontal lobe, and temporal in propofol anesthesia and moderate inhibition in thalamus. These brain regions might be the targets of propofol anesthesia in human brain. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80983214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4