通过 CT 和同步辐射扫描揭示早期突眼动物神经感觉的多样性

J. Benoit, R. Araujo, E. S. Lund, A. Bolton, T. Lafferty, Z. Macungo, V. Fernandez
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引用次数: 0

摘要

非哺乳动物形态的合趾目(NMS)是今天哺乳动物在早期羊膜动物中的近亲。探索它们的大脑和神经系统是了解哺乳动物进化过程的关键。在这里,我们利用 CT 和同步加速器扫描,首次记录了神经感觉和行为适应性的三个极端案例,探究了意想不到的 NMS 古神经系统多样性的广泛范围。首先,我们描述了非哺乳动物犬齿龙(Cistecynodon parvus)对低频听觉和弱光条件的适应,这支持了对强制性化石生活方式的适应。其次,我们描述了生物剑齿虎 Pachydectes elsi 独特的复杂和三维的上颌管形态,这表明它可能利用其头盖骨进行展示或低能量战斗。最后,我们介绍了在Moschognathus whaitsi头骨中发现的一种古病理学。由于该标本尚未完全长成,这种情况表明该物种可能在幼年时期进行过嬉戏打斗--这种行为既是社会性的,也是结构性的。此外,本文还讨论了其他一些证据,这些证据可能表明龙脑类恐龙是社会性动物,它们彼此生活在一起并密切互动。总之,这些例子证明了 NMS 神经结构和复杂行为的广泛多样性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Early synapsids neurosensory diversity revealed by CT and synchrotron scanning
Non‐mammaliaform synapsids (NMS) represent the closest relatives of today's mammals among the early amniotes. Exploring their brain and nervous system is key to understanding how mammals evolved. Here, using CT and Synchrotron scanning, we document for the first time three extreme cases of neurosensory and behavioral adaptations that probe into the wide range of unexpected NMS paleoneurological diversity. First, we describe adaptations to low‐frequency hearing and low‐light conditions in the non‐mammalian cynodont Cistecynodon parvus, supporting adaptations to an obligatory fossorial lifestyle. Second, we describe the uniquely complex and three‐dimensional maxillary canal morphology of the biarmosuchian Pachydectes elsi, which suggests that it may have used its cranial bosses for display or low‐energy combat. Finally, we introduce a paleopathology found in the skull of Moschognathus whaitsi. Since the specimen was not fully grown, this condition suggests the possibility that this species might have engaged in playful fighting as juveniles—a behavior that is both social and structured. Additionally, this paper discusses other evidence that could indicate that tapinocephalid dinocephalians were social animals, living and interacting closely with one another. Altogether, these examples evidence the wide range of diversity of neurological structures and complex behavior in NMS.
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