Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献_第4页

Anonymous Traffic Detection Based on Feature Engineering and Reinforcement Learning 基于特征工程和强化学习的匿名流量检测

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/s24072295

Dazhou Liu, Younghee Park

{"title":"Anonymous Traffic Detection Based on Feature Engineering and Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Dazhou Liu, Younghee Park","doi":"10.3390/s24072295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072295","url":null,"abstract":"Anonymous networks, which aim primarily to protect user identities, have gained prominence as tools for enhancing network security and anonymity. Nonetheless, these networks have become a platform for adversarial affairs and sources of suspicious attack traffic. To defend against unpredictable adversaries on the Internet, detecting anonymous network traffic has emerged as a necessity. Many supervised approaches to identify anonymous traffic have harnessed machine learning strategies. However, many require access to engineered datasets and complex architectures to extract the desired information. Due to the resistance of anonymous network traffic to traffic analysis and the scarcity of publicly available datasets, those approaches may need to improve their training efficiency and achieve a higher performance when it comes to anonymous traffic detection. This study utilizes feature engineering techniques to extract pattern information and rank the feature importance of the static traces of anonymous traffic. To leverage these pattern attributes effectively, we developed a reinforcement learning framework that encompasses four key components: states, actions, rewards, and state transitions. A lightweight system is devised to classify anonymous and non-anonymous network traffic. Subsequently, two fine-tuned thresholds are proposed to substitute the traditional labels in a binary classification system. The system will identify anonymous network traffic without reliance on labeled data. The experimental results underscore that the system can identify anonymous traffic with an accuracy rate exceeding 80% (when based on pattern information).","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"124 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140766584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Incremental Clustering for Predictive Maintenance in Cryogenics for Radio Astronomy 用于射电天文学低温设备预测性维护的增量聚类技术

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/s24072278

Alessandro Cabras, P. Ortu, T. Pisanu, Paolo Maxia, Roberto Caocci

引用次数: 0

Accurate Nonstandard Path Integral Models for Arbitrary Dielectric Boundaries in 2-D NS-FDTD Domains 二维 NS-FDTD 域中任意介质边界的精确非标准路径积分模型

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/s24072373

T. Ohtani, Y. Kanai, N. Kantartzis

引用次数: 0

Industrial Fault Detection Employing Meta Ensemble Model Based on Contact Sensor Ultrasonic Signal 基于接触传感器超声波信号的元集合模型的工业故障检测

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/s24072297

Amirhossein Moshrefi, H. H. Tawfik, M. Elsayed, F. Nabki

{"title":"Industrial Fault Detection Employing Meta Ensemble Model Based on Contact Sensor Ultrasonic Signal","authors":"Amirhossein Moshrefi, H. H. Tawfik, M. Elsayed, F. Nabki","doi":"10.3390/s24072297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072297","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic diagnostics is the earliest way to predict industrial faults. Usually, a contact microphone is employed for detection, but the recording will be contaminated with noise. In this paper, a dataset that contains 10 main faults of pipelines and motors is analyzed from which 30 different features in the time and frequency domains are extracted. Afterward, for dimensionality reduction, principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) are performed. In the subsequent phase, recursive feature elimination (RFE) is employed as a strategic method to analyze and select the most relevant features for the classifiers. Next, predictive models consisting of k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are employed. Then, in order to solve the classification problem, a stacking classifier based on a meta-classifier which combines multiple classification models is introduced. Furthermore, the k-fold cross-validation technique is employed to assess the effectiveness of the model in handling new data for the evaluation of experimental results in ultrasonic fault detection. With the proposed method, the accuracy is around 5% higher over five cross folds with the least amount of variation. The timing evaluation of the meta model on the 64 MHz Cortex M4 microcontroller unit (MCU) revealed an execution time of 11 ms, indicating it could be a promising solution for real-time monitoring.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"84 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140783177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biomechanical Assessment Methods Used in Chronic Stroke: A Scoping Review of Non-Linear Approaches 用于慢性中风的生物力学评估方法：非线性方法范围综述

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/s24072338

Marta Freitas, Francisco Pinho, Liliana Pinho, Sandra Silva, Vânia Figueira, J. Vilas-Boas, Augusta Silva

{"title":"Biomechanical Assessment Methods Used in Chronic Stroke: A Scoping Review of Non-Linear Approaches","authors":"Marta Freitas, Francisco Pinho, Liliana Pinho, Sandra Silva, Vânia Figueira, J. Vilas-Boas, Augusta Silva","doi":"10.3390/s24072338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072338","url":null,"abstract":"Non-linear and dynamic systems analysis of human movement has recently become increasingly widespread with the intention of better reflecting how complexity affects the adaptability of motor systems, especially after a stroke. The main objective of this scoping review was to summarize the non-linear measures used in the analysis of kinetic, kinematic, and EMG data of human movement after stroke. PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed, establishing the eligibility criteria, the population, the concept, and the contextual framework. The examined studies were published between 1 January 2013 and 12 April 2023, in English or Portuguese, and were indexed in the databases selected for this research: PubMed®, Web of Science®, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers®, Science Direct® and Google Scholar®. In total, 14 of the 763 articles met the inclusion criteria. The non-linear measures identified included entropy (n = 11), fractal analysis (n = 1), the short-term local divergence exponent (n = 1), the maximum Floquet multiplier (n = 1), and the Lyapunov exponent (n = 1). These studies focused on different motor tasks: reaching to grasp (n = 2), reaching to point (n = 1), arm tracking (n = 2), elbow flexion (n = 5), elbow extension (n = 1), wrist and finger extension upward (lifting) (n = 1), knee extension (n = 1), and walking (n = 4). When studying the complexity of human movement in chronic post-stroke adults, entropy measures, particularly sample entropy, were preferred. Kinematic assessment was mainly performed using motion capture systems, with a focus on joint angles of the upper limbs.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"271 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140793559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy Provides a Reproducible Estimate of Muscle Aerobic Capacity, but Not Whole-Body Aerobic Power 近红外光谱可提供肌肉有氧能力的可重复估算值，但不能提供全身有氧功率的估算值

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/s24072277

T. Venckunas, Andrius Satas, M. Brazaitis, N. Eimantas, S. Sipaviciene, S. Kamandulis

{"title":"Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy Provides a Reproducible Estimate of Muscle Aerobic Capacity, but Not Whole-Body Aerobic Power","authors":"T. Venckunas, Andrius Satas, M. Brazaitis, N. Eimantas, S. Sipaviciene, S. Kamandulis","doi":"10.3390/s24072277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072277","url":null,"abstract":"Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during repeated limb occlusions is a noninvasive tool for assessing muscle oxidative capacity. However, the method’s reliability and validity remain under investigation. This study aimed to determine the reliability of the NIRS-derived mitochondrial power of the musculus vastus lateralis and its correlation with whole-body (cycling) aerobic power (V˙O2 peak). Eleven healthy active men (28 ± 10 y) twice (2 days apart) underwent repeated arterial occlusions to induce changes in muscle oxygen delivery after 15 s of electrical muscle stimulation. The muscle oxygen consumption (mV˙O2) recovery time and rate (k) constants were calculated from the NIRS O2Hb signal. We assessed the reliability (coefficient of variation and intraclass coefficient of correlation [ICC]) and equivalency (t-test) between visits. The results showed high reproducibility for the mV˙O2 recovery time constant (ICC = 0.859) and moderate reproducibility for the k value (ICC = 0.674), with no significant differences between visits (p > 0.05). NIRS-derived k did not correlate with the V˙O2 peak relative to body mass (r = 0.441, p = 0.17) or the absolute V˙O2 peak (r = 0.366, p = 0.26). In conclusion, NIRS provides a reproducible estimate of muscle mitochondrial power, which, however, was not correlated with whole-body aerobic capacity in the current study, suggesting that even if somewhat overlapping, not the same set of factors underpin these distinct indices of aerobic capacity at the different (peripheral and whole-body systemic) levels.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140757282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ZYNQ-Based Visible Light Defogging System Design Realization 基于 ZYNQ 的可见光除雾系统设计实现

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/s24072276

Bohan Liu, Qihai Wei, Kun Ding

{"title":"ZYNQ-Based Visible Light Defogging System Design Realization","authors":"Bohan Liu, Qihai Wei, Kun Ding","doi":"10.3390/s24072276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072276","url":null,"abstract":"Under a foggy environment, the air contains a large number of suspended particles, which lead to the loss of image information and decline of contrast collected by the vision system. This makes subsequent processing and analysis difficult. At the same time, the current stage of the defogging system has problems such as high hardware cost and poor real-time processing. In this article, an image defogging system is designed based on the ZYNQ platform. First of all, on the basis of the traditional dark-channel defogging algorithm, an algorithm for segmenting the sky is proposed, and in this way, the image distortion caused by the sky region is avoided, and the atmospheric light value and transmittance are estimated more accurately. Then color balancing is performed after image defogging to improve the quality of the final output image. The parallel computing advantage and logic resources of the PL (Programmable Logic) part (FPGA) of ZYNQ are fully utilized through instruction constraints and logic optimization. Finally, the visible light detector is used as the input to build a real-time video processing experiment platform. The experimental results show that the system has a good defogging effect and meet the real-time requirements.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"257 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140776645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Automated Pavement Condition Index Assessment with Deep Learning and Image Analysis: An End-to-End Approach 利用深度学习和图像分析自动评估路面状况指数：端到端方法

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/s24072333

Eldor B. Ibragimov, Yongsoo Kim, Jung Hee Lee, Junsang Cho, Jong-Jae Lee

{"title":"Automated Pavement Condition Index Assessment with Deep Learning and Image Analysis: An End-to-End Approach","authors":"Eldor B. Ibragimov, Yongsoo Kim, Jung Hee Lee, Junsang Cho, Jong-Jae Lee","doi":"10.3390/s24072333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072333","url":null,"abstract":"The degradation of road pavements due to environmental factors is a pressing issue in infrastructure maintenance, necessitating precise identification of pavement distresses. The pavement condition index (PCI) serves as a critical metric for evaluating pavement conditions, essential for effective budget allocation and performance tracking. Traditional manual PCI assessment methods are limited by labor intensity, subjectivity, and susceptibility to human error. Addressing these challenges, this paper presents a novel, end-to-end automated method for PCI calculation, integrating deep learning and image processing technologies. The first stage employs a deep learning algorithm for accurate detection of pavement cracks, followed by the application of a segmentation-based skeleton algorithm in image processing to estimate crack width precisely. This integrated approach enhances the assessment process, providing a more comprehensive evaluation of pavement integrity. The validation results demonstrate a 95% accuracy in crack detection and 90% accuracy in crack width estimation. Leveraging these results, the automated PCI rating is achieved, aligned with standards, showcasing significant improvements in the efficiency and reliability of PCI evaluations. This method offers advancements in pavement maintenance strategies and potential applications in broader road infrastructure management.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"398 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140778624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vehicle Position Detection Based on Machine Learning Algorithms in Dynamic Wireless Charging 动态无线充电中基于机器学习算法的车辆位置检测

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/s24072346

Milad Behnamfar, Alexander Stevenson, Mohd Tariq, Arif Sarwat

引用次数: 0

Multi-Task Foreground-Aware Network with Depth Completion for Enhanced RGB-D Fusion Object Detection Based on Transformer 基于变换器的多任务前景感知网络与深度补全用于增强型 RGB-D 融合对象检测

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/s24072374

Jiasheng Pan, Songyi Zhong, Tao Yue, Yankun Yin, Yanhao Tang

{"title":"Multi-Task Foreground-Aware Network with Depth Completion for Enhanced RGB-D Fusion Object Detection Based on Transformer","authors":"Jiasheng Pan, Songyi Zhong, Tao Yue, Yankun Yin, Yanhao Tang","doi":"10.3390/s24072374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072374","url":null,"abstract":"Fusing multiple sensor perceptions, specifically LiDAR and camera, is a prevalent method for target recognition in autonomous driving systems. Traditional object detection algorithms are limited by the sparse nature of LiDAR point clouds, resulting in poor fusion performance, especially for detecting small and distant targets. In this paper, a multi-task parallel neural network based on the Transformer is constructed to simultaneously perform depth completion and object detection. The loss functions are redesigned to reduce environmental noise in depth completion, and a new fusion module is designed to enhance the network’s perception of the foreground and background. The network leverages the correlation between RGB pixels for depth completion, completing the LiDAR point cloud and addressing the mismatch between sparse LiDAR features and dense pixel features. Subsequently, we extract depth map features and effectively fuse them with RGB features, fully utilizing the depth feature differences between foreground and background to enhance object detection performance, especially for challenging targets. Compared to the baseline network, improvements of 4.78%, 8.93%, and 15.54% are achieved in the difficult indicators for cars, pedestrians, and cyclists, respectively. Experimental results also demonstrate that the network achieves a speed of 38 fps, validating the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"389 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140778760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0