2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers最新文献

{"title":"Ferroresonance phenomenon in CFE, its origin and effects","authors":"E. Martinez, G. Antonova, M. Olguin","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822057","url":null,"abstract":"Technological improvements and energy exchange between and within electrical systems require more availability and reliability, and the use of communication channels and measuring devices helps to achieve this goal. Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CCVTs) traditionally have been essential for power systems communications using Power Line Carrier (PLC). Normally, CCVT devices have an adequate ferroresonance protection. However, CCVTs failures due to environmental conditions and their lack of accuracy for energy billing led some electrical companies like the Mexican company Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) to gradual replacement of CCVT devices by the Inductive Voltage Transformers (IVT), which are installed now in bus bars of electrical substations. In addition to satisfy communications needs PLCs were replaced by the optical fiber communications. As IVT devices do not have anti ferroresonance elements, ferroresonance phenomenon started to appear more frequently during operation maneuvers in several electrical substations. This paper presents background on CCVT explosions, patterns of behavior before failures, Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) records for system effects, measurements and simulation of typical ferroresonance occurrences. Ferroresonance mitigation techniques and possible protection schemes are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":221348,"journal":{"name":"2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115830107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case study in improving protection system reliability with automatic NERC PRC-005 inspection, testing, reporting, and auditing","authors":"D. Stewart, R. Jenkins, D. Dolezilek","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822050","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a case study of the design process and validation of a simple and effective solution to satisfy the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) PRC-005 protection system maintenance program (PSMP) requirements. The example solution is a protection system monitoring (PSM) application for an in-service system at a hydroelectric generating station. This PSM system uses simple digital communication to collect information from intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) to perform real-time validation and status reporting to keep components in working order and to quickly restore the malfunctioning components to proper operation. The PSM controller and all communications are separate from protection and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) communications channels to prevent the possibility of affecting these communications channels. Control is not possible via the PSM communication, and the links are safely added to in-service systems, which simplifies conformance for existing plants. The PSM controller has a real-time operator interface that provides an up-to-the-second audit status of compliance, detected anomalies, and true alarms. The embedded maintenance program automatically performs all of the possible PRC-005 maintenance program activities, including the following: ; Verification - a means of determining that the component is functioning correctly. ; Monitoring - the observation of the routine in-service operation of the component. ; Testing - the application of signals to a component to observe functional performance, observe output behavior, or diagnose problems. ; Inspection - an operator interface to present visible signs of component failure, reduced performance, and degradation. ; Calibration - the recommendations for and confirmation of the adjustment of the operating threshold or measurement accuracy of a measuring element to meet the intended performance requirement. ; Upkeep - the routine activities to ensure that the component remains in good working order and ensure the visibility of any hardware and software service advisories that are relevant to the device application. ; Restoration - the description and acknowledgement of the completion of actions to restore the proper operation of malfunctioning components. Critical protection system components, including potential transformers, current transformers, relays, controllers, station dc supply, and communications channels, are automatically monitored for function and accuracy. The system includes the automatic collection of event reports and disturbance records to provide enterprise-level event storage and analysis. The system is scalable in size and function. A discussion of future enhancements, such as trip circuit validation, is included in this paper. The isolation of the PSM system from the protection, control, and monitoring (PCM) network operation is also discussed to address system security. The system was tested using the design of an actual ","PeriodicalId":221348,"journal":{"name":"2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115047313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generator stator protection","authors":"J. Simms, S. Pavavicharn","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822059","url":null,"abstract":"When considering protection for the generator stator, the engineer must balance the expense of applying a particular relay or relay system against the consequences of losing a generator. The total loss of a generator may not be catastrophic if it represents a small percentage of the investment in an installation. However, the impact on service reliability and the upset to loads supplied also must be considered. Damage to and loss of production in continuous processes can represent the dominating concern rather than the generator unit. Accordingly, there is no standard solution based on the MW rating. However, it is expected that a 500 kW, 480 V standby reciprocating engine will have less protection than a 400 MW base load steam turbine unit. One possible common dividing point is that the extra CTs needed for current differential protection are less commonly seen on generators less than 2 MVA, less than 600 V or those never paralleled to other generation sources.","PeriodicalId":221348,"journal":{"name":"2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121564907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing tripping times in medium voltage switchgear","authors":"Robert A. Wilson, R. Catlett","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822041","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional coordination time intervals (CTI) between successive levels of protection in a main-tie-main (MTM) configuration have been about 0.25 to 0.3 seconds. When several layers of coordination must be accommodated, the backup clearing times can be excessively long. However, a variety of approaches may be used to reduce overall backup coordination times. When coordination time improves, there may also be significant impacts on total clearing time, arc flash incident energy, voltage regulation, motor dropouts and system integrity. This paper compares three approaches to reducing the maximum total clearing time in a typical MTM configuration including: Setting group change(s) with feedback from the tie breaker position; Use of high-speed relay-to-relay communications to quickly isolate fault locations; Use of an electronically triggered fault current limiter (ET-FCL) to limit available fault current.","PeriodicalId":221348,"journal":{"name":"2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122012611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standard profile for use of IEEE std 1588-2008 precision time protocol (PTP) in power system applications","authors":"G. Antonova, A. Apostolov, D. Amold, P. Bedrosian, C. Brunner, D. Bui, W. Dickerson, M. Dood, H. Gerstung, D. Giarratano, R. Graf, R. Harada, C. Hoga, C. Huntley, D. Ingram, H. Kirrmann, S. Klein, T. Ko, S. Kunsman, K. Martin, G. Michel, R. Midence, B. Muschlitz, L. Montini, R. Moore, R. J. Murphy, K. O'Donoghue, B. Popescu, C. Preuss, F. Rahmatian, M. Renz, V. Skendzic, K. Stanton, F. Steinhauser, T. Tibbals, J. C. Toumier, B. Vandiver, J. Waters, J. Wu, B. Xue","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822047","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a summary of the IEEE C37.238-2011 standard, which specifies a subset of PTP parameters and options to provide global time availability, device interoperability, and failure management. This set of PTP parameters and options allows IEEE 1588-based time synchronization to be used in mission critical power system protection, control, automation, and data communication applications utilizing Ethernet communications architecture.","PeriodicalId":221348,"journal":{"name":"2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131460075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Series compensation, power swings, and inverter-based sources and their impact on line current differential protection","authors":"Y. Xue, B. Kasztenny, Douglas I. Taylor, Yu Xia","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822029","url":null,"abstract":"It is common knowledge that the line current differential protection principle is not susceptible to unusual system conditions. This is true and straightforward regarding protection security but is not immediately obvious when considering dependability of protection. As a result of dismissing the impact of unusual system conditions, the effect of series compensation, power swings, and inverter-based short-circuit current sources on line current differential protection is not well understood. This paper briefly touches on protection security but focuses on the dependability of line current differential protection under a number of specific system conditions, including series compensation, power swings and off-nominal frequency, and inverter-based sources. This paper reviews the impact of each of the mentioned conditions and provides illustrations using simulations.","PeriodicalId":221348,"journal":{"name":"2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132474228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of the new IEC 61850 synchrophasor publish-subscribe profile","authors":"H. Falk, M. Adamiak, D. Baigent, V. Madani","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822046","url":null,"abstract":"The continuing development and implementation of Synchrophasors throughout the world has given rise to multi-utility sharing of these synchronized measurements, new applications using these measurements, and the need for secure transmission of such. To this end, the IEC TC57 Working Group 10 has undertaken the task to identify the communication requirements for these synchronized measurements and to develop a communication profile to effectively meet the identified requirements. This paper starts by reviewing the identified requirements, including those defined in the North American SynchroPhasor Initiative Network (NASPINet) document, as well as a number of other “use” cases. A description of the resulting profile to meet these requirements is then presented. Of particular note is the use of existing IEC 61850 constructs, such as GOOSE and Sample Values and the XML-based configuration tools that already exist to populate such. The issue of transmitting large synchrophasor datasets will be discussed as well as the management of redundant messages by the subscriber. The paper will also review the complete security suite that is part of the profile including message authentication, data encryption, and key management among the various subscribers of the message. Operational needs in the larger network will be discussed. Finally, a comparison between the existing C37.118 communication profile and IEC 61850 90-5 will be presented.","PeriodicalId":221348,"journal":{"name":"2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115917213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sizing current transformers for line protection applications","authors":"H. Altuve, N. Fischer, G. Benmouyal, D. Finney","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the factors to consider for sizing current transformers (CTs) for line protection applications. We first cover CT basics, with emphasis on errors and ac and dc saturation. We also discuss the criteria to avoid CT saturation. Then we analyze the effect of CT saturation on overcurrent, distance, directional, and differential elements. Further, we present the advances in protection element design to improve security and speed under CT saturation conditions. Finally, we discuss the tools available to the protection engineer for CT sizing and provide some guidelines.","PeriodicalId":221348,"journal":{"name":"2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124630141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective relaying challenges faced during the “control cubicle replacement” project","authors":"C. Anderson, Sophie Gray","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822054","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes some of the challenges faced from a transmission system protective relaying standpoint in executing this project from conceptual design in January 2010 to completed installation in December 2011. Some topics that are addressed include automatic reclosing schemes, breaker failure schemes, autotransformer protection schemes as well as different protection schemes for the transmission lines. In addition, the challenges of transferring the protection schemes from the existing control cubicle to the new control cubicle while maintaining a substantial portion of the substation inservice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":221348,"journal":{"name":"2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126288563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arc flash and electrical safety","authors":"W. Lee, T. Gammon, Z. Zhang, B. Johnson, J. Beyreis","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2013.6822024","url":null,"abstract":"According to NFPA 70E, more than 2000 workers are admitted to hospital burn centers per year for extensive injuries caused by arc flash accidents. Arc flash incidents occur when unintended electric current flows through air, superheating the air and causes an explosion. Recognizing the significant threat posed by arc flash hazards, IEEE and NFPA have joined forces on an initiative to support research and additional testing to increase the understanding of the arc flash phenomena. Several areas of the arc flash phenomena need further research and testing validation to provide relevant information that can be used for developing safety strategies to protect workers. The identified areas include but are not limited to: (a) Heat and Thermal Effects, (b) Blast Pressure, (c) Sound and (d) Light Hazards. The test results of this project will provide information to help more accurately predict the hazards associated with high energy arcing faults, thereby improving electrical safety standards and providing practical safeguards for employees in the work place. This report highlights the activities of this collaborative research project.","PeriodicalId":221348,"journal":{"name":"2013 66th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132241583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}