Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation最新文献

{"title":"An Umbrella Review of the Links Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Substance Misuse: What, Why, and Where Do We Go from Here?","authors":"Lucinda Grummitt,&nbsp;Emma Barrett,&nbsp;Erin Kelly,&nbsp;Nicola Newton","doi":"10.2147/SAR.S341818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S341818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>A wealth of research has identified adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; abuse, neglect, violence or disorder in the home) as a strong risk factor for substance misuse. Synthesis of the existing evidence is critical to shape policy and inform directions for future research. Existing reviews have focused on specific substances or substance use outcomes (eg, disorder), and do not include discussion of the mechanisms that operate between ACEs and substance misuse. The current umbrella review aims to synthesize reviews on the relationship between ACEs and substance misuse, review the evidence on the mechanisms linking these, identify existing gaps in our knowledge, and discuss critical directions for future research, practice, and public policy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two electronic databases (PsycINFO and Medline) were searched for reviews published between 1998 and 2022 on the link between ACEs and substance misuse. Twenty articles met eligibility criteria and were qualitatively synthesized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results overwhelmingly demonstrated an elevated risk of substance misuse or disorder, among adolescents and adults exposed to ACEs. Research on the mechanisms that explain this link highlights a multitude of potential intervention targets, with childhood stress propelling a cascade of effects across neurobiological, endocrine, immune, metabolic, and nervous systems, impacting psychosocial and cognitive functioning. Nonetheless, the literature is subject to limitations surrounding potential unmeasured cofounders and causality, as well as decontextualizing childhood adversity from broader structural issues that influence the link between ACEs and substance misuse. Research, policy, and practice that seek to holistically understand and address the relationship between ACEs and substance misuse within the broader social determinants of health is crucial.</p>","PeriodicalId":22060,"journal":{"name":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"83-100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b8/01/sar-13-83.PMC9675346.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40489224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prolonged Codeine Administration Causes Degeneration of Myelinated Axons and Motor Dysfunction in Wistar Rats.","authors":"Victor Bassey Archibong,&nbsp;Ibe Michael Usman,&nbsp;Ann Monima Lemuel","doi":"10.2147/SAR.S365982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S365982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Over-the-counter (OTC) anti-cough medications which contain codeine (an opioid) are extensively available in Nigeria, and hence prone to overuse or abuse. The study aimed to understand the effects of oral codeine administration on the integrity of neurons of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum and its behavioral implications in male Wistar rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty adult male Wistar rats of comparable weights were obtained and randomly allocated into 5 groups: A, B, C, D, and E (n = 6). Drugs used for the study were Archilin^TM with codeine and dihydrocodeine 30mg. Group A served as control and was administered 0.5mL/kg of normal saline. Groups B and C were treated with 1mg/kg and 2mg/kg of dihydrocodeine, respectively; Group D and E received 2mL/kg and 4mL/kg of Archilin^TM codeine syrup, respectively. The Archilin^TM codeine syrup and dihydrocodeine solutions were administered to the animals based on their body weight, orally and daily with the aid of oropharyngeal tubes for 21 days. The experimental animals were subjected to neurobehavioral studies using beam walk and open field. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine-hydrochloride intraperitoneally. The brains were quickly dissected out, rinsed with normal saline, and tissue processed for myelin studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The beam walking and open field result revealed that prolonged codeine administration interfered with motor function in the experimental animals. Sections of the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum of rats given normal saline showed normal myelin sheaths, whereas animals in the treatment group showed degenerating myelin compared to the control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prolonged consumption of prescription codeine causes degeneration of the myelin sheaths and this may affect the conduction of electrical impulses in myelinated axons thus resulting in motor function insufficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":22060,"journal":{"name":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"73-81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/48/3b/sar-13-73.PMC9664999.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40482425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of Delirium Tremens in AUD Patients in Treatment: Relationship to AUD Severity and Other Factors.","authors":"Jørgen G Bramness,&nbsp;Susmita Pandey,&nbsp;Jenny Skumsnes Moe,&nbsp;Helge Toft,&nbsp;Lars Lien,&nbsp;Ingeborg Bolstad","doi":"10.2147/SAR.S361810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S361810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Delirium tremens (DT) occurs after stopping prolonged, high alcohol intake and may be life-threatening if untreated. We need to know about clinical correlates of DT in order to provide the best clinical care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>At admission to inpatient treatment a cohort of 114 alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients were interviewed and examined concerning psychiatric diagnosis and symptoms, trauma experiences and alcohol related measures and if they had experienced DT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-four percent of the patients reported a life-time experience of DT. These patients were predominantly males and had lower educational level. More of the patients in the DT than the non-DT group reported at least one suicide attempt, were diagnosed with PTSD, and dropped out of treatment. Also, having parents with alcohol problems was more common among these patients, and they reported a longer duration of problematic drinking and a higher number of drinks needed to feel an effect of drinking. In the multivariable adjusted analysis only a diagnosis of PTSD (OR=5.71; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34-24.31) and duration of problematic drinking with a 6% increase in risk for every year (OR=1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.11) remained significant risk factors for having DT experience.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusion: </strong>Having experienced DT was more prevalent in the current investigation than in earlier studies. Patients that had experienced DT seemed to have more serious AUD, especially signified by a longer duration of drinking. These patients seemed to have many clinical disadvantages including more drop-out and higher suicide rate. PTSD could be a risk factor for DT but may also follow the DT experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":22060,"journal":{"name":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"65-72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/93/d2/sar-13-65.PMC9482447.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40370588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Services Available at United States Addiction Treatment Facilities That Offer Medications versus Behavioral Treatment Only: A Cross-Sectional, Observational Analysis.","authors":"Andrea Weber,&nbsp;Benjamin Miskle,&nbsp;Alison Lynch,&nbsp;Stephan Arndt,&nbsp;Laura Acion","doi":"10.2147/SAR.S356131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S356131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Substance use disorders (SUDs) are widespread and cause significant morbidity and mortality, yet most people in the United States with a SUD do not receive treatment. Recommendations call for widespread use of pharmacotherapy, including medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). However, many facilities do not offer a full array of medication treatments. This study aims to characterize programs that do and do not offer pharmacotherapy as part of addiction treatment services. We hypothesized that the availability of pharmacotherapy would predict the existence of other recommended components of treatment.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>We analyzed characteristics regarding treatment facilities (n = 15,782) recorded by the 2019 National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS) to determine how many SUD treatment facilities offer any pharmacotherapy. We compared facilities that offer any pharmacotherapy to facilities that offer none.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that 65% of SUD treatment facilities that responded to the N-SSATS survey provided at least one pharmacotherapy, while 35% of SUD treatment facilities did not. The facilities that provided at least one pharmacotherapy offered, on average, 6 additional treatment options (Cohen's d = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.84-0.91). Psychiatric medications were the most commonly available pharmacotherapy, followed by buprenorphine/naloxone and naltrexone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results support that pharmacotherapy availability, such as MOUD, at SUD treatment facilities is associated with an increased number of recommended treatment components. Since MOUD has been shown elsewhere to reduce mortality for people with OUD, it should be universally available at SUD treatment facilities. Further efforts are needed to make pharmacotherapy more widely available.</p>","PeriodicalId":22060,"journal":{"name":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"57-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/78/c2/sar-13-57.PMC9464624.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40359282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain and Predict Areca Nut Use Among Adolescents in India: An Exploratory Study.","authors":"Himanshu A Gupte,&nbsp;Nilesh Chatterjee,&nbsp;Gauri Mandal","doi":"10.2147/SAR.S377606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S377606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Areca nut, used alone or in combination with tobacco, contributes to the high oral cancer burden in India. Used widely by adolescents, who perceive it as a harmless substance, areca nut is addictive and considered a precursor to tobacco use. Given its serious implications for addictiveness and physical health, urgent preventive interventions for areca nut use are required in India and South-East Asia. Studies examining the role of health behavior theory in explaining and predicting areca nut use and for development of its prevention among adolescents are scarce.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study explored the role of the components of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) such as attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention in predicting areca nut use among adolescents.</p><p><strong>Settings and design: </strong>Observational study with cross-sectional design conducted with 1884 male and female adolescents attending low-income schools in Mumbai, India.</p><p><strong>Methods and material: </strong>Self-administered surveys were used to gather data on age, gender, behavioral factors and areca nut use.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>Chi-square and Mann Whitney test for bivariate and logistic regression for multivariate analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Around 27.2% of 1884 participants were areca nut users. The mean age of users was 13.75 years. Intention-to-use and perceived behavioral control were statistically significant predictors of actual areca nut use (p<0.001). The components of TPB such as attitude, perceived subjective social norms, and perceived behavioral control had a statistically significant effect on the intention-to-use areca nut (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This exploratory study indicates that constructs from TPB could help us understand and predict areca nut use. However, more rigorous future research is required to generate insights that help craft effective theory-based behavioral interventions for areca nut prevention and cessation in adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":22060,"journal":{"name":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"47-55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bf/82/sar-13-47.PMC9464035.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33464848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD): Current Clinical Perspectives.","authors":"Elizabeth K C Schwartz,&nbsp;Noah R Wolkowicz,&nbsp;Joao P De Aquino,&nbsp;R Ross MacLean,&nbsp;Mehmet Sofuoglu","doi":"10.2147/SAR.S337338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S337338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a devastating disorder, impacting both individuals and society. Individuals with CUD face many barriers in accessing treatment for CUD, and most individuals with CUD never receive treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of CUD, including risk factors for CUD, common co-occurring disorders, acute and chronic effects of cocaine use, and currently available pharmacological and behavioral treatments. There are no FDA-approved pharmacological treatments for CUD. Future studies with larger sample sizes and testing treatment combinations are warranted. However, individuals with CUD and co-occurring disorders (eg, a mood or anxiety disorder) may benefit from medication treatments. There are behavioral interventions that have demonstrated efficacy in treating CUD - contingency management (CM) and cognitive-behavioral therapy for substance use disorders (CBT-SUD) in particular - however many barriers remain in delivering these treatments to patients. Following the discussion of current treatments, we highlight some promising emerging treatments, as well as offer a framework that can be used in building a treatment plan for individuals with CUD.</p>","PeriodicalId":22060,"journal":{"name":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"25-46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d8/4a/sar-13-25.PMC9451050.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33462472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Insights on the Impact of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Abuse.","authors":"Emma Tay,&nbsp;Wing Kwan Winky Lo,&nbsp;Bridin Murnion","doi":"10.2147/SAR.S315720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S315720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recreational gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) use, although less common than other substance use, is increasingly recognised and is over-represented in emergency toxicology presentations. This narrative review summarizes GHB pharmacology, current patterns of use, potential harms and management of GHB toxicity and withdrawal. There is a complex interplay between GHB and GABA as GHB is both a prodrug and metabolite of GABA and GHB activates both GHB and GABA receptors. GHB is rapidly absorbed, with effects seen within minutes of ingestion. Metabolism is non-linear at higher doses. While GHB is listed as a controlled substance, its precursor's gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) are easily available as both have industrial applications. National surveys indicate low rates of GHB use, with identification of high-risk populations in men who have sex with men and polysubstance users. GHB is one of the three drugs most commonly used in chemsex. GHB is often co-ingested with other interacting psychoactive substances. Acute toxicity is dose-dependent, and management is supportive care. Withdrawal management is generally with benzodiazepines with addition of baclofen for more severe withdrawal. Barbiturates may have a role. Titration and tapering of pharmaceutical GHB is commonly used in the Netherlands. Complicated withdrawal with delirium may require intensive care and treatment with intravenous sedation. There are high rates of relapse after withdrawal and medications for longer-term management are currently being investigated. Chronic use is associated with poorer mental, physical and sexual health, social dysfunction and poor work performance. Laboratory detection is complicated as GHB is an endogenous substance with a short half-life, and therefore not often routinely assayed in the clinical setting. Future research should focus on improving GHB detection and management of GHB withdrawal and dependence. Interventions specific for high-risk groups should be developed and assessed.</p>","PeriodicalId":22060,"journal":{"name":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0b/6f/sar-13-13.PMC8843350.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39930280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Stigma on People with Opioid Use Disorder, Opioid Treatment, and Policy.","authors":"Ali Cheetham,&nbsp;Louisa Picco,&nbsp;Anthony Barnett,&nbsp;Dan I Lubman,&nbsp;Suzanne Nielsen","doi":"10.2147/SAR.S304566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S304566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Illicit drug use disorders are the most stigmatised health conditions worldwide, and stigma acts as a meaningful barrier to treatment entry and treatment provision. In the context of dramatically rising opioid-related harms, it is critical that we understand the drivers of stigma and how it affects opioid use disorder treatment and policy. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss how opioid-related stigma impacts treatment provision and harm reduction, and provide potential strategies to reduce stigma at a social and structural level. We used the Framework for Integrating Normative Influences on Stigma (FINIS) to identify sources of opioid-related stigma at the macro (structural stigma), meso (public stigma) and micro (internalised stigma) levels. Reducing stigma requires strategies that target multiple levels, however addressing inequity in the laws, regulations, and rules that segregate people with opioid and other substance use disorders from mainstream society is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":22060,"journal":{"name":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/36/84/sar-13-1.PMC8800858.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39885817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harmful Alcohol Use Among Patients with Tuberculosis in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia.","authors":"Kalkidan Yohannes,&nbsp;Getinet Ayano,&nbsp;Kusse Koirita Toitole,&nbsp;Henok Mulatu Teferi,&nbsp;Hirbaye Mokona","doi":"10.2147/SAR.S384921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S384921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Alcohol consumption among patients with tuberculosis is on the rise. There is evidence that alcohol consumption negatively affects treatment outcomes for these populations. Due to this, a substantial number of people relapse, withdraw from treatment, or even die as a result of their alcohol addiction. Despite this, little research has been conducted on the factors associated with the harmful use of alcohol by this group of people in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of harmful alcohol use among patients with tuberculosis in the Gedeo Zone, southern Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted at healthcare facilities. Four hundred and fifteen participants aged 18 and older were recruited using a systematic random sampling method. Data on sociodemographic factors, clinical factors, social support, perceptions of the stigma associated with tuberculosis, and depression were collected using structured and validated instruments. Measurement of harmful alcohol consumption was conducted using the AUDIT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> The prevalence of harmful alcohol use among tuberculosis patients was 20% (95% CI; 16.1-24.2%). There is a significant correlation between medical comorbidity (AOR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.29-4.62), disease duration (≥12 months) (AOR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.03-3.04), and being male (AOR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.17-3.77) with harmful alcohol consumption.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study revealed that alcohol consumption was high among tuberculosis patients. The presence of comorbidities, being male, and having a long-term illness were significant predictors of harmful alcohol consumption. It is imperative to screen patients who have suffered from chronic tuberculosis for an extended period of time. It is also pertinent to screen patients with comorbid medical conditions for alcohol abuse. Screening for alcohol abuse at an early stage can prevent poor treatment outcomes as well as the effects of comorbid medical conditions and harmful use of alcohol.</p>","PeriodicalId":22060,"journal":{"name":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation","volume":"13 ","pages":"117-125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c5/d7/sar-13-117.PMC9760035.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10763181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of the Pharmacist in Combating the Opioid Crisis: An Update.","authors":"Lucas Kosobuski,&nbsp;Carolyn O'Donnell,&nbsp;Cynthia P Koh-Knox Sharp,&nbsp;Nathaniel Chen,&nbsp;Laura Palombi","doi":"10.2147/SAR.S351096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S351096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The opioid overdose crisis has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives in the United States in the last decade, with overdose numbers continuing to climb. At the same time, the role of the pharmacist in combating the opioid crisis continues to evolve.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE that incorporated both MeSH terms and keywords to describe two concepts: the opioid epidemic and pharmacists/pharmacies. The search was limited to articles published after 2010 through the end of 2021 and returned 196 articles that were analyzed thematically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thematic analysis revealed the following themes: prevention, interventions, public health role of the pharmacist, pharmacists in multiple roles, barriers, pharmacist and healthcare provider attitudes, educational initiatives for pharmacists and student pharmacists, and future research.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>While a great deal of progress has been made in the role of the pharmacist in supporting individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) in the last two decades, pharmacists must seek to invest time and resources into practices with a strong evidence base to better mitigate the growing, devastating impact of the opioid crisis. Pharmacists must be willing to embrace new and non-traditional roles in patient care, service and research, and seek to advance evidence-based knowledge and practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pharmacy practice has expanded greatly in the past decade with pharmacists taking on new and creative approaches to addressing the opioid crisis. Collaborative and interdisciplinary approaches to addressing the root causes of opioid misuse and opioid overdose are still desperately needed. These include attention to the critical roles of social determinants of health, stigma elimination, legislative advocacy for patients with OUD, and focused education for providers, pharmacists, and the community. Recognition and support of the value of collaboration to both improve public health and individual patient care, continued investments in pharmacy practice advancement in OUD treatment and harm reduction, and the creation of workflows and prescribing algorithms to assist in dosing medications to prevent withdrawal symptoms and achieve improved pain control are desperately needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":22060,"journal":{"name":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation","volume":"13 ","pages":"127-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e7/b7/sar-13-127.PMC9805704.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10855961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}