{"title":"Conclusions","authors":"A. Vergados","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This section summarizes the main findings of this study from which Hesiod emerges as a thinker who reflects seriously, in poetic form, on the authority of human speculation about the cosmos, the divine, and the human condition, as well as on the means—that is, language and the ways it represents reality—that make his didactic message possible.","PeriodicalId":220239,"journal":{"name":"Hesiod's Verbal Craft","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115411889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Names of the Muses","authors":"A. Vergados","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter explores Hesiod’s presentation and etymology of the Muses’ names in the proem of the Theogony. The catalogue of the Muses’ names at vv. 77–9 is prepared by the preceding narrative that repeats words and word-parts cognate with these names. This implicit etymological network has a bearing on questions of poetic authority, especially since it allows Hesiod to contrast his account of the Muses’ number and names from other traditional versions reflected in textual and artistic sources. Finally, the chapter considers the implicit etymological explanation of the narrator’s name Ἡσίοδος in the Theogony proem, through which he conveys the homology of his and the Muses’ task and exerts influence on the contents and organization of the Muses’ song.","PeriodicalId":220239,"journal":{"name":"Hesiod's Verbal Craft","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132600122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kennings and Riddles","authors":"A. Vergados","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses a number of riddling expressions in the Works and Days, often referred to in scholarship as kennings. These represent another facet of Hesiod’s ambiguous language in the final part of the Works and Days. Here, the poet goes beyond the difficulties posed by the ‘split’ abstract concepts discussed earlier and actually suggests a tendency for opacity and obscurity. The kennings are riddles that introduce the idea that language may not only explain and reveal, but also cause confusion and conceal. They are semata whose interpretation requires a certain hermeneutic effort and thus their primary function is to add a further layer of complexity that mirrors the condicio humana.","PeriodicalId":220239,"journal":{"name":"Hesiod's Verbal Craft","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116092580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Begriffsspaltung III","authors":"Athanassios Vergados","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The present chapter discusses another important abstract concept, viz. dike. This time we are not confronted with an abstraction that can have both a positive and a negative aspect, expressed through adjectival attributes. In the case of dike, there is no ontological split as in Eris, either. Instead, in presenting dike Hesiod uses the same means of expression as earlier (adjectival attribution) in order to portray the opposition between genuine and false justice. But Hesiod goes further and illustrates the variety of (sometimes contradictory) meanings which dike can have. It turns out to be so multivalent and (sometimes) deceitfully used that it requires a special kind of definition. Coming to grips with the confusion that the (mis-)application of dike can cause is essential for Hesiod’s project since this concept is of paramount importance for the world of mortals as established by Zeus.","PeriodicalId":220239,"journal":{"name":"Hesiod's Verbal Craft","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116243492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Powers and Limits of Etymology","authors":"A. Vergados","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses several instances of Hesiodic etymology in the Theogony and the Works and Days and shows that naming and etymology fulfil a variety of purposes in Hesiod’s poetry: in the Theogony they support the poet’s didactic programme, contribute to the construction of the narrative, lend authority to Hesiod’s versions of the divine stories, function as an organizational principle, and reveal the poet’s reflection on the epic dialect. Through the etymological approach the poet sometimes aids his audience in understanding words that he (may have) coined. But it also becomes clear through the discussion of Hesiod’s treatment of Pandora’s name in the Works and Days that in the poet’s view, the powers of etymology are not unlimited: knowing a name’s constituent parts does not warrant that one knows its precise meaning and function. The relation of the constituent parts to each other, i.e. the syntax of etymology, is equally important, and in case of multiple possible combinations it is paramount to examine the context in which the etymology is uttered. The etymology of a name can thus under certain conditions reveal something substantial about the bearer’s nature. But when the various possible syntactic relations are not sufficiently unpacked, it can lead to misunderstandings and, as Epimetheus found out, disasters.","PeriodicalId":220239,"journal":{"name":"Hesiod's Verbal Craft","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133746326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ἔτυμα and Ἀληθέα","authors":"Athanassios Vergados","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines one of the last days accounted for in Hesiod’s catalogue of days, the so-called triseinas (Works and Days 814–18), the correct understanding of which has been debated already in antiquity. The lack of clarity concerning the meaning of the term triseinas and the poet’s comment on the frequent errors in the designation of the day are manifestations of a problem that runs throughout both poems: the distinction between truth (ἀληθέα, ἐτήτυμα) and lies/falsehoods (ψεύδεα). Besides being yet another riddle, the brief entry of the triseinas-day is intimately connected to questions of truth and naming and thus leads us back to the beginning of both the Theogony (27–8) and the Works and Days (10). Therefore, beginning with a discussion of Op. 814–18 the chapter moves into a question that is central for the understanding of Hesiod’s project, namely the truth status of his poetry.","PeriodicalId":220239,"journal":{"name":"Hesiod's Verbal Craft","volume":"543 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123066733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hesiod in Plato’s Cratylus","authors":"A. Vergados","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Plato’s interaction with Hesiod the language expert in his Cratylus. On a basic level, Plato often invokes Hesiod by quoting from his works in order to lend support to a certain thesis that one of the interlocutors proposes. More importantly, there is a different mode of interaction as well, i.e. the intellectual affinity that may exist between the two authors in matters pertaining to language. From the ensuing discussion, it emerges that both authors show that names and their etymology have some value insofar as they enable us to search for the truth. But knowing a name and its etymology does not enable us to grasp the meaning of the denotatum\u0000 tout court.","PeriodicalId":220239,"journal":{"name":"Hesiod's Verbal Craft","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127048544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Begriffsspaltung I","authors":"Athanassios Vergados","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Eris (‘Strife’) and Zelos (‘emulation/jealousy’), two ‘split’ abstract concepts presented programmatically at the opening of the Works and Days. It argues that what appears in the beginning as a clear-cut opposition between a good and a bad Ἔρις turns out to be not so well-defined after all. The two members of the antithesis begin to resemble each other, and indeed form a unity, just like Heraclitus’ bow in fr. 48, when allowance is made for differing perspectives. What is more, the name Ἔρις does not suffice in order for the audience to grasp the nature of this goddess, but its further qualification is necessary, in this case through the adjectives ἀγαθή (‘good’) and σχετλίη (‘evil’). This point, the idea that names (and words in general) are not fully capable of conveying the nature of the entity or thing they designate, brings Hesiod’s Erga closer to Heraclitus.","PeriodicalId":220239,"journal":{"name":"Hesiod's Verbal Craft","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126236026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hesiod in the Homeric Scholia, or","authors":"A. Vergados","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores an aspect of Hesiod’s reputation as linguistic expert in antiquity that has not been studied adequately thus far, viz. the references to Hesiod’s poetry found in the Homeric scholia. The Homeric scholiasts’ treatment of Hesiod resonates with the agonistic relation between the two poets that developed in the biographical traditions. The chapter is articulated in three parts: first, it examines the scholia that treat Hesiod as a source of linguistic parallels and Realien. Thereafter attention is focused on the scholia which draw inferences regarding the two poets’ relative chronology. Finally, the chapter deals with scholia claiming that Hesiod, as the more recent of the two poets, was familiar with Homer’s work which he had read but misunderstood. The misinterpretation of the poet’s verses often led him to invent (πλάσσειν, ἀναπλάσσειν, διαπλάσσειν) some of the stories we find in his poems, especially in the Theogony. In this way, several sections of the Theogony appear in the eyes of some Homeric critics as the result of Hesiod’s mistaken interpretation of specific Homeric passages. Moreover, when the Homeric scholiasts criticize Hesiod in this way, they often designate Hesiod’s ‘errors’ through technical terms, elsewhere found in the scholia when critics expressly argue against the views of other philologists, as parallels both from the Homeric scholia and other scholiastic corpora show. In this way the activity of the critic is projected on the archaic poet, and Hesiod is conceived of as a literary critic. In other words, the poet is simultaneously also a κριτικός.","PeriodicalId":220239,"journal":{"name":"Hesiod's Verbal Craft","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125391953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Begriffsspaltung II","authors":"Athanassios Vergados","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores two further ‘split’ abstract concepts presented in the Works and Days, Aidos (‘Shame/Awe’) and Nemesis (‘Righteous Indignation’). It is shown that not only are there contradictory meanings inherent in these terms, but these contradictions become apparent only once we consider the context. For Hesiod, the good and the bad Aidos are not clearly opposed and distinct from one another, but can have positive or negative effects depending on the existing conditions. Reality and its linguistic expression are not static, but fluid and dynamic, and must be subjected to interpretation.","PeriodicalId":220239,"journal":{"name":"Hesiod's Verbal Craft","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129297258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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