2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)最新文献

{"title":"The Space Digital Dome: Autonomous Defense of Space Vehicles from Radio Frequency Interference","authors":"Gregory Falco, Nathaniel G. Gordon, Adam Byerly, Andrew J. Grotto, Josh Siegel, S. Zanlongo","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843425","url":null,"abstract":"While awareness of active threats is critical to space vehicles, action is required to avoid harm. Physical hazard avoidance requires orbital manipulation using propulsion, whereas options for avoiding or nullifying radio frequency interference (RFI) are less straightforward. Because these actions need to occur on the space vehicle in real-time despite limited computing capacity and power on the edge, actions need to be reliably assessed and planned with readily available resources. The space vehicle will need to make fully or partially autonomous decisions to defend its communication channel and ensure mission resilience. This paper proposes an architecture to facilitate the autonomous defense of space vehicles from radio frequency attacks. Further, the paper aims to promote the broader discussion of mechanisms to defend space vehicles from cyber, kinetic, electromagnetic and other attacks.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132477310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forging the Forge: Executing a Renewed Initiative in Concept Engineering at NASA JSC","authors":"Molly Bannon, W. O'Neill, Michael A. Interbartolo, Jacquelyne Black","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843601","url":null,"abstract":"Have you ever brought up an idea to your group, organization or company, just to have someone respond “We've tried that before and it didn't work”? Or “We looked into that years ago and rejected it”? As if the further back someone had generated the original idea, the worse it was? Popular culture views the past as disposable, and that we must look forward to the future for innovation and big ideas. But the past is valuable. As Dr. John Lennox, a professor at Oxford University, writes, “New things are old things happening to new people.” Teams at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) started exploring ways to implement our vision statement of “Dare Unite Ex-plore”, a vision acknowledging the need to continually evolve to meet the demands of the future. Through brainstorming and benchmarking other NASA Centers, the authors proposed an”Innovation Team” to meet the vision to work with greater speed and agility, communicate effectively between organizations, improve innovation and increase workforce flexibility. However, when the idea was proposed, it was met with some skepticism given an analogous effort in a prior decade or two. This paper describes how the authors overcame these challenges to implement a collaborative, concurrent engineering framework tailored to JSC's needs. Our process to drive cultural change, the steps taken, and challenges encountered are discussed, including the aspects that were considered given JSC's operation-focused, Program-driven landscape. Modeled after rapid concept development teams like NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Innovation Foundry and NASA Glenn Research Center's Compass team, NASA JSC is laying the foundation of an innovation team called “The Forge”. This team is as much about getting employees tempered in the ways of innovative thinking as it is about refining design studies and hammering out proposals. The first two pilots of the teaming framework are described with initial results presented in terms of employee engagement and fostering innovation. We also describe the planned future work and next steps to continue to push the initiative forward. Building upon JSC's long heritage in human spaceflight programs and operations, we are forging a renewed emphasis to Dare to expand frontiers, Unite with our partners and Explore space to benefit humanity.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132959321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test as you Fly: Using Flight Telemetry in the Mars 2020 Uplink Simulation & Validation Process","authors":"P. Pashai, Matthew F. Hurst, E. Fosse, Steven Myint, Nick Rossocheva","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843722","url":null,"abstract":"Mars2020's approach to command load simulation & validation steered away from heritage design early on in Mission System development. Whereas previous missions used Sequence Generator (SeqGen) to validate their command load, Mars2020 chose to adapt software originally developed for Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), Surface Simulation (SSim), in order to meet new mission performance requirements. This decision meant a complete redesign of the surface mission uplink commanding validation architecture, but it also provided room for meaningful improvements. SSim is a Flight Software (FSW)-in-the-loop sequence and command simulator, enabling much faster than real-time execution. It was originally developed for MSL Rover Planners to simulate and validate their commanding of rover mobility, robotic arm, and sampling activities. For Mars2020, SSim has since been expanded to include the modeling of system-level functions such as power, telecommunications, and instruments. It affords the operations team the ability to simulate commanding in a very flight-like manner, a significant change from the heritage process involving the use of SeqGen. Using a FSW-in-the-loop simulator for uplink command validation provides several key advantages over heritage simulation tools. Because of the similarity between SSim and the rover FSW, the Mars2020 validation process is able to routinely incorporate the latest known state of the flight vehicle into the validation tools, ensuring that the simulation and validation initial condition used in uplink planning is the best possible representation of the onboard state. A set of new tools and new and improved processes developed for Mars2020 enable this usage of flight vehicle state in uplink planning, and by doing so, prevent divergence between spacecraft state tracked on the ground and the real state of the rover on Mars. The adoption of SSim for uplink command validation completely redesigned the surface validation process. The development of this design presented many novel challenges resulting in key decisions and trades that could not directly leverage heritage designs or experience. This study will discuss the formulation of, and key decisions involved in, the Mars2020 surface validation process architecture in hopes of serving as a blueprint for future missions.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133001017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Should've Could've: Progress in the Systems Engineering of the Mars2020 On-Board Planner","authors":"Stephen Kuhn","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843824","url":null,"abstract":"Mars rover operations has traditionally controlled behavior using meticulously compiled, so-called “Master” sequences that enforce deterministic timing and ordering of activities. While the approach is effective at managing risk and complexity, it can also be inefficient. Extended operations of the Mars2020 rover envisions a fundamentally different scheduling and execution approach. Atomic activities are constrained by mission operators in time, resource usage, and a structure of dependencies. The rover flight software will create and re-create schedules, responding to available energy, data volume, actual activity durations and execution status, observed temperatures, and other on-board state. Schedules are expected to change substantially in the course of execution. The solution space is prohibitively large and probabilistic in nature. A range of emergent behavior is accessible depending on the interaction between actual on-board state and a given formulation of constraints. For years, the specification and implementation of this capability have been considered and refined, as testing and analysis have mapped the contours of the system. Many concepts that could have been adopted were rejected, and in some cases, emergent properties have been exposed and beaten back with approaches to steer the behavior. This paper discusses some of the design history and underlying reasoning in the systems engineering of the first autonomous activity planner on Mars.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132063854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart Cities - Automatic Power Lines Inspection","authors":"R. K. Rangel, A. Maitelli, Vilmar Antônio Rodrigues, Darwin Rafael Gonçalves Valente","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843562","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an ongoing development of an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), with embedded Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) for visual inspection of power lines over urban regions. The development considers the concept of Drone as a Service Tool, together with the Smart Cities, relating all equipment as an Internet of Things (IoT) device, bringing to the urban scenario the aerial mobility and the A.I procedures, to increase the process effectiveness and reducing costs of the orthodoxy power lines inspection process, with the use of new technologies. The application development was made considering the operational requests of the Brazilian National Agency of Electric Energy, that is, considering the automatization activity at the maintenance process on the field an improvement. In this case, the Aerial platform, is represented by a quadcopter with embedded computer running A.I. procedures and computer vision, to control and to do the visual inspection, according to the mission requirements. The integration of each sensor and data processing are done inside of UAS, using specific embedded computer and boards, defined as payload control board, to processing data onboard and reduce the telemetry throughput, as sample, the imagery control, image processing and pattern recognition, navigation avoid obstacle, and to control the Drone in automatic or remotely piloted mode, giving some “intelligence” for the squadron operation (swarm), using the technic of area saturation to inspect all local infrastructure. The main characteristic of our application is the management data and the visual process. In this scope the aerial platform has embedded a set of cameras able to collect the image of the electrical asset, e.g., power line poles, lightning rod, rust/corrosion, damaged bolts and others, using thermal or regular cameras. The power line inspection process considers the Drone scanning the field, to identify the targets, doing the pattern recognition and other automatic procedures according to each operational scope and I.A. procedures, in order to increase the power lines maintenance process effectiveness. The Aerial systems are constantly monitored in real time by a set of Command and Control Stations (CCS), with dedicated infrastructure and software, from the field at the Situation room. This development is compounded by the management software (SIGI), UAS and specific IoT devices, totally integrated with the CCS room. Based on the data collected from the interest areas, SIGI software has the ability to show real time situational analysis, guiding the manager at resources optimization (material and human) improving the efficiency of resource allocation in these areas, reducing process costs and improving the maintenance management process improving the Brazilian energy services.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130927174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cubesats/Smallsats/Nanosats/Picosats/Rideshare(sats) in 2022: Making Sense of the Numbers","authors":"M. Swartwout","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843832","url":null,"abstract":"We last presented on this topic in 2018. Since not much has happened in the intervening 4 years … oh, wait. In addition to the new normal of more than 100 CubeSats deployed on orbit each year, we now have about three dozen operational small-satellite constellations (including OneWeb spacecraft launched by the dozens and Starlinks by the dozens of dozens). And now the SDA is threatening to add hundreds more. In this paper we will make a bold attempt to make sense of all these numbers. We will examine the launch statistics from a variety of angles, attempt to create useful generalities about missions flown, mission success (and failure). We will identify trends and opportunities in terms of access to space and the kinds of missions flown (and not flown).","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130283996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successive Interference Cancellation for Asynchronous Signal Collision in Space-based AIS","authors":"Shunsuke Uehashi, Y. Nouda, M. Hangai, T. Ohgane","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843214","url":null,"abstract":"Space-based AIS (Automatic Identification System) is used for global maritime traffic monitoring and safety. In this system, the communication quality deteriorates due to inter-ference by asynchronously colliding AIS signals from multiple ships. In order to suppress this interference and improve the communication quality, this paper proposes a new successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme for dealing with asyn-chronous signal collisions. The proposed method successively estimates the delays and frequencies in order of signal strength and demodulates them. Then, it generates replicas of the de-modulated signals and subtracts the replicas from the desired signal, enabling it to eliminate the interference caused by signal collisions. In addition, this method generates highly accurate replicas by estimating the phase noise and bandwidth-time (BT) product of each arriving signal which would otherwise reduce the accuracy of the replicas. Moreover, combining SIC with beamforming using multiple antennas can increase the number of signals which can be demodulated. The simulation results show that our proposed method can improve the packet error rate even when the number of interfering waves arriving is more than the number of receiving antennas.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130420095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical Techniques for Near Field Radiation Pattern Characterization of Digital Arrays","authors":"Thomas G. Williamson, Paul Simmons, Jacob Houck, D. Leatherwood, Jason Whelan, Walter Disharoon, Drew Kerr","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843281","url":null,"abstract":"Digital arrays present unique challenges to characterization. This is mainly a result of the output of digital arrays being a digital, rather than analog, signal. Traditional techniques for characterizing analog systems must be modified to allow for the assessment of antenna systems with integrated analog to digital converters, such as the Xilinx RF System on Chip (RFSoC). In particular, it is necessary to format and post process data generated by the RFSoC to determine the far field spectrum, radiation pattern, and near field hologram for the digital array. This paper will show how these formatting and post processing techniques can be applied to characterize a digital array based on RFSoC technology. A test bed digital array was created and characterized using a modified analog near field range measurement system, as has been described in previous work. Additionally, data generated by the RFSoC has been formatted and prepared in such as way as to allow for ease of calibration and post processing. It is shown that this post processing technique produces good results when compared with a representative traditional analog measurement.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127993936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Psyche Planning Software Subsystem: Creating a Robust Toolset for a Discovery-class Mission","authors":"C. Lawler, Shaheer A. Khan, Maria L. Schellpfeffer, S. Bairstow, Carolyn A. Ortega, Flora Ridenhour, Nora K. Alonge, D. Seal, Vicken Voskanian, Keshav Ramanathan","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843268","url":null,"abstract":"Psyche is a Discovery-class mission to the small metalrich asteroid (16) Psyche, and is slated to launch in 2022. Psyche, like many missions, requires low-cost activity planning and sequence generation that serves as the backbone to overall uplink design. Such tools must be maintainable over long periods of operations, and powerful enough to solve complex issues that deep-space one-off missions encounter. In this paper we introduce cost-effective solutions that leverage inner- and open-source principles to meet a variety of common and novel use cases. The uplink process that was designed to meet these challenges is presented, as well as the data-flow through the high-level architecture of the planning software subsystem. The user-facing planning tools are described, particularly the Science Opportunity Analyzer, the Plan Editor, Psyche's planning automation in the Blackbird framework, and Psyche Simulation Reports. All these applications are either new or have been substantially revamped to meet Psyche's concept of operations. In particular, ensuring the entire toolchain can correctly process epoch-relative activities is discussed. Underlying the main applications are a common set of dependencies developed and maintained by a new cross-mission association of planning developers. In this way, Psyche can inherit well-tested functionality which saves effort and ensures its developers can focus on solving domain challenges. Quality control of the applications and libraries is ensured with a code-review and unit-test based novel ‘CM lite’ process. Collaboration with international industry and academia using the open-source modules is already occurring. The planning and scheduling software is designed to maximize operator awareness of the integrated plan at every step of the process and use common interfaces and file formats to easily transfer information. Design choices plus the team's test-driven development process enables more expansive capabilities compared to the decentralized planning and sequence generation functions typical of Discovery-class orbiters without significant development cost increases. Benefits and drawbacks of Psyche's approach are discussed, including comparison to other missions and tools where appropriate.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125397963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) to Satellite Channel Models for 6G Networks","authors":"Cansu Palanci, F. Akleman, G. Kurt","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843327","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely acknowledged that flexible and agile solutions for wireless connectivity will play a key role in the next generation communication systems, and High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) will be one of these solutions as an indispensable part of wireless networks. In this article, we investigate the modeling of the communication channel between HAPS and satellites. Considering the factors affecting the quality of the communication channel and the location of the HAPS, we predicted that analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation through ionosphere layers may become critical. This paper mostly focuses on the effects of plasma density variation on the ionospheric communication channel. We firstly analyze the effect of magnetic field on the refractive index confirm that it can indeed be ignored, as frequently assumed in the literature. Then the effects of Total Electron Content (TEC) amount on path loss are analyzed by the Appleton-Hartree modeling of refractive index. Using the maximum electron densities of the layers we adapt the Chapman model for HAPS-to-satellite channels. Extensive numerical results are provided.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"317 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123237112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}