2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)最新文献

{"title":"Autonomous On-board Planning for Earth-Orbiting Spacecraft","authors":"Adam Herrmann, H. Schaub","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843331","url":null,"abstract":"This work explores on-board planning and scheduling for the multi-target, single spacecraft Earth-observing satellite (EOS) scheduling problem. The problem is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP) where the number of targets included in the state and action space is an adjustable parameter that may account for clusters of targets with varying priorities. As targets are passed or imaged, they are replaced in the state and action space with the next set of upcoming targets. Unlike prior EOS problem formulations, this work explores how the size of the state and action space can be reduced to produce optimal, generalized policies that may be executed on board the spacecraft in a fraction of a second. Performance of the agents is shown to increase with the number of targets in the state and action space. The number of imaged and downlinked targets stays relatively constant, but the reward increases significantly, demonstrating that the agents are prioritizing high priority targets over low priority targets.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123580315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Resolution System for Rapid Broadband Battery Impedance Measurements","authors":"Bryce E. Hill, J. Christophersen, J. Morrison","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843582","url":null,"abstract":"Inline Rapid Impedance Spectroscopy (iRIS) is a method of quickly measuring impedance measurements over a broad range of simultaneous frequencies. Montana Technological University (MTech) has been sponsored by Dynexus Technology to enhance the iRIS system capabilities, including an improvement in the overall measurement resolution. The baseline iRIS system has a stated resolution of $pm 0.01mathrm{m}Omega$ and a previously-developed resolution enhancement kit demonstrated an improvement down to $pm 0.01mathrm{m}Omega$. Continued research with the enhancement kit has shown that the iRIS system can potentially achieve resolutions better than $pm 5 mu Omega$. An overview of this new approach along with measurement results that demonstrate very high resolution is presented.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121919745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orbital Trade Study for the PREFIRE Mission","authors":"B. Drouin, B. Kahn, Boon Lim, A. Merrelli, E. Nelson, G. Quinn, Fred W. Nagle, T. L’Ecuyer","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843312","url":null,"abstract":"The Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-Infrared Experiment (PREFIRE) is a low-cost cubesat-based Earth Science mission selected for rapid implementation through NASAs Earth Ventures-Instrument program. Two cubesats carrying thermal infrared spectrometers (TIRS) in polar orbits will test long-held assumptions regarding radiative balance at long wavelengths where the cold-dry Arctic and Antarctic surfaces expel significant amounts of the earth's radiant energy. Thermal radiometry with better than one micron sampling at wavelengths beyond 15 microns will provide critical observational bounds for inputs into glacier melt and climate change models through improvements in surface emissivities, longwave greenhouse effect parameterizations, and cloud presence/types. Additional information on potential far-infrared surface/atmosphere feedbacks during rapid melt processes may be captured with sub-diurnal revisits of targeted areas. A baseline mission with two cubesats in different orbits provides a means for optimization of sub-diurnal sampling for science purposes. In this presentation we provide details of orbit studies that inform expected sampling metrics. Candidate orbits are modeled in SGP and then TIRS sampling is projected into surface footprints with appropriate geo-location. Matching algorithms then compile statistics for time-delayed revisits between and within the two orbits. Binning of results by latitude allows for abstraction of precession issues as well as for correlations with surface types as defined by radiometric classification schemes. Multiple acceptable pairs of science-driven orbits were found that optimize sampling in areas known to experience rapid melt events. The final choice of PREFIRE orbital parameters includes the systems trade-space, particularly the power budget, as well as the availability of launch opportunities.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"13 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120856192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Cokriging for Thermal Analysis in Small Satellites","authors":"Anastasios Kontaxoglou, S. Tsutsumi, Samir Khan, T. Shibukawa, S. Nakasuka","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843525","url":null,"abstract":"In space, where human intervention is not possible, faults must be autonomously detected and rectified. Inaccuracies, delays, or disturbances can cause component failures that can lead to catastrophic failure. In light of this, a dynamic system simulation can greatly enhance the operational phase of a satellite. This work investigates a multi-fidelity framework for the simulation of small satellites and compares it to traditional regression methods, in particular Gaussian processes and Gated Recurrent Units. The framework combines a computationally cheap, low fidelity surrogate model with an accurate high-fidelity model. In the case of the former, recurrent neural networks, particularly a Gated Recurrent Unit is considered. For the latter, a finite element model is used to produce sparse high-fidelity data describing the satellite's state. High fidelity simulations are expensive. However, abundant low fidelity data can be taken advantage of to speed up the process. Therefore, by means of cokriging, low fidelity data are corrected by high-fidelity data through a comprehensive correction, where the parameters are given by the use of Gaussian processes to provide uncertainty quantification. When some new data arrives, the model can be refitted for a minimal computation cost. The framework is demonstrated through a set of simulations, using thermal analysis data from the NSPO-1 satellite. NSPO-1 is a Taiwanese Space Organization's (NSPO) 6U cube satellite, co-developed by the Intelligent Space Systems Laboratory (ISSL) of the University of Tokyo, intended to orbit in LEO and is intended to provide a convenient validation platform to test optical sensors developed by the NSPO.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124029795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Actuator and Motor Control End-to-End V&V on the Mars 2020 Rover","authors":"L. Walker, J. Austin, A. Kennett, Davis Born","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843596","url":null,"abstract":"The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover is the most advanced robotic exploration system ever sent to another planet. To support the complex scientific and mobility needs of the mission, the rover utilizes 33 actuators, three multi-degree-of-freedom force-torque sensors, fifteen single or dual-speed resolvers, two solenoid valves, and twelve contact switches. The control for these actuators and sensors is achieved by several levels of flight software, coordinated between two computers with varying bandwidth control loops. Furthermore, the actuators and sensors were integrated into multiple larger robotic mechanisms that were delivered by different organizations at various points in the Integration and Test (I&T) timeline. All of this created a very complex Verification and Validation (V&V) scenario involving multiple subsystems and teams, several hardware and software testbeds with varying levels of fidelity, and significant systems engineering to ensure the overall I&T schedule could be maintained while ensuring system hardware safety. This paper details the integrated V&V effort across multiple teams and venues to provide full coverage of all necessary functionality, performance, and fault protection. First, it provides an overview of how the V&V campaign was subdivided among teams and venues and provides descriptions of the various hardware configurations used to support the testing. The Mars 2020 implementation of the plan incorporates many of the lessons learned from Mars Science Laboratory's test campaign, and these value-added modifications are discussed here. Also included in this section is the system-level environmental testing approach used for mechanisms. Second, the paper describes the phased approach used by the teams to support new hardware and software deliveries to testbed and Systems I&T. In this approach the test campaign was driven by higher-level mechanism needs for performance, functionality, and safety at specific times in the campaign. Finally, the paper discusses lessons learned from the V&V campaign that should be applied to future large-scale motion control testing efforts.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124110826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression for the Probability of Correlation Error in Data Fusion","authors":"P. Willett, P. Braca, L. Millefiori, S. Maranò, W. Blair, P. Miceli, M. Kowalski, T. Ogle","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843400","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous paper we proposed an expression for the probability of association (or correlation) error between two lists of objects, subject to known Gaussian distributions and a Poisson field of such objects. The expression requires only summing a few terms in a series, and is quite accurate, especially so when the probability of such an error is low. It does, however, depend on an assumption that correlation errors were caused by isotropic observations of the truth. Hence, in this paper, we extend the analysis to non-isotropic sensor noise, and find that in many practical situations of interest it is quite simple to adapt the isotropic analysis thereto. A natural extension of our results is to the case of multiple (more than two) sensors, and we find that in the case of a simple sequential fusion strategy the analysis is straightforward. These multi-sensor results suggest that the analysis might fruitfully be applied to suggest a good sequential ordering; we do so, and find that significant benefits accrue even when based on observations alone (no need for clairvoyant knowledge of target “truth”). Finally, we explore translational sensor bias.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124510312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Assessment of Orbital Robotics, Space Application Simulation/Machine Learning, and Methods of Hardware in the Loop Validation","authors":"M. Peterson, Minzhen Du, Bryant Springle, Jonathan Black","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843216","url":null,"abstract":"The space industry's continued focus and advances in safe reusable launch vehicles have ushered in a new affordable age of space flight, enabling a wider range of enterprises and organizations to launch and operate space-based assets in low earth orbit and beyond. Ensuring and extending mission life cycles of these orbital assets to include launch vehicles, satellites, and space stations will require a new generation of adaptive, robust, and autonomous robotic systems. Merging proven orbital dynamics, relative motion, robotic kinematics, and spacecraft rendezvous/docking with new advances in Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Data communications, and many more exciting fields of study. These efforts intend to provide future enterprises with the capability to perform On-Orbit Servicing and Maintenance (OSAM) of failed or damaged space assets, in-space assembly of new platforms, and manufacturing of com-ponents. However, the means to validate individual hardware and software components of these technologies and test the collaborative “system of systems” at a large scale are still largely in their development stages. This paper is a comprehensive survey and assessment of the current and near-future technical developments in the fields of space simulation and validation, orbital robotics, and space-based automation; identifying the current gaps and capability necessary for large scale industry validation and employment of these systems. Finally, it will also illustrate some of the on-going research being conducted at Virginia Tech's space labs to address some of these gaps in the future.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126000958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Europa Clipper Payload Verification and Validation: Avionics-Instrument Interface Test Campaign","authors":"A. Ralph, Raul Largaespada, Laura L. Jones-Wilson, L. Montañez","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843834","url":null,"abstract":"NASA's Europa Clipper mission will investigate Jupiter's icy moon Europa using a payload suite consisting of nine instruments to address a range of scientific objectives concerning Europa's habitability. As the project proceeds past its Critical Design Review, confidence is being built in the system's ability to achieve mission objectives through the implementation of a rigorous payload verification and validation (V&V) program. As part of this payload V&V program, instrument box-level testing was performed by the payload team to verify select instrument-avionics interface requirements. This testing was performed at JPL using the avionics testbed's Bulk Data Storage Emulator (BDSEM) with visiting instrument Test Models. This paper summarizes the Data Link test campaign involving roughly four days of functional testing per instrument, including planning, testing methods, types of issues found, and the requirement closure process. Detail is also provided on the development, deployment, and validation of a standardized analysis tool used in data reviews. This testing verified requirements related to commanding rates, loss of link, packet format, clock counters, loopback test capability, and SpaceWire jitter and skew margins. Additional risk reduction testing of basic commanding, counter behavior, science data collection and transfer, and interface swapping was also performed. Because the BDSEM venue was not originally designed to be a run for record venue, the process of characterizing venue fidelity and establishing suitability for requirement closure using data collected in this venue will also be addressed. In order to close requirements, an extensible tool was developed to post-process instrument telemetry data from the original binary to a human-readable format and give visibility to errors detected within the data. This Python 3.9 command line tool, called payload-packet-parser, was designed to support packet parsing for all Europa Clipper instruments and includes additional analysis tools for verification of specific information interface requirements. This test campaign, including post-processing using a single parsing and verification toolset, allowed for early interface testing, alleviating testing burdens on instrument teams and buying down risk on the instrument-avionics interface by finding hardware and software issues and idiosyncrasies prior to integration with system test venues. Over twenty issues were discovered across the payload, resulting in software updates and instrument rework well in advance of any system impacts. This paper concludes with an assessment of benefits and costs of this type of testing and lessons learned.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124609965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COCPIT: Collaborative Activity Planning Software for Mars Perseverance Rover","authors":"Ivy Deliz, A. Connell, Chet Joswig, J. Márquez, B. Kanefsky","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843397","url":null,"abstract":"Since landing on the Martian surface, the Perseverance rover has relied on a distributed team to generate commands for exploring its new environment each sol (Martian day). The team uses a complex suite of software tools to accomplish this challenging task in time for the next window of opportunity to send commands to the rover. A key piece of this software ecosystem is COCPIT (Component-based Campaign Planning, Implementation, and Tactical). COCPIT is part of the next generation of planning and scheduling software tools developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in partnership with NASA's Ames Research Center. COCPIT is a web-based application that allows users to collaboratively view and update the Perseverance rover's activity plans, continuously verify that the plan satisfies constraints, assign targets for directing scientific instruments, document science intent, and model power and data resources. Mars Surface Operations requires diverse expertise from team members within the Engineering, Science, Robotic, and Instrument Operations groups, distributed across North America and Europe. In order to improve efficiency and reduce risk, all teams are able to review and edit their activities simultaneously and see the effects on the plan in its entirety. As part of the Ground Data System (GDS) tool suite, COCPIT is responsible for the activity plan. It provides specialized views that allow operators to understand where there may be room for additional observations, see whether any planning constraints are being violated, and confirm that energy usage and data generation are within the defined limits. It contains details such as which filters a camera will use for a given observation, what the resolution of the images should be, where to store the data onboard, and how long the observation is expected to take. It predicts when specific data will be downlinked from the rover to a passing orbiter, so that the team knows when to expect that data on Earth for evaluation in future planning. Ultimately the information from the COCPIT plan is translated to sequences that will be bundled and radiated to Perseverance for execution. The COCPIT tool is used throughout all planning phases.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124628652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Responsive Design and Evaluation Laboratory for Space Pointing and Tracking Systems","authors":"Greg Bonn, Melissa Dick, Mike Newman, David T. Ellis","doi":"10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843766","url":null,"abstract":"As commercial technologies are increasingly applied to space systems, commercial innovation timelines become not only possible, but essential in the modern space marketplace. To enable these timelines, new approaches to design, experimentation, and demonstration are needed in the space industry. Such approaches must be quick to return value, flexible to changes in technologies and industry trends, and responsive to internal and external customer demands. To explore this concept, we developed a “minimum viable lab” targeted at an enduring space-based use case: pointing and tracking. This lab supplies the foundation for achieving a simple, yet end-to-end, point and track mission capability, where each element can be independently developed and evaluated. System elements include scene generation, image capture/injection, mechanism control, processing/exploitation/dissemination (PED), and command/control (C2). To enable the efficiency and responsiveness goals of the lab, several design principles were employed, including simple system elements with low coupling, commercial standards, low-lead-time COTS, and bounded reliance on specialized subject matter experts (SMEs). Combined, these elements and principles provide an evolving framework that supports a broad set of responsive inquiry across the pointing and tracking domain. In this paper we describe the composition of the system elements, how the design principles guided those choices, specific trades and excursions supported by the lab, and future growth directions for the concept.","PeriodicalId":219988,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129884203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}