Solid Earth最新文献

{"title":"ECOMAN: an open-source package for geodynamic and seismological modeling of mechanical anisotropy","authors":"Manuele Faccenda, Brandon Paul VanderBeek, Albert de Montserrat, Jianfeng Yang, Neil Ribe","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-299","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Mechanical anisotropy related to rock fabrics is a proxy for constraining the Earth’s deformation patterns. However, the forward and inverse modelling of mechanical anisotropy in 3D large-scale domains has been traditionally hampered by the intensive computational cost and the lack of a dedicated, open-source computational framework. Here we introduce ECOMAN, a software package for modelling strain-/stress-induced rock fabrics and testing the effects of the resulting elastic and viscous anisotropy on seismic imaging and mantle convection patterns. Differently from existing analogous software, the modelling of strain-induced fabrics has been extended to all mantle levels and it has been optimised to run across multiple CPUs, yielding strong scaling efficiency. In addition, shape preferred orientation (SPO)-related structures can be modelled and superimposed over lattice/crystallographic preferred orientation (LPO/CPO) fabrics, which allows the consideration of the mechanical effects of fluid-filled cracks, foliated/lineated grain-scale fabrics and rock-scale layering. One of the most important innovations is the Platform for Seismic Imaging (PSI), a set of programs for performing forward and inverse seismic modelling in isotropic/anisotropic media using real or synthetic seismic datasets. The anisotropic inversion strategy is capable of recovering parameters describing a tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) medium, which is required to reconstruct 3D structures and mantle strain patterns and to validate geodynamic models.","PeriodicalId":21912,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen solubility of stishovite provides insights into water transportation to the deep Earth","authors":"Mengdan Chen, Changxin Yin, Danling Chen, Long Tian, Liang Liu, Lei Kang","doi":"10.5194/se-15-215-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Water dissolved in nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) can be transported to deep regions of the Earth through subducting slabs, thereby significantly influencing the physicochemical properties of deep-Earth materials and impacting dynamic processes in the deep Earth. Stishovite, a prominent mineral present in subducting slabs, remains stable at mantle pressures of 9–50 GPa and can incorporate various amounts of water (H+, OH−, and H2O) in its crystal structure. Consequently, stishovite can play a crucial role in transporting water into the deep Earth through subducting slabs. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research process concerning water (hydrogen) solubility in stishovite. The key factors that govern water solubility in stishovite are summarized as temperature, pressure, water fugacity, and aluminum content. Combined with published results on the dependence of water solubility on the aforementioned parameters, this paper proposes a new equation to describe the solubility of water in Al-bearing stishovite. Calculation results based on this equation suggest that stishovite may effectively accommodate water released from processes such as hydrous mineral breakdown, which could ultimately contribute to the presence of a water-rich transition zone.","PeriodicalId":21912,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earthquake monitoring using deep learning with a case study of the Kahramanmaras Turkey earthquake aftershock sequence","authors":"Wei Li, Megha Chakraborty, Jonas Köhler, Claudia Quinteros-Cartaya, Georg Rümpker, Nishtha Srivastava","doi":"10.5194/se-15-197-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-197-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Seismic phase picking and magnitude estimation are fundamental aspects of earthquake monitoring and seismic event analysis. Accurate phase picking allows for precise characterization of seismic wave arrivals, contributing to a better understanding of earthquake events. Likewise, accurate magnitude estimation provides crucial information about an earthquake's size and potential impact. Together, these components enhance our ability to monitor seismic activity effectively. In this study, we explore the application of deep-learning techniques for earthquake detection and magnitude estimation using continuous seismic recordings. Our approach introduces DynaPicker, which leverages dynamic convolutional neural networks to detect seismic body-wave phases in continuous seismic data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of DynaPicker using various open-source seismic datasets, including both window-format and continuous recordings. We evaluate its performance in seismic phase identification and arrival-time picking, as well as its robustness in classifying seismic phases using low-magnitude seismic data in the presence of noise. Furthermore, we integrate the phase arrival-time information into a previously published deep-learning model for magnitude estimation. We apply this workflow to continuous recordings of aftershock sequences following the Turkey earthquake. The results of this case study showcase the reliability of our approach in earthquake detection, phase picking, and magnitude estimation, contributing valuable insights to seismic event analysis.","PeriodicalId":21912,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of carbonatite and recycled oceanic crust to petit-spot lavas on the western Pacific Plate","authors":"Kazuto Mikuni, Naoto Hirano, Shiki Machida, Hirochika Sumino, Norikatsu Akizawa, Akihiro Tamura, Tomoaki Morishita, Yasuhiro Kato","doi":"10.5194/se-15-167-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-167-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Petit-spot volcanoes, occurring due to plate flexure, have been reported globally. As the petit-spot melts ascend from the asthenosphere, they provide crucial information of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary. Herein, we examined the lava outcrops of six monogenetic volcanoes formed by petit-spot volcanism in the western Pacific. We then analyzed the 40Ar/39Ar ages, major and trace element compositions, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios of the petit-spot basalts. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of two monogenetic volcanoes were ca. 2.6 Ma (million years ago) and ca. 0 Ma. The isotopic compositions of the western Pacific petit-spot basalts suggest geochemically similar melting sources. They were likely derived from a mixture of high-μ (HIMU) mantle-like and enriched mantle (EM)-1-like components related to carbonatitic/carbonated materials and recycled crustal components. The characteristic trace element composition (i.e., Zr, Hf, and Ti depletions) of the western Pacific petit-spot magmas could be explained by the partial melting of ∼ 5 % crust bearing garnet lherzolite, with 10 % carbonatite flux to a given mass of the source, as implied by a mass-balance-based melting model. This result confirms the involvement of carbonatite melt and recycled crust in the source of petit-spot melts. It provides insights into the genesis of tectonic-induced volcanoes, including the Hawaiian North Arch and Samoan petit-spot-like rejuvenated volcanoes that have a similar trace element composition to petit-spot basalts.","PeriodicalId":21912,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling transient thermal processes in the lithosphere: application to the NW Pannonian basin","authors":"Eszter Békési, Jan-Diederik van Wees, Kristóf Porkoláb, Mátyás Hencz, Márta Berkesi","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-308","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> The reconstruction of thermal evolution in sedimentary basins is a key input for constraining geodynamic processes and geo-energy resource potential. We present a methodology to reproduce the most important transient thermal footprints accompanying basin formation: lithosphere extension and sedimentation. The forward model is extended with data assimilation to constrain models with temperature measurements. We apply the methodology to the NW part of Hungary. Realistic past- and present-day temperature predictions for the entire lithosphere are achieved, suggesting the relatively uniform, but strong attenuation of the mantle lithosphere through extension, and relatively small variations in the present-day thermal lithosphere thickness. The new temperature model allows an improved estimation of lithosphere rheology and the interpretation of mantle xenolith origins.","PeriodicalId":21912,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subduction plate interface shear stress associated with rapid subduction at deep slow earthquake depths: example from the Sanbagawa belt, southwestern Japan","authors":"Yukinojo Koyama, Simon R. Wallis, Takayoshi Nagaya","doi":"10.5194/se-15-143-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Maximum shear stress along an active deformation zone marking the subduction plate interface is important for understanding earthquake phenomena and is an important input parameter in subduction zone thermomechanical modeling. However, such maximum shear stress is difficult to measure directly at depths more than a few kilometers and is generally estimated by simulation using a range of input parameters with large associated uncertainties. In addition, estimated values generally represent maximum shear stress conditions over short observation timescales, which may not be directly applicable to long-timescale subduction zone modeling. Rocks originally located deep in subduction zones can record information about deformation processes, including maximum shear stress conditions, occurring in regions that cannot be directly accessed. The estimated maximum shear stress is likely to be representative of maximum shear stress experienced over geological timescales and be suitable to use in subduction zone modeling over timescales of millions to tens of millions of years. In this study, we estimated maximum shear stress along a subduction plate interface by using samples from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt of southwestern (SW) Japan, in which slivers of mantle-wedge-derived serpentinite are widely distributed and in direct contact with metasedimentary rocks derived from the subducted oceanic plate. These areas can be related to the zone of active deformation along the subduction plate interface. To obtain estimates of maximum shear stress at the subduction interface, we focused on the microstructure of quartz-rich metamorphic rocks – quartz is the main component of the rocks we collected and its deformation stress is assumed to be roughly representative of the stress experienced by the surrounding rock and plate interface deformation zone. Maximum shear stress was calculated by applying deformation temperatures estimated by the crystallographic orientation of quartz (the quartz c-axis fabric opening-angle thermometer) and the apparent grain size of dynamically recrystallized quartz in a thin section to an appropriate piezometer. Combined with information on sample deformation depth, estimated from the P–T (pressure–temperature) path and deformation temperatures, it is suggested that there was nearly constant maximum shear stress of 15–41 MPa in the depth range of about 15–30 km, assuming plane stress conditions even when uncertainties related to the measurement direction of thin section and piezometer differences are included. The Sanbagawa belt formed in a warm subduction zone. Deep slow earthquakes are commonly observed in modern-day warm subduction zones such as SW Japan, which has a similar thermal structure to the Sanbagawa belt. In addition, deep slow earthquakes are commonly observed to be concentrated in a domain under the shallow part of the mantle wedge. Samples showed the depth conditions near the mantle wedge, suggesting that these s","PeriodicalId":21912,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139770363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple phase rifting and subsequent inversion in the West Netherlands Basin: implications for geothermal reservoir characterization","authors":"Annelotte Weert, Kei Ogata, Francesco Vinci, Coen Leo, Giovanni Bertotti, Jerome Amory, Stefano Tavani","doi":"10.5194/se-15-121-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Aiming to contribute to the energy transition, this study provides an integrated picture of the geothermal system hosted in the West Netherlands Basin and shows how the reconstruction of the basin's geological history can contribute to the correct exploration and exploitation of its geothermal resources. In the West Netherlands Basin, the main geothermal targets are found in the Cretaceous and Jurassic strata that were deposited during the rifting and post-rifting stages and were deformed during the subsequent basin inversion. Despite multiple studies on the tectonic setting, the timing and tectono-stratigraphic architecture of the rift system and its overall control on the development and evolution of geothermal systems are still to be fully deciphered. In this study, a detailed seismo-stratigraphic interpretation of the syn- and post-rift intervals in the West Netherlands Basin will be given within the framework of geothermal exploration. A recently released and reprocessed 3D seismic cube is used, covering a large portion of the onshore section of the basin. We identified two major Jurassic rifting episodes and a Late Cretaceous inversion event. During the Jurassic rifting phases, the compartmentalization of the basin and the creation of accommodation space led to the deposition of the Late Jurassic Nieuwerkerk Formation, which is the main regional geothermal producing target. Within this formation, we individuate growth synclines located in the central portions of the Jurassic half-grabens as sites that show good potential for geothermal exploration.","PeriodicalId":21912,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fold localization at pre-existing normal faults: field observations and analogue modelling of the Achental structure, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria","authors":"Willemijn Sarah Maria Theresia van Kooten, Hugo Ortner, Ernst Willingshofer, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Alfred Gruber, Thomas Sausgruber","doi":"10.5194/se-15-91-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-91-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Within the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) fold-and-thrust belt of the Eastern Alps, multiple pre-shortening deformation phases have contributed to the structural grain that controlled localization of deformation at later stages. In particular, Jurassic rifting and opening of the Alpine Tethys led to the formation of extensional basins at the northern margin of the Apulian plate. Subsequent Cretaceous shortening within the Northern Calcareous Alps produced the enigmatic Achental structure, which forms a sigmoidal transition zone between two E–W-striking major synclines. One of the major complexities of the Achental structure is that all structural elements are oblique to the Cretaceous direction of shortening. Its sigmoidal form was, therefore, proposed to be a result of forced folding at the boundaries of the Jurassic Achental basin. This study analyses the structural evolution of the Achental structure through integrating field observations with crustal-scale physical analogue modelling to elucidate the influence of pre-existing crustal heterogeneities on oblique basin inversion. From brittle–ductile models that include a weak basal décollement, we infer that oblique shortening of pre-existing extensional faults can lead to the localization of deformation at the pre-existing structure and predicts thrust and fold structures that are consistent with field observations. Consequently, the Achental low-angle thrust and sigmoidal fold train was able to localize at the former Jurassic basin margin, with a vergence opposite to the controlling normal fault, creating the characteristic sigmoidal morphology during a single phase of NW-directed shortening.","PeriodicalId":21912,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139667533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of automatic implicit geological modelling in deterministic geophysical inversion","authors":"Jérémie Giraud, Guillaume Caumon, Lachlan Grose, Vitaliy Ogarko, Paul Cupillard","doi":"10.5194/se-15-63-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We propose and evaluate methods for the integration of automatic implicit geological modelling into the geophysical (potential field) inversion process. The objective is to enforce structural geological realism and to consider geological observations in a level set inversion, which inverts for the location of the boundaries between rock units. We propose two approaches. In the first approach, a geological correction term is applied at each iteration of the inversion to reduce geological inconsistencies. This is achieved by integrating an automatic implicit geological modelling scheme within the geophysical inversion process. In the second approach, we use automatic geological modelling to derive a dynamic prior model term at each iteration of the inversion to limit departures from geologically feasible outcomes. We introduce the main theoretical aspects of the inversion algorithm and perform the proof of concept using two synthetic studies. The analysis of the results using indicators measuring geophysical, petrophysical, and structural geological misfits demonstrates that our approach effectively steers the inversion towards geologically consistent models and reduces the risk of geologically unrealistic outcomes. Results suggest that the geological correction may be effectively applied to pre-existing geophysical models to increase their geological realism and that it can also be used to explore geophysically equivalent models.","PeriodicalId":21912,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139667400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Networks of geometrically coherent faults accommodate Alpine tectonic inversion offshore southwestern Iberia","authors":"Tiago M. Alves","doi":"10.5194/se-15-39-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The structural styles and magnitudes of Alpine tectonic inversion are reviewed for the Atlantic margin of southwestern (SW) Iberia, a region known for its historical earthquakes, tsunamis and associated geohazards. Reprocessed, high-quality 2D seismic data provide new images of tectonic faults, which were mapped to a depth exceeding 10 km for the first time. A total of 26 of these faults comprise syn-rift structures accommodating vertical uplift and horizontal advection (shortening) during Alpine tectonics. At the regional scale, tectonic reactivation has been marked by (a) the exhumation of parts of the present-day continental shelf, (b) local folding and thrusting of strata at the foot of the continental slope, and (c) oversteepening of syn- and post-rift sequences near reactivated faults (e.g. “passive uplift”). This work proves, for the first time, that geometric coherence dominated the growth and linkage of the 26 offshore faults mapped in SW Iberia; therefore, they are prone to reactivate as a kinematically coherent fault network. They form 100–250 km long structures, the longest of which may generate earthquakes with a momentum magnitude (Mw) of 8.0. Tectonic inversion started in the Late Cretaceous, and its magnitude is greater close to where magmatic intrusions are identified. In contrast to previous models, this work postulates that regions in which Late Mesozoic magmatism was more intense comprise thickened, harder crust and form lateral buttresses to northwest–southeast compression. It shows these structural buttresses to have promoted the development of early stage fold-and-thrust belts – typical of convergent margins – in two distinct sectors.","PeriodicalId":21912,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139585922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}