D. A. Miranda, L. Moreira, Á. A. de Almeida, J. A. Vieira-Filho, L. C. M, J. K. Valentim, H. Oliveira, A. Geraldo
{"title":"Organic minerals, tributyrin, and blend of organic acids in the diet of commercial laying hens at the end of production","authors":"D. A. Miranda, L. Moreira, Á. A. de Almeida, J. A. Vieira-Filho, L. C. M, J. K. Valentim, H. Oliveira, A. Geraldo","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v53i1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v53i1.02","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the responses in performance, egg quality, and health of internal organs of laying hens of Hisex White lineage. The birds were provided with diets supplemented with organic minerals (OM) + tributyrin, associated or not with a mixture of organic acids (benzoic formic, citric, and phosphoric), compared to a control treatment containing zinc bacitracin (28 ppm). In total, 160 laying hens of the commercial Hisex White lineage of 68 w and an average weight of 1.735 ± 0.025 kg were distributed in 40 experimental plots. The study employed a completely randomized design, with five treatments and eight replications/treatment. The experimental period was divided into seven production cycles of 21 days, totalling 147 experimental days. The variables analysed were egg production and loss, feed intake, mean egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion, and internal and external quality variables of eggs. At the end of the experimental period, the final weight of the birds was measured to evaluate the relative weight of liver and kidneys. No significant effect of the treatments on the productive performance and internal and external quality of the eggs was evident. The association of organic minerals with a mixture of organic acids and tributyrin did not influence the productive performance and internal and external quality of the shell of Hisex White laying hens in the period from 68 to 89 weeks of age.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75786472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Topal, Ö. Ceylan, R. I. Tunca, V. Bay, S. Aldemir, H. Inci, U. Topcuoglu, M. Kösoğlu
{"title":"The effect of different feeding strategies on honey bee gut microbiota and the presence of Nosema","authors":"E. Topal, Ö. Ceylan, R. I. Tunca, V. Bay, S. Aldemir, H. Inci, U. Topcuoglu, M. Kösoğlu","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i5.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i5.02","url":null,"abstract":"Colony development in honey bees depends on both the environmental conditions and their genetic structure. Nutrition is the one of the most important factors in the honey bee’s health. This study was carried out in 48 colonies and included six groups (a control and five feeding groups). In the experiment, the effect of different feeding strategies on intestinal flora and the presence of Nosema was investigated. Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas luteola, Burkholderia cepacia, Brevibacillus nitrificans, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Aeromonas hydrophila, and P. alcalidimonas were detected in the intestinal microflora of the bee samples by morphological and phenotypic identification. The results of phenotypic identification were confirmed using 16S rRNA sequence analysis for P. agglomerans and B. nitrificans strains. The presence of Nosema was simultaneously investigated in all groups. Only Nosema cerenae was detected using DNA analysis in the positive Nosema spore samples.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75059533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Behaviour of farmed fallow deer fawns in the rearing period depends on weather conditions","authors":"K. Tajchman, Z. Bogdaszewska, P. Janiszewski","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i5.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i5.09","url":null,"abstract":"Farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) fawns need to receive care and help from their mothers and be stimulated by other individuals, including their peers. This helps them to learn to live in a group, establish their place in the herd, acquire food, perceive dangers, survive, and initiate reproductive behavior. Adequate analysis of changes in behaviour conducted by deer breeders can be helpful in management of the animals. Furthermore, the knowledge of the time when any disturbance in the natural behaviour of animals should be avoided may contribute to improvement of their welfare. The aim of the research was to analyse the behaviour of fawns in the early rearing period and the influence of weather conditions. The observations were conducted in July 2017 and 2018. The fawns most frequently performed the observed activities in the morning and evening. The ritual playing and suckling bouts were most often noted in the evening. With an increase in air temperature and a decrease in humidity, the young fallow deer followed the doe and vocalized to call the mother, probably to persuade her to hide in a shaded place. A higher frequency of suckling was noted at an increased air temperature and humidity, but the suckling time was reduced with the increasing air temperature. A greater wind speed was associated with a higher frequency of allosuckling. The study showed that the natural behaviour of fawns, which has an impact on their functioning in the herd, should not be disturbed in the morning and evening.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73216984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Sarjana, E. Suprijatna, L. Mahfudz, D. Sunarti, S. Kismiati, B. Ma'rifah, R. Muryani, S. Susanti
{"title":"Effect of transportation distance on the physiological condition and carcass traits of kampong chickens","authors":"T. Sarjana, E. Suprijatna, L. Mahfudz, D. Sunarti, S. Kismiati, B. Ma'rifah, R. Muryani, S. Susanti","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i4.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i4.13","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed to investigate the effect of transportation distance on the physiological conditions and carcass traits of kampong chickens. Two hundred and twenty-five male kampong chickens were transported for distances of 30 km, 60 km, and 90 km, departing from three villages. Their physiological conditions were observed for up to 12 hours after having reached the final destination, and they were slaughtered after 45 minutes of lairage. The results showed that the transportation distance had a minor influence on the male kampong chickens' physiological conditions on arrival and on resulting carcass traits. Decreased oxygen consumption and metabolism rates were observable only eight hours after the rest period, without further effects on body temperature, tonic immobility, and blood triglyceride levels. There were no significant changes in live shrink, liveability, and carcass production from various transportation distances. However, a significant percentage increase in live shrink, accompanied by a significant decrease in visceral weight, was noted after transportation distances above 60 km. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of drumstick weight and a minor decrease in overall carcass quality, derived from bruising on the thighs. No significant changes were noted in graded carcass quality, meat water-holding capacity, pH, lactic acid, or water content. It was concluded that transportation distances up to 90 km were physiologically tolerable to kampong chickens, imposing minor negative impact on carcass traits.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90342377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Radwan, A. Ateya, Eman A. Abo Elfad, Shimaa A. Sak, M. Fouda, R. Darwish, Adel E. El-Desoky
{"title":"MC4R gene polymorphisms for classification of growth efficiency and carcass measurements in two rabbit breeds in Egypt","authors":"H. Radwan, A. Ateya, Eman A. Abo Elfad, Shimaa A. Sak, M. Fouda, R. Darwish, Adel E. El-Desoky","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i6.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i6.02","url":null,"abstract":"Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), a protein derived from the MC4R gene, is involved in feed intake, metabolism control, and body weight regulation in humans. The purpose of this research was to explore MC4R polymorphisms alongside metabolic marker changes and their relationship with growth and carcass measurements in rabbits. Using synthetic line V (V-line) and Baladi Black rabbit breeds (60 rabbits per breed), blood samples were collected for DNA extraction and biochemical analysis. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of MC4R (493 bp) revealed five nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; submitted to GenBank with accession numbers gb|MT832144|, gb|MT832145|, and gb|MT832146|). Four SNPs were characteristic of the V-line breed, and one was characteristic of the Baladi Black. For classification of the defined SNP-dependent groups within and between breeds, a discriminant analysis model correctly classified a percentage of cases with the following predictor variables: 90.8% for body weight at 5–14 weeks of age; 85% for feed consumption, daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio; and 93.3% for carcass measurements (for which hind part weight, liver weight, and liver percentage were the best predictors in both breeds). There were significant differences between and within V-line and Baladi Black breeds in agreement with metabolic biochemical marker profiles and the defined SNPs. The identified SNPs in the MC4R gene and profile of the investigated metabolic biomarkers could be used as candidates and reference for the effective characterization of the two rabbit breeds. This study could therefore facilitate the introduction of markerassisted selection for growth performance characteristics in rabbits. ","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84649976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Linde, E. van Marle-Köster, M. M. Scholtz, M. Gonda, J. Gonzalez-Hernandez, M. MacNeil
{"title":"Differential gene expression in the Longissimus dorsi of Nguni and Bonsmara bulls finished on low and high energy diets","authors":"D. Linde, E. van Marle-Köster, M. M. Scholtz, M. Gonda, J. Gonzalez-Hernandez, M. MacNeil","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v53i1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v53i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives of this research were to examine differential gene expression profiles of Nguni and Bonsmara cattle fed diets differing in their energy density. The ultimate goal was to improve understanding of the mechanisms that underlie differences between these breeds and the potential interactions of the differences between breeds with the nutritive environment. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of breed and diet (12.5 MJ/kg DM vs. 10.9 MJ/kg DM). The initial feeding trial had 10 bull calves per treatment. However, financial constraints limited RNA sequencing to six animals per treatment and the RNA generated from one animal was of insufficient quality to be useful. Transcripts with false discovery rate P-values <0.05 and fold-changes >2.0 were considered significant. Bonsmara had a faster growth rate, heavier live and carcass weights, and better feed conversion compared to Nguni. However, lower levels of fat were observed in Nguni. Twenty different genes were differentially expressed, with three exhibiting interaction effects and all 20 having differences in transcript abundance between the breeds. A dietary effect was only observed for the one gene and that gene was also subject to an interaction effect with breed. Observed differences in gene expression between Bonsmara and Nguni by several genes affecting the structure or function of the mitochondria imply differences in energy metabolism between the breeds. Interaction effects on the abundance of some gene transcripts indicate the need to consider the diet when evaluating breed differences and conversely, consider breed when evaluating diets.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84458808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of reduced dietary protein level on quality of pork carcasses in Windsnyer pigs","authors":"V. Hlatini, C. N. Ncobela, M. Chimonyo","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i6.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i6.01","url":null,"abstract":"To promote the sustainable production of local pigs, their dietary protein requirements need to be determined. Meat production from these pigs when fed on appropriate diets, coupled with their adaptability to climatic extremes and disease and parasite challenges, could be of huge benefit to the pork industry. The objective of the study was to determine the carcass traits, primary pork cuts, and internal organ weights of pigs fed decreasing dietary protein levels. Thirty, slow-growing, Windsnyer male pigs were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments in a complete randomized design. There were five replications for each of the six treatments. Dietary crude protein levels in the six experimental diets were 193, 174, 154, 135, 116, and 97 g/kg, respectively. The diets were formulated to contain similar net energy levels of ~9.5 MJ/kg. Lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan levels were the same for all diets. A two week adaptation was followed by an 8w feeding phase. At slaughter, pigs had an average weight of ~39.13±0.85 kg. Pigs were humanely slaughtered at the end of feeding period to determine carcass characteristics, primary pork cuts, and internal organ size. A negative linear relationship was observed between protein levels and cooler shrink. There was a positive linear relationship between protein level and dressing percentage, cooler shrink, and shoulder fat. There was a quadratic relationship between dietary protein level and shoulder fat, ham diameter, P2(3) backfat depth, and kidney weight. The thickness of dorsal fat at the last rib, the thickness of back fat, and the width of back fat at P2(2) increased linearly as protein level decreased. The reduction in dietary protein level had an influence on carcass traits, primal pork cuts, and internal organs in slow-growing Windsnyer pigs. A reduction in dietary protein level below 116 g/kg compromised ham diameter, P2(3) width of back fat thickness, shoulder fat, and kidney weight. ","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88273973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rampe, F. C. Henry, R. F. Oliveira, A. C. Santos Júnior, A. M. Maradini Filho, Mia Dardengo
{"title":"Evaluation of chia gel incorporation as a fat substitute in Nile tilapia fishburger","authors":"M. Rampe, F. C. Henry, R. F. Oliveira, A. C. Santos Júnior, A. M. Maradini Filho, Mia Dardengo","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i5.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i5.06","url":null,"abstract":"Chia gel is known for its functional properties such as high water and oil retention capacity, emulsifying activity, and as a stabilizer for foams and emulsions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of chia gel as a substitute for pork fat in formulations of fishburgers made with Nile tilapia. Five formulations, one control and four with increasing levels of substitution of chia gel (12.50, 25.00, 37.50 and 50.00%) were evaluated. The fishburgers were characterized regarding their physicochemical composition, their technological characteristics, and microbiological viability. With the incorporation of the gel, there was a significant reduction in lipid component and the caloric value of the formulations, in addition to an increase in the percentage of dietary fibre. In addition, no negative effects were observed regarding yield and the main texture parameters studied. However, the formulations with the highest percentage replacement of pork fat by chia gel were darker when compared to the control treatment. Chia gel may be considered as a novel substitute for pork fat; however, it is recommended that techniques be employed to produce lighter gels, thus avoiding possible rejection by the consumer.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88984811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Pasaribu, M. Sukirman, Y. Sani, B. Bakrie, S. Rusdiana
{"title":"Evaluation of Phyllanthus niruri L. powder on growth performance, haematology, and intestinal morphology of broilers","authors":"T. Pasaribu, M. Sukirman, Y. Sani, B. Bakrie, S. Rusdiana","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v53i1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v53i1.06","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary supplementation of Phyllanthus niruri L. powder (meniran powder, MeP) on the productivity, haematology profiles, and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 200 female, one-day-old chickens were allocated to five treatments randomly, with four replications (10 birds per replicate): control, without antibiotic and MeP; T2, Zn-bacitracin 0.05%; T3, MeP 0.02%; T4, MeP 0.03%; and T5, MeP 0.05%. A completely randomized design was employed. The results showed that MeP supplementation at 0.02%, 0.03%, and 0.05% did not affect the body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, haemoglobin, packed cell volume; and lymphocyte, red blood cell, heterophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts, but at 0.03% and 0.05%, appeared to reduce white blood cells (WBCs) compared to those in the control and Zn-bacitracin groups. Microscopically, MeP supplementation in the diet increased the height and cellular growth of the mucosal villi of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, but the villi appeared fragile as mucosal epithelial cell necrosis was noted in the taller villi. Thus, it is concluded that MeP did not affect broiler performance and haematology profiles, except that the number of WBCs at 0.03% and 0.05% was less than that in the control and Zn-bacitracin groups","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79183044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A field study of Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products on growth performance and faecal microbiota of weaning piglets","authors":"K. Lin, Y. Yu","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i5.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i5.15","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effects of Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products (BLFPs) on the growth performance, faecal microbiota, and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) expression in weaning piglets on a commercial farm. Ninety-six weaning piglets were randomly assigned to four treatments as follows: basal diet as control (C), basal diet plus 30 mg/kg of antibiotics (bacitracin methylene disalicylate) (A), basal diet plus 1 g/kg of BLFPs (F), and basal diet plus 15 mg/kg of antibiotics and 0.5 g/kg of BLFPs (AF), with six replicate pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. Results showed that, similar to antibiotics, replacing all or half the antibiotics with BLFPs improved the feed conversion ratio of weaning piglets from 15–28 d. Microbiota analysis showed that microbial community composition in the faeces showed a clear separation between groups. Replacing all the antibiotics with BLFPs increased the abundance of the genus, Streptococcus, in the faeces compared with the other groups. Half replacement of antibiotics with BLFPs increased the chloramphenicol resistance gene levels in the faeces compared with the C group, whereas full replacement of antibiotics with BLFPs reduced the streptomycin resistance gene levels compared with the C group. A trend of decreased levels of formic acid and acetic acid was observed in the group treated with BLFPs in combination with antibiotics compared with the C group. In conclusion, the field study demonstrates that replacing all or half the antibiotics with BLFPs can improve feed conversion ratio, modulate faecal microbiota, and alter ARG expression in weaning piglets.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80662378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}