Sociology and anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Multicultural Modes of Immigrants' Integration into the Host Society: Exploring the Proposition","authors":"E. Morawska","doi":"10.13189/SA.2018.061002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/SA.2018.061002","url":null,"abstract":"In this essay, I argue that in addition to the acknowledged modes of immigrants' integration into receiver societies, such as straight-line or segmented assimilation, 'bumpy' incorporation, and ethnicization as the mixing and blending of home and host country ways of life, we should recognize the possibility of multicultural paths of newcomers' adaptation to the sociocultural environments of the host-country. I begin by defining what I mean by a multicultural trajectory of immigrants' integration as a pluri-dimensional process founded on the base-line orientation, which Lyn Lofland called 'civility towards diversity', emphasizing its inherently variegated forms and 'contents'. Next, I present some empirical illustrations of local settings where multicultural modes of immigrants' incorporation are likely to evolve. Finally, drawing from studies of inter-cultural encounters, I identify the main features of the surrounding society and the individuals involved, which contribute to the emergence of these modes of integration.","PeriodicalId":21798,"journal":{"name":"Sociology and anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85292555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opening the Black Box-Three Approaches to Interpretation in Participant Observation Studies","authors":"Elisabeth Scheibelhofer","doi":"10.13189/SA.2018.061003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/SA.2018.061003","url":null,"abstract":"Participant observation (PO) is one of the most important methods in qualitative data collection. Nevertheless, published scholarly work on how to analyze data gained from PO is limited. This article reviews the currently most commonly used forms of analysis involving PO data. It is suggested that we can differentiate three main ways in which PO analysis is done in practice. These three “ideal types” (that in practice are often combined with one another) are, first, anthropological approaches; second, Grounded Theory-oriented studies; and third, analytical work oriented towards social scientific hermeneutics. Each of these three main analytical strategies is embedded in specific research traditions and their epistemological contexts. The article provides an overview of these differing approaches and briefly sketches out their use in current qualitative research involving PO.","PeriodicalId":21798,"journal":{"name":"Sociology and anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82125101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Man or Machine? Liberalism Old and New: From Wilhelm von Humboldt to the Teachings of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich August von Hayek","authors":"N. Niazi","doi":"10.13189/SA.2018.061004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/SA.2018.061004","url":null,"abstract":"The attraction of the Austrian school's liberalism lies in its seemingly clear-cut guidelines in deciding what the limits of government activities should be – namely, to provide security and peace, and to uphold the laws, especially property laws, all in order to ensure the unhampered functioning of the market system. In this paper, I argue that the Austrian brand of liberalism as represented by Ludwig von Mises (LvM) and Friedrich August von Hayek (FAvH) is as much concerned with checking and curtailing government activities as it is with regulating the human mind. Deregulation of the market and regulation of the mind go hand in hand with the instrumental expansion of market competition resulting in a specific mode of production and way of thinking. From an ethical point of view, the supreme role of market competition has to be called into question as it not only narrows the choices of feasible ways of life, especially to those not endowed with capital, but also conditions the way we think (mind control). To highlight this critique of the Austrian brand of liberalism I compare it to the perfectionism of the classic liberal thinker Wilhelm von Humboldt (WvH), whose liberalism is wrongly believed to be in accordance with LvM and FAvH's liberalism. WvH avoided formulating a liberal vision of a polity without a rich perfectionist conception of human nature. This conception provides the normative backdrop of his entire political thinking. Without WvH's finespun understanding of human nature and care for self-realization the reign of competitive markets transforms liberalism into an alienating force regulating the human mind in accordance with consumerism and, as WvH would say, turning man into a machine.","PeriodicalId":21798,"journal":{"name":"Sociology and anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75728181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regeneration - A Pragmatic Approach to Informal Settlement Development of Abesan Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"Omolabi Abimbola. Olufemi, W Adebayo Pauline","doi":"10.13189/sa.2018.060904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/sa.2018.060904","url":null,"abstract":"The paper observes that the ever increasing population demand new urban land for housing and that this phenomenon has resulted in unprecedented development challenge in Nigerian urban centres, Lagos inclusive. The paper notes that over the years, Lagos has witnessed rapid population growth that characterized its development and emergence into megacity with attendant pressure on land for the housing supply of low income group. The paper appraises the effects of the standard of housing quality in informal settlement on the well-being of residents of the study area. It conducted a survey of 200 households using a structured questionnaire as instrument of data collection. This is with a view to collecting information on household characteristics, housing condition and environmental quality conditions of the study area. The paper examines the relationship between the deteriorating environmental situation and quality of life of informal settlements inhabitants. The result indicated that 73.0% of respondents were low income earners, 53.5% of the respondents have lived in the area for more than 10 years and 45.6% of residents were satisfied with access to neighbourhood facilities. It asserts that despite the illegality, 'informal' process provides the means for low income earners to gain access to land and housing outside the legal framework and regulations that prescribe the way land ought to be acquired and developed. The paper uses the concepts of healthy city and habitability among others as theoretical underpinnings for achieving sustainable urban development contextually. Conclusively, the paper notes that the efforts of government to manage the housing need of the low income group through different approaches notwithstanding, the effort do not appear to match the housing need of the group. It therefore recommends regeneration option that is driven by community participation as a pragmatic approach towards a sustainable residential development of the settlement and enhanced quality of life for the inhabitants.","PeriodicalId":21798,"journal":{"name":"Sociology and anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87060511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identity, Modernity, Communication: Contributions to Think Afro-Ecuadorian Cultural Identity","authors":"Bruno Santos N. Dias, Pedro Fornaciari Grabois","doi":"10.13189/sa.2018.060906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/sa.2018.060906","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21798,"journal":{"name":"Sociology and anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82303855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographic Shifts Influencing the Political Landscape of the Lake Victoria Basin in Uganda","authors":"F. Tumwine, Y. Bamutaze, H. Opedes","doi":"10.13189/SA.2018.060903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/SA.2018.060903","url":null,"abstract":"High population growth in Uganda is associated with substantial reduction in Infant and Child mortality without commensurate reduction in fertility. Kampala city (100% urban) and Wakiso district (59% urban) are densely populated with 9,429 and 1,100 people per square km respectively (UBOS [1]). The paper explains strong links between high population growth rate of 3.03% / annum, high rate of urbanization (5.1% / annum) one of the major demographic shifts in the country and the changing political landscape of Kampala City and Wakiso district. The paper utilizes both primary and secondary data. Time series gridded population density data was obtained from the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) database and processed in ArcGIS 10.1 program. Change detection analysis for three periods; 2000, 2010 and 2015 was conducted to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of population density in the Lake Victoria Basin. Primary data was obtained from in-depth interviews. Secondary population data was obtained from Uganda Population and Housing Census results (UPHC) 1991, 2002 and 2014; and Uganda Presidential Election results of 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016. Results based on the imagery analysis of the gridded data reveals increasing concentration and hotspot of population density in the Lake Victoria Basin signifying it not only an economic center but also a political hotspot region. The paper reveals that high population growth rate and urbanization have influenced dependency ratio, unemployment, underemployment, poverty, standards of social services and infrastructure as well as political landscape and ramblings. It explains why the National Resistance Movement (NRM) ruling party despite its national strength performs poorly in the urban areas as compared to opposition led by Forum for Democratic Change (FDC). The paper recommends fast tracking the establishment of Kampala metropolitan area, consultative development planning that balances economic and environmental concerns and emphasizing urban development as opposed to creation of new districts.","PeriodicalId":21798,"journal":{"name":"Sociology and anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90446031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Almost within Cooee': The Implications, for Sole-parent Families Living beyond Melbourne's Suburban Edge, of Long-term Poverty and 'Duty'-based Interventions","authors":"T. Holmes","doi":"10.13189/SA.2018.060905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/SA.2018.060905","url":null,"abstract":"Recognising and theorising poverty is a difficult task in Australia, which is among the world's wealthy nations. This paper describes incidental findings of contemporary Australian poverty experiences, mainly affecting sole parents, from a recent ethnographic research in 'Sephirah', a fictitious inner-rural Victorian community. The encompassing study investigated usage of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) by a group of low-income Australians, who were generally unable to afford to consult with professional non-biomedical health providers. Anthropological participative research methods enabled basic statistical representation of households in a poor area, and documentation of health practices and beliefs, while in-depth interview narratives described the participants' experiences of a 'poverty status'. In conjunction with financial hardship, perceived difficulties arose from structured forms of discrimination, primarily impacting sole parents and their children, as the poorest sub- group among those enmeshed in long-term poverty, and secondly, mentally ill persons. These impoverished community members, in rural towns beyond Melbourne's peripheral suburbs, had few employment and educational opportunities, and limited support services. They describe impacts of morally-informed policy and welfare enactments by government, churches, and the health system, based on an idealised discourse that attributes seemingly unnecessary and destructive interventions to a doctrine of 'duty-of-care'.","PeriodicalId":21798,"journal":{"name":"Sociology and anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76799605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Status of Women in American Higher Education","authors":"C. Frances","doi":"10.13189/SA.2018.060902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/SA.2018.060902","url":null,"abstract":"This is a comprehensive overview of the status of women using charts to document trends. The charts are divided into two parts. Part 1 charts in the demographic domain show the spectacular success of women beginning to outnumber men as early as 1980 in the college-going rate, college enrollments, and earned degrees. By 2010 women even earned more doctorate degrees than men. More women than men are employed in higher education in every position, including administration. Part 2 charts show a dismaying lack of continuing success of women in the economic domain of higher education. The number of bachelor degrees earned by women has fallen off from earlier peaks in all the STEM fields. Degrees earned by women continue to be predominantly in the lower paying social science fields. Women professors are paid less than men and the salary gap continues to grow. After huge gains in the number of professional degrees earned by women, the trends have plateaued in recent years. Finally, the number of women college presidents and the number of women serving on governing boards has hit low ceilings. The paper concludes with a search for explanations of these trends and recommendations for aggressive action to restore progress toward equality and equity for women in American higher education.","PeriodicalId":21798,"journal":{"name":"Sociology and anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86799280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utado?! Bad Manners, Incivility, Impunity and the Legacy of Autocracy in Kenya","authors":"D. Ombaka","doi":"10.13189/sa.2018.060901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/sa.2018.060901","url":null,"abstract":"All over the world today many people are complaining of increasing displays of bad manners and incivility in society. It seems that good manners and civility are fast disappearing from social interaction not just in interpersonal relationships but in public affairs as well. Whether it is in the United States, the Philippines, or in Kenya, political leaders today are more likely to feature in the news not for the positive life-changing things they intend to do for their people but more likely for their invective against perceived foes. This paper argues that the bad manners and incivility that are being witnessed from Kenya's leadership today are a necessary precondition for the acts of impunity that are occurring with greater frequency. These acts of bad manners, incivility and impunity are best expressed in the Sheng word: utado?! This word not only describes an attitude but also defines a whole culture in the conduct of public affairs in Kenya. These sundry acts of bad manners and incivility far from being accidental are deliberate and are a precursor for the increasing acts of impunity. These acts of impunity demonstrate the dearth of civility whose ultimate outcome may be to turn away from a new-found democracy to authoritarian governance of the past.","PeriodicalId":21798,"journal":{"name":"Sociology and anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77347657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To Arm or Not to Arm -- The Divergence of Policy from Opinion on Arming Faculty and Staff on U.S. College Campuses","authors":"Rongal D. Watson, Miriam Guzman, B. Scheel","doi":"10.13189/SA.2018.060806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/SA.2018.060806","url":null,"abstract":"We gauged public opinion concerning firearms on college campuses, specifically whether instructors and staff should be permitted to carry weapons in academic spaces, through a 20-question, online survey of college students, instructors and staff at institutions across the United States from September to November 2016. We performed logistic regression to predict support for arming staff and faculty based on responses. Of 483 respondents, only 26 percent thought instructors and staff members should be armed while working or instructing. Being male, nonwhite and of college age were significant predictors of support for arming faculty and staff. We conclude that despite the spread of “campus carry” legislation, public opinion on college campuses remains overwhelmingly opposed to firearms in academic settings. This suggests a significant disconnect between policymakers pressing for more permissive handgun regulations and those most affected by their decision-making.","PeriodicalId":21798,"journal":{"name":"Sociology and anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82761993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}