Journal of Threat Assessment and Management最新文献_第10页

Evaluating Risk Assessment Instruments for Intimate Partner Stalking and Intimate Partner Violence

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/tam0000101

Jacomina Gerbrandij, B. Rosenfeld, Alicia Nijdam-Jones, Michele M Galietta

{"title":"Evaluating Risk Assessment Instruments for Intimate Partner Stalking and Intimate Partner Violence","authors":"Jacomina Gerbrandij, B. Rosenfeld, Alicia Nijdam-Jones, Michele M Galietta","doi":"10.1037/tam0000101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000101","url":null,"abstract":"Research indicates that most stalking victims are harassed by a prior intimate partner and that this group of victims is at a higher risk for violence than other stalking victims. Furthermore, many researchers found a relationship between prior intimate partner stalking (IPS) and intimate partner violence (IPV). The present study focused on identification of overlapping and unique risk factors among IPS and IPV offenders. This was done by examining the accuracy and utility of abridged versions of the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER) and the Guidelines for Stalking Assessment and Management (SAM) in a sample of 158 low-risk offenders charged with crimes targeting an intimate partner. Follow-up ranged from one to 8.5 years; outcome variables were renewed (or continued) stalking and violent reoffending. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that both instruments had weak, nonsignificant predictive validity for both violent or stalking reoffending when considered in isolation. However, each instrument added significantly to the logistic regression model when predicting stalking recidivism when entered after the PCL:SV and relevant covariates, but neither improved predictive accuracy when added after the other was already in the model. Neither instrument added to logistic regression models predicting violent reoffending. Analysis of individual items revealed that items measuring distress and violations of supervision (SAM) and violations of court orders (B-SAFER) were the most consistent predictors of renewed stalking but not violence. The findings of this study question the utility of these tools for predicting violent reoffending but provide qualified support for the prediction of stalking.","PeriodicalId":217565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131130563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Fixations on the Police: An Exploratory Analysis 对警察的关注:一个探索性分析

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/tam0000100

L. Sheridan, N. Pyszora

{"title":"Fixations on the Police: An Exploratory Analysis","authors":"L. Sheridan, N. Pyszora","doi":"10.1037/tam0000100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000100","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that public office holders are at greater risk than the general population of being contacted by fixated individuals who are obsessively preoccupied with a person or idiosyncratic cause. To date, very little attention has been paid to fixated persons who specifically focus on the police. For this study, we collated information on such individuals who have focused on police officers and police institutions to provide an overview of their features, behavior, motivations, and targets. An exploratory mixed-methods investigation examined 30 files kept by the State Security Investigation Group of the Western Australian Police. The modal person of interest in this study is a single, unemployed Australian born male in his mid 40s with a history of mental health issues, residing in an urban area. He has previous convictions, multiple foci, is fixated on a particular cause or belief and feels he is justified in his actions. All the persons in the present work who were visited by police were unwilling to desist, which provided opportunities for investigators and other professionals to obtain information concerning the intentions of the fixated person. This is important for policing because interactions with fixated persons may lead to police officers becoming part of a fixated belief system, because more than half of our sample made threats, and because fixated persons can strain resources and cause significant disruption.","PeriodicalId":217565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131161934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

“A Silver Lining”: Violent Media, Perceptions of a Dangerous World, and Campus Safety Intervention “一线希望”:暴力媒体、危险世界的认知与校园安全干预

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/tam0000095

C. Plante, D. Sweet, Christopher L. Groves

引用次数: 2

Towards a Typology of Terrorism Involvement: A Behavioral Differentiation of Violent Extremist Offenders 恐怖主义参与的类型学:暴力极端主义罪犯的行为分化

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/tam0000102

J. Horgan, N. Shortland, Suzzette Abbasciano

{"title":"Towards a Typology of Terrorism Involvement: A Behavioral Differentiation of Violent Extremist Offenders","authors":"J. Horgan, N. Shortland, Suzzette Abbasciano","doi":"10.1037/tam0000102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000102","url":null,"abstract":"Not unlike early criminology, terrorism research currently ignores or minimizes the issue of behavioral variation between and across individuals convicted of terrorist crimes. Consequently, our understanding of what constitutes involvement per se, and what involvement means for those who participate, remains limited. In turn, our ability to provide data-driven support to domains such as risk assessment, sentencing decisions and post-release offender management is nullified from the outset. This article reports behavioral data to greater differentiate terrorist offenders based on analysis of observable patterns of behaviors exhibited prior to arrest. We use multidimensional scaling methods, commonly used in investigative psychology but rarely used in the study of terrorist behavior. We identify three distinct behavior themes that differentiate individuals convicted of terrorist related offenses in the United States who operated on behalf of the Global Jihadist Movement (GJM). Furthermore, by comparing individuals who gravitate toward one of these themes, or roles, we highlight distinct sociodemographic factors associated with these different types. Our results warrant further research to disaggregate “the terrorist” as well as support ongoing debates about the psychological aspects of involvement and engagemsent in terrorist activity. Our results are highly exploratory, and future research needs to go beyond typologies within groups, but within roles themselves. These findings however, serve to demonstrate the importance of such differentiation when discussing “the terrorist.”","PeriodicalId":217565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126773385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 19

The Anticipated Consequences of Legalizing Guns on College Campuses 大学校园枪支合法化的预期后果

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2018-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/tam0000097

J. Shepperd, J. Losee, Gabrielle Pogge, Nikolette P. Lipsey, Liz Redford, Marie Crandall

{"title":"The Anticipated Consequences of Legalizing Guns on College Campuses","authors":"J. Shepperd, J. Losee, Gabrielle Pogge, Nikolette P. Lipsey, Liz Redford, Marie Crandall","doi":"10.1037/tam0000097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000097","url":null,"abstract":"We examined whether gun ownership, and more importantly, the reason for owning a gun, is linked to expectations about what will happen if legislation allows guns on one’s college campus. We sent a web-based survey to students, faculty, and staff at a single southeastern United States university in March 2016. We queried respondents about gun ownership and the potential effects of campus carry laws on personal safety and the educational environment. We grouped respondents (N = 11,390) into gun owners who own guns for protection (protection owners), gun owners who own guns for nonprotection reasons (e.g., sport, collecting; nonprotection owners), and nonowners. Nonprotection owners and nonowners responded similarly and were generally distinct from protection owners. However, all 3 groups reported that legalizing guns on campus would harm the academic atmosphere and diminish feelings of safety when having heated exchanges or evaluating student outcomes. Ironically, protection owners acknowledge these harms yet support legislation allowing guns on campus. Regardless of group, our participants anticipated that allowing guns on campus would largely produce undesirable downstream academic consequences. Lawmakers must find ways to mitigate the possible harmful effects on personal safety and the academic environment, and find solutions that satisfy the safety needs of groups who see guns as source versus a threat to safety.","PeriodicalId":217565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115622287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management: Lessons Learned in One VA Health Care System 行为威胁评估和管理:退伍军人医疗保健系统的经验教训

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2018-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/tam0000093

Natalie Purcell, Michael D. Drexler

引用次数: 0

Balancing Safety Against Obstruction to Health Care Access: An Examination of Behavioral Flags in the VA Health Care System 平衡安全与阻碍卫生保健访问:在VA卫生保健系统的行为标志的检查

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2018-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/tam0000096

L. Weinberger, S. Sreenivasan, Daniel E. Smee, J. McGuire, T. Garrick

{"title":"Balancing Safety Against Obstruction to Health Care Access: An Examination of Behavioral Flags in the VA Health Care System","authors":"L. Weinberger, S. Sreenivasan, Daniel E. Smee, J. McGuire, T. Garrick","doi":"10.1037/tam0000096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000096","url":null,"abstract":"In 2003, the Veterans Affairs (VA) instituted an alert, known as behavioral flags, in the veteran’s nationwide electronic medical record. The flag can be placed for those who demonstrate physical or verbal aggression, and functions as a “warning” to staff that the patient poses an increased risk of harm to others. The flag also gives directives regarding actions to be taken before seeing the veteran (such as, VA police presence, restricting appointments to areas with metal detectors, restricting care to specific clinics or medical centers). Critics have alleged that behavioral flags are a method to punish those who complain about their health care by imposing restrictions at VA facilities. Indeed, data suggest that the overwhelming majority of “flagged” VA patient behaviors have been verbal. Behavioral flags may discourage veterans from seeking needed VA care, particularly, when restrictions such as VA police escorts to clinic appointments may be perceived as humiliating. Given this, alternatives to flag placement would be a comprehensive violence risk assessment and interventions that enhance a veteran’s control over disruptive behavior.","PeriodicalId":217565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132130039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

The Distinction Between Transient and Substantive Student Threats 学生短暂威胁与实质威胁的区别

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2017-12-14 DOI: 10.1037/tam0000092

A. Burnette, Pooja Datta, D. Cornell

{"title":"The Distinction Between Transient and Substantive Student Threats","authors":"A. Burnette, Pooja Datta, D. Cornell","doi":"10.1037/tam0000092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000092","url":null,"abstract":"Many schools across North America have adopted student threat assessment as a violence prevention strategy. The Virginia Student Threat Assessment Guidelines (VSTAG) is a threat assessment model that emphasizes distinguishing between substantive threats that are serious and transient threats that are not serious. This retrospective study investigated the interrater reliability and criterion-related validity of this distinction in a sample of 844 student threat cases from 339 Virginia public schools. To assess interreliability for the transient versus substantive distinction, research coders independently classified a subsample of 148 narratives, achieving classification agreement with schools of 70% (&kgr; = .53). Logistic regression analyses examined transient and substantive threat differences in threat characteristics and outcomes. Threats were more likely to be classified as substantive when they included warning behaviors (e.g., history of violence, weapon use, leakage, etc.), were made by older students, mentioned the use of a bomb or a knife, and involved threats to harm self as well as others. Although only 2.5% of threats were attempted, substantive threats were 36 times more likely to be attempted than transient threats. Substantive threats were more likely to result in out-of-school suspension, change in school placement, and/or legal action. Overall, these findings supported the transient/substantive distinction, but indicated some training needs for school teams.","PeriodicalId":217565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114999455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Violence at Work: An Examination of Aggressive, Violent, and Repeatedly Violent Employees 工作中的暴力:对攻击性、暴力和反复暴力员工的调查

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.1037/tam0000091

Celia M Geck, Teresa Grimbos, Maurice Siu, Philip E Klassen, M. Seto

{"title":"Violence at Work: An Examination of Aggressive, Violent, and Repeatedly Violent Employees","authors":"Celia M Geck, Teresa Grimbos, Maurice Siu, Philip E Klassen, M. Seto","doi":"10.1037/tam0000091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000091","url":null,"abstract":"Data were examined from clinical files of 306 adult male employees referred by their employer for a mental health and risk assessment after a recent workplace altercation (the index incident) involving either an observed aggressive (e.g., verbal outburst or property damage) or violent (e.g., assault or attempted assault) act directed at a fellow employee. Personal and work-related factors were examined across two comparisons to better understand the factors that distinguished aggressive, violent, and repeatedly violent employees. The first comparison distinguished 219 (72%) employees who were aggressive from 87 (28%) who were violent during their index incident. Results showed that violent employees were more likely to be in a common-law or married relationship and more likely to have previous physical workplace incidents, but were less likely to have a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Axis I diagnosis and a history of threats at the workplace. The second comparison distinguished 61 (67%) employees who were violent once (nonrepeaters) from 30 (33%) employees who were violent more than once (repeaters). Employees who engaged in repeated violence were found more likely to have experienced early physical abuse, have substance use problems and anger problems, and were more likely to have a DSM Axis II diagnosis. They were also more likely to have problematic workplace histories characterized by threats, intoxication, and suspensions and/or terminations.","PeriodicalId":217565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115606102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

The State of Scientific Knowledge Regarding Factors Associated With Terrorism 关于恐怖主义相关因素的科学知识现状

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2017-09-14 DOI: 10.1037/tam0000090

Sarah L. Desmarais, Joseph M. Simons-Rudolph, C. S. Brugh, Eileen Schilling, Chad Hoggan

{"title":"The State of Scientific Knowledge Regarding Factors Associated With Terrorism","authors":"Sarah L. Desmarais, Joseph M. Simons-Rudolph, C. S. Brugh, Eileen Schilling, Chad Hoggan","doi":"10.1037/tam0000090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000090","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted a systematic review of the contemporary scientific literature to (a) identify consensus, where it exists, regarding factors associated with membership in terrorist organizations and/or perpetration of terrorist attacks; (b) drive future research directions; and (c) inform evidence-based counterterrorism strategies. Systematic searches of 6 databases identified 205 articles that met inclusion criteria. Of these, 50 articles reported on findings of empirical research, 24 reported inferential statistics, and 6 of these compared characteristics of known terrorists to nonterrorists. Across various aspects of terrorism and terrorists (e.g., type of terrorist, attack type), articles rarely specified their focus. When examined factors typically focused on characteristics of the individual. Review of the empirical findings suggest 9 variables with at least some support for their association with terrorism: age, socioeconomic status, prior arrest, education, employment, relationship status, having a grievance, geographic locale, and type of geographic area. However, given the limitations of the research, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that any of these variables are empirically supported risk factors. Findings identified additional characteristics of an individual (i.e., country of birth, Islamic faith, military experience, foreign travel history, family or friend in a terrorist or extremist organization) and their environment (i.e., income inequality, media and government influences) that merit further evaluation. Findings also emphasized the importance of a triggering event. Finally, findings indicate that some widely accepted “risk” factors have limited empirical support for their association with terrorism. A focus on these factors might contribute to discrimination and reduce the effectiveness of counterterrorism strategies.","PeriodicalId":217565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128815218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 71