Seminars in oncology最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the effects of racial and socioeconomic factors on timeliness of lung cancer diagnosis and treatment in Baltimore Veterans","authors":"Fahid Alghanim ,&nbsp;Kevin Z. Li ,&nbsp;Max An ,&nbsp;Avelino C. Verceles ,&nbsp;William R. Grier ,&nbsp;Hatoon Abbas ,&nbsp;Janaki Deepak","doi":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To characterize the effect of racial and socioeconomic factors on the timeliness of lung cancer diagnosis and treatment in a single-center Veterans Affair Medical Center (VAMC) pulmonary nodule clinic.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted a single-center retrospective review of all patients seen at the Baltimore VAMC pulmonary nodule clinic between 2013 and 2019 to identify key demographic factors, measures of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, cancer staging and histopathologic information, and time elapsed between diagnosis and treatment. We excluded patients with pulmonary nodules undergoing active surveillance, prior history of lung cancer, metastases of a different primary origin, insufficient followup, or who had received care outside the VHA system.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Median times to diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer were 28 and 73 days. There were no statistically significant differences in overall timeliness of diagnosis and treatment when stratified by race or measures of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The authors found no differences in timeliness of lung cancer care by race and socioeconomic status within the system. Despite general adherence to national standards in timeliness of care, there continues to be a need for improvements in the operational workflows to reduce time to diagnosis and treatment for all Veterans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21750,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in oncology","volume":"49 3","pages":"Pages 247-253"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093775422000550/pdfft?md5=bfb9041c676541e5c2399d40393430e8&pid=1-s2.0-S0093775422000550-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40584630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the efficacy of immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer: Leveraging recent scientific discoveries and tumor-specific antigens","authors":"Joseph B. Hiatt ,&nbsp;Perrin E. Romine ,&nbsp;Daniel Y. Wu","doi":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine neoplasm with poor survival outcomes and little change to treatment standards over decades. SCLC is associated with heavy tobacco exposure and a high rate of somatic mutations in tumor cells, leading to hope that immune checkpoint inhibitors would dramatically reshape the treatment landscape of SCLC. Instead, immune checkpoint inhibitors have led to real but modest gains in outcomes, with only a small minority of patients deriving more durable benefit. Furthermore, biomarkers of ICI efficacy that have succeeded in other tumor types have not been validated in SCLC. However, recent research advances have suggested that epigenetic heterogeneity and plasticity play especially key roles in SCLC biology. Leveraging this emerging perspective, a new slate of candidate biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitor benefit have been described, and the novel treatment strategies combining rational epigenetic perturbation with immune checkpoint inhibitors are being developed. Finally, other immunotherapy strategies targeting SCLC-specific mechanisms are being tested. Together, these developments may lead to a second generation of much more efficacious immunotherapies in SCLC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21750,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in oncology","volume":"49 3","pages":"Pages 344-352"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093775422000434/pdfft?md5=63c4dbba000514f2a6d37c78a0e05a6a&pid=1-s2.0-S0093775422000434-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40609581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of actionable genetic alterations in lung carcinoma from the VA National Precision Oncology Program","authors":"Shadia I. Jalal ,&nbsp;Aixia Guo ,&nbsp;Sara Ahmed ,&nbsp;Michael J. Kelley","doi":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.014","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in men and women. Genomic sequencing of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is critical for the optimal treatment of NSCLC. In this study we sought to describe the frequencies of highly actionable driver mutations in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), squamous cell (LUSQ) and other NSCLC histologies (LUOT) in Veterans tested through the VA's National Precision Oncology Program (NPOP) and compare these frequencies to other published datasets from highly specialized academic cancer centers. The NPOP cohort included 3,376 unique Veterans with a diagnosis of lung carcinoma tested between February 2019 and January 2021 including 1892 with LUAD, 940 with LUSQ, and 549 with LUOT. Among patients with LUAD, 27.5% had highly actionable genetic variants. The frequency of targetable mutations was as follows: <em>ALK</em> rearrangement 0.8%, <em>BRAF</em> V600E 2.1%, <em>EGFR</em> exon 20 insertion mutation 0.48%, <em>EGFR</em> sensitizing mutations 6.6%, <em>ERBB2</em> small variants 1.2%, <em>KRAS</em> G12C 14.0%, <em>MET</em> exon 14 skipping mutation 1.5%, <em>NTRK</em> rearrangement 0.1%, RET rearrangement 0.4%, and <em>ROS1</em> rearrangement 0.3%. The frequency of <em>EGFR</em> mutations, <em>RET</em> rearrangement, <em>MET</em> exon 14 and ERBB2 small variants frequencies were significantly lower in NPOP compared to other published reports while <em>MET</em> amplification was more common in NPOP. Combined rates of highly actionable genetic variants were 2.7% and 13.4% in LUSQ and LUOT, respectively. In this study, 27.5% of Veterans with lung adenocarcinoma have actionable genetic alterations eligible for FDA approved targeted therapies, a frequency only slightly lower than other published datasets despite higher smoking rates in Veterans. Genomic sequencing should be performed in all Veterans with advanced LUAD and LUOT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21750,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in oncology","volume":"49 3","pages":"Pages 265-274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093775422000549/pdfft?md5=ef9e86fd49cb026f651bf2bf4c0cef59&pid=1-s2.0-S0093775422000549-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40643108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgery for early-stage lung cancer with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus open thoracotomy: A narrative review","authors":"Juan Alban ,&nbsp;Kathleen Kennedy ,&nbsp;Alicia Hulbert ,&nbsp;Melani Lighter ,&nbsp;Mary Pasquinelli ,&nbsp;Israel Rubinstein ,&nbsp;Seema Ghelani ,&nbsp;Andrew Clayburn ,&nbsp;Lawrence E. Feldman","doi":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.012","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recommending video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) over open thoracotomy to patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is controversial. Accordingly, we reviewed randomized comparative studies to determine the risks and benefits of VATS lobectomy. Electronic searches on PubMed with standard search terms revealed 97 comparative studies published between 1990 and 2022. Of those, only 5 were randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT) and 1 is still ongoing although initial data has been published as an abstract form. A total of 918 patients were evaluated in 5 RCT's. All studies included patients with known or suspected primary lung cancer randomized in a 1:1 ratio to VATS or thoracotomy. Between 2 studies, reports of 1-year, 3-year and 5-year overall survival were found to be similar across surgical modalities. Additionally, no differences were found in the rates of locoregional and distant recurrence. Three studies reported no statistical differences in the number of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes sampled. Two studies found decreased length of stay following VATS (4 days <em>v</em> 5 days, <em>P</em> = 0.027 and <em>P</em> = 0.008), while 2 found no difference. Increased in-hospital complications were seen in 2 studies (<em>P</em> = 0.008 and <em>P</em> = 0.039). VATS was associated with decreased pain scores, better self-reported QOL at 52 weeks (<em>P</em> = 0.014). Few randomized clinical trials comparing VATS lobectomy to open thoracotomy and lobectomy in early stage NSCLC have been reported. These studies suggest that VATS lobectomy offers similar outcomes with decreased in-hospital complications, pain, length of stay, and improved physical functioning when compared to thoracotomy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21750,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in oncology","volume":"49 3","pages":"Pages 261-264"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093775422000525/pdfft?md5=dd5023c572f73eef603c68cd39333d05&pid=1-s2.0-S0093775422000525-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33458634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TOC","authors":"","doi":"10.1053/S0093-7754(22)00067-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/S0093-7754(22)00067-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21750,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in oncology","volume":"49 3","pages":"Pages A3-A4"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093775422000677/pdfft?md5=72d1053577ef5c8061d2bc03208f015b&pid=1-s2.0-S0093775422000677-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138197425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung cancer: Premalignant biology and medical prevention","authors":"R.L. Keith ,&nbsp;Y.E. Miller ,&nbsp;M. Ghosh ,&nbsp;Wilbur A. Franklin ,&nbsp;I. Nakachi ,&nbsp;D.T. Merrick","doi":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lung cancer (both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell) progress through a series of pre-malignant histologic changes before the development of invasive disease. Each of these carcinogenic cascades is defined by genetic and epigenetic alterations in pulmonary epithelial cells. Additionally, alterations in the immune response, progenitor cell function, mutational burden, and microenvironmental mediated survival of mutated clones contribute to the risk of pre-malignant lesions progressing to cancer. Medical preventions studies have been completed and current and future trials are informed by the improved understanding of pre-malignancy. This will lead to precision chemoprevention trials based on lesional biology and histologic characteristics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21750,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in oncology","volume":"49 3","pages":"Pages 254-260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093775422000136/pdfft?md5=f94e8481e359efa65775b9d002ef9606&pid=1-s2.0-S0093775422000136-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10169693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers and facilitators to lung cancer screening and follow-up","authors":"Ethan Bernstein ,&nbsp;Brett C. Bade ,&nbsp;Kathleen M. Akgün ,&nbsp;Michal G. Rose ,&nbsp;Hilary C. Cain","doi":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two randomized trials have shown that lung cancer screening (LCS) with low dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduces lung cancer mortality in patients at high-risk for lung malignancy by identifying early-stage cancers, when local cure and control is achievable. The implementation of LCS in the United States has revealed multiple barriers to preventive cancer care. Rates of LCS are disappointingly low with estimates between 5%–18% of eligible patients screened. Equally concerning, follow-up after baseline screening is far lower than that of clinical trials (44-66% <em>v</em> &gt;90%). To optimize the benefits of LCS, programs must identify and address factors related to LCS participation and follow-up while concurrently recognizing and mitigating barriers. As a relatively new screening test, the most effective processes for LCS are uncertain. Therefore, LCS programs have adopted a wide range of approaches without clearly established best practices to guide them, particularly in rural and resource-limited settings. In this narrative review, we identify barriers and facilitators to LCS, focusing on those studies in non-clinical trial settings — reflecting “real world” challenges. Our goal is to identify effective and scalable LCS practices that will increase LCS participation, improve adherence to follow-up, inform strategies for quality improvement, and support new research approaches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21750,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in oncology","volume":"49 3","pages":"Pages 213-219"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093775422000586/pdfft?md5=4a1bcd15cc2c5fc687688f98a80cd099&pid=1-s2.0-S0093775422000586-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40584629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung cancer screening at the VA: Past, present and future","authors":"Nicholas M. Maurice ,&nbsp;Nichole T. Tanner","doi":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lung cancer is responsible for more deaths annually in the United States than breast, prostate and colon cancers combined. Lung cancer screening with annual low-dose computed tomography reduces lung cancer mortality in high-risk patients through early detection. The incidence of lung cancer is higher in the veteran population compared to the general population due, in part, to the prevalence of tobacco use. Early detection of lung cancer is therefore an important goal of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the largest integrated health care system in the United States. The following will review previous and current initiatives undertaken by the VHA to implement and expand access to lung cancer screening and will highlight target areas of interest to improve uptake and quality of lung cancer screening. Through these initiatives and programs, the VHA aims to provide high quality and equitable access to lung cancer screening for all Veterans that incorporates research that will improve outcomes and potentially inform and optimize the practice of Lung cancer screening across the United States.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21750,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in oncology","volume":"49 3","pages":"Pages 206-212"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093775422000410/pdfft?md5=e1628bd316f9b96fad48fcb22a2aeeb8&pid=1-s2.0-S0093775422000410-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40600815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of CT screening in lung cancer: Scientific evidence and literature review","authors":"Kathleen Kennedy ,&nbsp;Alicia Hulbert ,&nbsp;Mary Pasquinelli ,&nbsp;Lawrence E. Feldman","doi":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.013","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The treatment of lung cancer has improved significantly in recent years however, lung cancer remains as a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Lung cancer screening has been explored, over the past several decades, as a means of reducing lung cancer mortality, to identify asymptomatic disease when it is potentially curable. The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) established that low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scans of the chest can be instrumental in reducing lung cancer mortality but the criteria for screening implemented in this trial may not be equitably sensitive across racial and sex subpopulations. Furthermore, the high false detection rate reported in this trial has raised concerns regarding overdiagnosis with LDCT alone. The aim of this review is to summarize the history of lung cancer screening trials, limitations of lung cancer screening, the impact of alternative risk prediction models in reducing disparities, and the use of biomarkers in conjunction with imaging to improve diagnostic authenticity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21750,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in oncology","volume":"49 3","pages":"Pages 198-205"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093775422000537/pdfft?md5=b6b6e3c6f67d248fd18599a8b8307eb8&pid=1-s2.0-S0093775422000537-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40363646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting EZH2 to overcome the resistance to immunotherapy in lung cancer","authors":"Daniel Sanghoon Shin ,&nbsp;Kevin Park ,&nbsp;Edward Garon ,&nbsp;Steven Dubinett","doi":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Unleashing the immune system to fight cancer has been a major breakthrough in cancer therapeutics since 2014 when anti-PD-1 antibodies (pembrolizumab and nivolumab) were approved for patients with metastatic melanoma. Therapeutic indications have rapidly expanded for many types of advanced cancer, including lung cancer. A variety of antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint are contributing to this paradigm shift. The field now confronts two salient challenges: first, to improve the therapeutic outcome given the low response rate across the histologies; second, to identify biomarkers for improved patient selection. Pre-clinical and clinical studies are underway to evaluate combinatorial treatments to improve the therapeutic outcome paired with correlative studies to identify the factors associated with response and resistance. One of the emerging strategies is to combine epigenetic modifiers with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) based on the evidence that targeting epigenetic elements can enhance anti-tumor immunity by reshaping the tumor microenvironment (TME). We will briefly review pleotropic biological functions of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the enzymatic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), clinical developments of oral EZH2 inhibitors, and potentially promising approaches to combine EZH2 inhibitors and PD-1 blockade for patients with advanced solid tumors, focusing on lung cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21750,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in oncology","volume":"49 3","pages":"Pages 306-318"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093775422000458/pdfft?md5=389e4d135aff73955ff2bd63c5069c91&pid=1-s2.0-S0093775422000458-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40517206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}