Reviews on Environmental Health最新文献

{"title":"Blood zinc and copper levels in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Mahdi Kashanian, Zohreh Manoochehri, Omran Davarinejad, Samaneh Nakhaee, Borhan Mansouri","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2025-0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2025-0127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental condition shaped by genetic, environmental, and biochemical influences. Among these, trace elements such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) have attracted considerable interest due to their involvement in synaptic transmission, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and neuroinflammatory processes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess whole blood, serum and plasma levels of Zn and Cu in children diagnosed with ASD compared to neurotypical controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to July 2025. Eligible studies included observational studies, including cross-sectional and case-control studies reporting whole blood, serum, or plasma concentrations of Zn and Cu in children with ASD. Two independent reviewers performed study selection and data extraction, and quality assessment using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Meta-analyses were conducted using STATA version 17.0. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using Hedges's g. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I² statistic, and publication bias was assessed via funnel plots and Egger's test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total 15 studies comprising 2,537 participants (849 children with ASD and 1,688 controls) met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed non-significant pooled differences between children with ASD and controls for Zn (SMD=-0.48, 95 % CI: -1.08 to 0.13; p=0.13) and Cu (SMD=-0.59, 95 % CI: -1.30 to 0.11; p=0.10). Substantial heterogeneity (I²>97 %) was observed for both analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The children with ASD and the control groups did not significantly differ in blood Zn or Cu levels. Due to the possibility of publication bias and heterogeneity that existed between included studies, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Thus, existing evidence should be treated as an attempt to generate the hypothesis, and higher-quality studies are needed to uncover the role of trace elements homeostasis in ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":21165,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on Environmental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149246275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review and probabilistic meta-analysis of health risks and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with heavy metals in global drinking water: a continental comparison.","authors":"Md Jahim Uddin Shorif, Shakhawat Chowdhury, Abdullah Al-Mamun, Syed Masiur Rahman","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2026-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2026-0040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal contamination in drinking water is a public health issue. This study conducted a probabilistic meta-analysis of health risk assessment for six commonly reported heavy metals (arsenic [As], lead [Pb], mercury [Hg], cadmium [Cd], chromium [Cr] and nickel [Ni]) in drinking water across six continents (Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America and Oceania) using the data from 2000 to 2024. Human exposure and risks were quantified in terms of cancer risks (CRs) and loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Monte Carlo simulation was employed to generate 5,000 random scenarios to incorporate uncertainty in risk assessment. Africa exhibited the average concentrations of As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr and Ni in drinking water of 176.7, 123.3, 93.7, 80.2, 91.0 and 35.1 μg/L respectively. The overall averages of CRs in Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Africa and Oceania were predicted to be 3.25 × 10^-4, 1.34 × 10^-4, 2.26 × 10^-4, 1.18 × 10^-3, 4.1 × 10^-3 and 5.83 × 10^-5 respectively while the DALYs were 1.48 × 10⁵, 7.14 × 10³, 1.20 × 10⁴, 5.51 × 10⁴, 8.63 × 10⁵ and 2.68 × 10² respectively. Across six continents, inorganic fraction of arsenic (iAs) was the dominant carcinogen, contributing (45-91) % to total cancer risks in Asia, contributions of iAs and Cd were almost similar. The loss of DALYs were highest in Africa (8.63 × 10⁵), due mainly to arsenic-induced bladder and cadmium-induced lung cancers. The global economic burden was USD 29 billion, with Africa accounting for almost 52 %. Sensitivity analysis identified iAs as the key parameter. The heavy metal contamination is a public health issue that requires decisive actions in Africa, South America and Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":21165,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on Environmental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149246325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An umbrella review of public health interventions to mitigate air pollution and improve health outcomes in high-income countries.","authors":"Maisoon Mairghani, Jack Baker, Muluken Basa, Ross Brannigan, Andre Ramkaran, Anya Murphy, Debbi Stanistreet, Melissa Sharp","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2026-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2026-0061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Air pollution remains a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in high income countries (HICs), particularly in urban environments where traffic and other combustion sources dominate emissions. This umbrella review aimed to synthesise evidence on interventions to mitigate air pollution and improve health outcomes in HICs, including equity considerations.</p><p><strong>Content: </strong>Eight systematic reviews were included, covering city- and transport-level policies, individual and household exposure-reduction strategies and modelling of emission-reduction and net-zero pathways. Transport interventions showed consistent cardiovascular benefits and reductions in traffic injuries. Portable air cleaners reduced indoor PM2.5 and were associated with modest improvements in blood pressure. Modelling studies projected substantial health co-benefits, including a median mortality reduction of approximately 1.5 %.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Structural policy interventions provided the most consistent population health benefits while individual and household-level interventions offered complementary effects. Modelling evidence supported the potential health gains of large-scale mitigation and net-zero strategies.</p><p><strong>Outlook: </strong>Equity impacts were rarely assessed and findings were inconsistent. Greater consideration of equity in the design and evaluation of future air-pollution interventions is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21165,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on Environmental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148978042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal contamination in herbal medicines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Emna Boulares, Alvin Flores Baralin, Sabrina Chen Yin Tan, Habyeong Kang","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2026-0047","DOIUrl":"10.1515/reveh-2026-0047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herbal medicine products (HMPs) are widely consumed worldwide, yet contamination with toxicants such as heavy metals poses potential environmental health and consumer safety concerns. This study systematically reviewed studies measuring contamination levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), or arsenic (As) in crude herbal materials and formulated HMPs. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL were searched from inception to June 2026. Random-effects meta-analyses estimated metal-specific pooled mean concentrations; moderator analyses and meta-regression explored heterogeneity. Seventy studies from 27 countries or territories were included. Forty-eight, 45, 25, and 35 studies contributed to the Pb, Cd, Hg, and As meta-analyses, respectively. Pooled concentrations in HMPs were 1.930 mg/kg (95 % CI: 0.993-2.860) for Pb, 0.206 mg/kg (95 % CI: 0.142-0.270) for Cd, 0.122 mg/kg (95 % CI: 0.016-0.228) for Hg, and 0.501 mg/kg (95 % CI: 0.267-0.736) for As; heterogeneity was considerable for all metals. Pb concentrations differed by national income group (p=0.007), and Cd concentrations differed by product classification (p=0.002), with higher Cd concentrations in crude materials than formulated products. Higher gross national income per capita was associated with lower Pb and As concentrations. Reported exceedance of study-specific comparators was common but varied substantially because regulatory limits, product categories, and denominators differed across studies. Heavy metal contamination of HMPs varies between settings and products, which underscores the need for strengthened quality surveillance, improved monitoring, and harmonized regulatory standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":21165,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on Environmental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148945351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air pollution and cognitive outcomes in older adults: a systematic review.","authors":"Yisi Liu, Karen Capellan De La Rosa, Tianjun Lu, Xiaotong Ning, Neelah Maharjan, Jordan Best, Hannah Johnson, Yeon Jin Choi","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2026-0022","DOIUrl":"10.1515/reveh-2026-0022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rising prevalence of cognitive decline and dementia imposes substantial burdens on individuals, families, and society. Air pollution has increasingly been linked to adverse cognitive outcomes, but findings vary across pollutants, study designs, and exposure-assessment methods. This review summarizes epidemiological evidence on ambient air pollution and cognitive outcomes among older adults, identifies research gaps, and outlines priorities for future investigation. PubMed was searched through February 2025 for peer-reviewed, English-language observational studies published from January 2000 onward that examined ambient air pollution and cognitive outcomes among adults aged 50 years and older. A total of 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) was the most frequently studied pollutant, and most studies reported associations between higher PM_2.5 exposure and poorer global or domain-specific cognitive function, faster cognitive decline, or increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Evidence for other pollutants generally suggested adverse associations, although ozone (O₃) findings were the most inconsistent. Differences in exposure assessment methods, cognitive assessment, study designs, confounding control, and population susceptibility likely contributed to heterogeneity. Overall, the accumulated evidence suggests that long-term ambient air pollution exposures may contribute to poorer cognitive outcomes in later life. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening air quality standards to protect brain health and developing targeted interventions for vulnerable older populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21165,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on Environmental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148930995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) in the built environment: transmission, resistance, and strategies for detection and mitigation.","authors":"Ka'ili Cruz, Tariq E Chaudry, Sean M McTigue, Hong Huang, John A Bauer, Minjae Kim","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2026-0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2026-0054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) lead to tens of thousands of deaths annually, with 21.6 % being caused by water, according to Collier S, Deng L, Adam E, Benedict K, Beshearse E, Blackstock A, et al. Estimate of burden and direct healthcare cost of infectious waterborne disease in the United States. Emerging Infect Disease J 2021;27:140. This is partially due to Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens (OPPPs); which may exhibit resistance to disinfection and thrive in pipe biofilms. Evidence found in literature indicates the rate of infections caused by OPPPs are going to increase with time, highlighting the need for better understanding of their detection and mitigation. The aim of this review is to provide insight on the latest status of OPPP research and highlight areas that need further investigation. It also emphasizes the importance of proactive surveillance, extensive water management protocols, and advanced detection technologies in reducing waterborne healthcare-associated infections. Ultimately, it was found there is still extensive research needed to fully mitigate and prevent pathogenic outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":21165,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on Environmental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airborne microplastics: a comprehensive analysis of indoor and outdoor pollution patterns.","authors":"Mina Rahmani, Fatemeh Yousefian, Fatameh Atoof, Sahar Gholipour, Zahra Batooli, Mansour Baziar, Nezam Mirzaei","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2025-0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2025-0059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent decades, airborne microplastics (MPs) and nano plastics have emerged as critical environmental pollutants, posing potential human health risks including respiratory issues such as asthma, alveolitis, and chronic bronchitis. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the distribution, characteristics and concentrations of airborne MPs in indoor and outdoor environments based on studies published up to October 2023. Following PRISMA guidelines, 27 eligible studies across 16 countries were selected, with 21 providing sufficient quantitative data for meta-analysis. Due to extreme, robust heterogeneity across the studies (I²>99 %), a random-effects model was applied. Sensitivity analyses confirmed these findings were stable and not driven by individual outliers. The results demonstrated that indoor environments were more polluted than outdoor settings. For example, moderately polluted indoor environments exhibited mean concentrations of 1,380.28 MP/m³ compared to 102.45 MP/m³ outdoors. However, these findings are presented as a descriptive summary of the literature to highlight methodological variability. Consistent with this, moderator analyses revealed that the most significant contributor to inter-study variability was the type of detection instrument used, with FTIR consistently reporting higher concentrations than microscopy or Raman spectroscopy. Sampling duration also significantly influenced the results. Additionally, indoor healthcare centers and outdoor urban areas were identified as the most heavily contaminated sub-environments. These findings highlight the urgent need for standardized sampling and detection protocols, while emphasizing the critical importance of monitoring and mitigating indoor air quality to reduce human exposure to airborne MPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":21165,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on Environmental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148857717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and blood pressure in children: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Hazal Cansu Çulpan, Yakup Gözderesi, Nur Canpolat, Günay Can, Seha Saygılı","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2026-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2026-0032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ambient air pollution is a modifiable environmental exposure that may contribute to early cardiovascular risk. Although long-term exposure has been linked to blood pressure (BP) dysregulation, research on its effects in children remains limited, despite their particular vulnerability during critical periods of cardiovascular development. This updated systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate pollutant-specific associations of long-term air pollution exposure with BP and hypertension in children and adolescents.</p><p><strong>Content: </strong>Following PRISMA guidelines, studies were identified from prior systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as an updated PubMed and Web of Science searches through March 27, 2025. Twenty-one studies, including 990,157 participants, were included in the systematic review evaluating air pollutants, including PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO, NO₂, NO_x, SO₂, O₃, and CO. Meta-analysis was limited to PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and NO₂ because cohort data for other pollutants were limited, and exposure increments and hypertension definitions varied across studies.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Long-term PM_2.5 exposure showed the most consistent association with higher systolic BP (0.59 mmHg per 10 μg/m³; 95 % CI: 0.28-0.90). PM₁₀ was initially associated with higher systolic (0.28 mmHg per 10 μg/m³; 95 % CI: 0.25-0.31) and diastolic (0.27 mmHg; 95 % CI: 0.24-0.30) BP, but these associations were not sustained in sensitivity analyses. NO₂ showed no significant association with systolic or diastolic BP. Several pollutants, including PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, O₃, and CO, were associated with increased odds of hypertension.</p><p><strong>Outlook: </strong>Current evidence suggests that exposure to fine particulate matter may contribute to early-life elevation in blood pressure; however, given the paucity of longitudinal data and the complexity of multipollutant exposures, further research employing standardized exposure metrics, harmonized outcome definitions, and multipollutant models are needed to clarify independent pollutant effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":21165,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on Environmental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead and cancer: a narrative review and risk of bias assessment (2003-2020).","authors":"Carol Cusack, Tara C Serio, Noelle B Henderson, Kathryn B Egan, Zheng Li, Teresa W Wang","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2025-0120","DOIUrl":"10.1515/reveh-2025-0120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead exposure may contribute to harmful human health effects, but evidence of its carcinogenicity is limited. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2006 classified lead as \"probably carcinogenic\" (Group 2A), based on limited evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in animals. To further synthesize evidence on lead's carcinogenicity, this review included a literature search and risk of bias assessment of 43 peer-reviewed epidemiological studies on lead exposure and cancer outcomes published between 2003 and 2020. Using the National Toxicology Program's Office of Health Assessment and Translation Risk of Bias approach, 13 Tier One studies (primarily low risk) and 30 Tier Two studies (low and high risk) were identified. These studies characterized lead exposure through biologic media (i.e., blood, urine, tissues, hair, nails), and/or work histories, and evaluated cancers of the biliary tract, brain and central nervous system, breast, digestive tract, head and neck, blood, mesothelium, reproductive organs, respiratory tract, skin, thyroid, and urinary tract. Notably, breast, thyroid, and head and neck cancers were not previously included in the IARC 2006 monograph. Across all site-specific cancers examined, at least one study reported an association with lead exposure except for skin cancer. Respiratory tract cancers had the most epidemiologic studies showing positive associations with lead exposure. Study limitations were commonly tied to risk of bias for confounding, exposure characterization, and outcome assessments. Taken together, future studies would benefit from robust experimental designs with thorough adjustments for confounders, large diverse populations, and standardized exposure assessments particularly for cancers with limited data.</p>","PeriodicalId":21165,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on Environmental Health","volume":" ","pages":"176-192"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13130192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Initiating transformative medical practices to address environmental challenges - proceedings of \"Santé en 2050\", the French national conference on healthcare adaptation.","authors":"Bérénice Schell, Camille Bourillon, Catherine Azoulay, Isabelle Baran, Julien Brunier, Aude Charbonnier, Laurence Chery, Isabelle Dangleterre, Isabelle De Cuniac, Patricia De Montdidier, Benedicte Denieul, Françoise Gay-Andrieu, Sylvain Girardot, Gwennaelle Guindeuil, Zahra Hassani, Quentin Le Masne, Benoit Vincent, Alice Baras, Guillaume Fond, Sonia Delaporte-Cerceau, Patrick Pessaux, Camille Schwab, Dominique Licaud, Romain Manet, Marie-Thérèse Charreyre, Gérard Lina, Yann Nguyen, Emmanuel Prothon, Florian Legrand, Florence Boissier, Marie Lecronier, David Grimaldi, Christian Clot, Olivier Decaux","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2025-0134","DOIUrl":"10.1515/reveh-2025-0134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"Santé en 2050\" is the first medical conference in France dedicated to the adaptation of healthcare systems to environmental constraints. Organized in 2024 and 2025 by healthcare professionals within The Shifters, a non-profit association committed to raising public awareness of the dual carbon challenge, the conference provided both a scientific platform for research on mitigation and adaptation in health and a forum to enhance professional competencies on these cross-cutting issues. Over its two successful editions, the event mapped the emerging disease landscape driven by environmental exposures and climate change, affecting both communicable and non-communicable diseases due to shifting temperatures, precipitation patterns, mass population movements, unhealthy lifestyles, and increasing pollution. Climate change also poses indirect threats to health by straining infrastructure, disrupting supply chains, and triggering crises that practitioners must address with ever-scarcer resources. The conference underscored the urgent need for a systemic overhaul of healthcare to build resilient, sustainable care pathways. It provided attendees with practical tools to integrate ecodesigned care, integrative medical approaches, and non-pharmacological interventions into their daily practice. The conference further explored pressing ethical and philosophical dilemmas, examining how technology, research priorities, and innovation must evolve in response to environmental constraints and the broader responsibility of medicine at a population level. Here we summarize the topics discussed during the two editions of the conference. By equipping healthcare workers with skills in epidemiology, disease prevention, and continuity of care amid accelerating environmental change, \"Santé en 2050\" aims to prepare the medical community for the challenges of tomorrow.</p>","PeriodicalId":21165,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on Environmental Health","volume":"41 2","pages":"153-161"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148259563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}