Reproduction & Fertility最新文献

{"title":"The ovarian reserve as target of insulin/IGF and ROS in metabolic disorder-dependent ovarian dysfunctions.","authors":"Maria Dri,&nbsp;Francesca Gioia Klinger,&nbsp;Massimo De Felici","doi":"10.1530/RAF-21-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-21-0038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is known for a long time that metabolic disorders can cause ovarian dysfunctions and affect a woman's fertility either by direct targeting follicular cells and/or the oocytes or by indirect interference with the pituitary-hypothalamic axis, resulting in dysfunctional oogenesis. Such disorders may also influence the efficiency of the embryo implantation and the quality of the embryo with permanent effects on the fertility and health of the offspring. Thanks to the expanding knowledge on the molecular mechanisms governing oogenesis and folliculogenesis in mammals, we are beginning to understand how such disorders can negatively affect this process and consequently fertility in women. In the present review, we point out and discuss how the disturbance of insulin/IGF-dependent signalling and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the ovary typically associated to metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes and obesity can dysregulate the dynamics of the ovarian reserve and/or impair the survival and competence of the oocytes.</p><p><strong>Lay summary: </strong>In women, a progressive decline and depletion of the primary ovary reserve, which represents the reserve of immature eggs, are a challenging condition in the field of reproductive medicine. This decline, occurring physiological with age, is the main determinant of the age at the onset of menopause. Concomitant with the reduction in their number, the quality of the eggs also decreases with age. Metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity can cause ovarian dysfunctions and affect a woman's fertility mainly by direct targeting the egg stockpile or by indirect interference with the production of reproductive hormones. Here, we report up-to-date data and discuss results about how disturbance of insulin-dependent signalling and increased oxidative stress in the ovary, usually associated to metabolic disorders, can dysregulate the dynamics of the primary ovary reserve and/or impair the survival and quality of the eggs.</p>","PeriodicalId":21128,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction & Fertility","volume":"2 3","pages":"R103-R112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39750476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sperm morphology and DNA fragmentation after zona pellucida selection.","authors":"Rumiana Ganeva, Dimitar Parvanov, Denitsa Velikova, Magdalena Vasileva, Kristina Nikolova, Georgi Stamenov","doi":"10.1530/RAF-21-0041","DOIUrl":"10.1530/RAF-21-0041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) and sperm morphological defects can negatively affect ART outcomes. Consequently, there is a need for additional semen processing technique that accounts for sperm DNA status and morphology prior to ICSI. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of an additional zona pellucida adhesion-based sperm selection for obtaining sperm populations with a high percentage of normal morphology and DNA integrity as compared to native semen and routine swim-up preparation. Semen samples from 78 normozoospermic men were subjected to swim up and placed in petri dishes coated with 48 acid-solubilized zonae pellucidae. Sperm DNA fragmentation and morphology were assessed in the native semen, the swim-up samples, and the zona-adhered spermatozoa from each patient. The mean sperm DNA fragmentation of the zona-selected spermatozoa (3.5 ± 0.7%) was significantly lower than the swim-up samples (15.3 ± 5.2%) (<i>P</i>  < 0.001) and native semen (24.9 ± 7.1%) (<i>P</i>  < 0.001). All of the samples had lower levels of DNA damage after additional selection by zona pellucida adhesion. Significantly higher percentage of sperm with normal morphology was observed after zona-adhesion selection (11.4 ± 3.9%) when compared to the swim-up samples (8.9 ± 4.3%) (<i>P</i>  < 0.001) or the native semen (5.3 ± 3.2%) (<i>P</i>  < 0.001). In 94% of the samples, the percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology increased after the additional zona selection. This study demonstrates that sperm selection by additional zona-adhesion technique yields a significantly higher percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology as well as a significantly decreased level of DNA fragmentation when compared to the native semen and the swim-up-only prepared samples.</p><p><strong>Lay summary: </strong>High level of DNA folding known as sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) inside each sperm and defects in the shape, size, and structure of the sperm can negatively affect assisted reproduction treatment (ART) outcomes. Consequently, there is a need for additional semen processing techniques that account for sperm quality prior to ART. Our team designed a simple technique using proteins from the coat around the egg (zona pellucida) to enhance sperm selection procedures based on natural sperm-egg interactions. Using this technique in combination with the most common techniques used in ART yields a significantly higher percentage of sperm with normal shape, size, and structure and a decreased level of DNA fragmentation. This sperm zona-selection technique would be beneficial if introduced in the ART practice to yield sperm with higher fertilization potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":21128,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction & Fertility","volume":"2 3","pages":"221-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39750469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does LIN28B gene dysregulation make women more likely to abort?","authors":"QiaoYao Huang,&nbsp;YanRu Niu,&nbsp;LiJun Song,&nbsp;JinZhi Huang,&nbsp;Chenxi Wang,&nbsp;TianZhong Ma","doi":"10.1530/RAF-21-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-21-0033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>LIN28B plays an important role in early embryonic development, but its role in villous trophoblast implantation and differentiation remains unknown. This study aims to verify the role of LIN28B in trophoblastic villous tissue and cells from women with URSA (unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion) and artificial termination of pregnancy (negative control, NC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The <i>LIN28B</i> gene and its protein expression level were detected with real-time quantitative PCR, Western immunoblotting analysis, and immunocytochemistry. The gene was also overexpressed in chorionic villous cell lines (HTR-8/SVneo and BeWo) to examine its effect on trophoblast function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expression of LIN28B mRNA and protein of URSA villi was lower than that in the NC group. At the cellular level, overexpression of LIN28B enhanced cellular migration, and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis. LIN28B may inhibit apoptosis by promoting Akt phosphorylation and by inhibiting Bad phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression. In addition, LIN28B inhibited cell fusion and reduced cellular syncytia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LIN28B can inhibit cell invasion and migration <i>in vitro</i> and promote apoptosis and fusion. The low expression of LIN28B in URSA villous trophoblast cells may be one of the causes of abortion. The role of LIN28B in villous trophoblasts needs further study.</p><p><strong>Lay summary: </strong>Propagation of offspring is of great significance to the continuation of the human race. However, continuous pregnancy is more difficult for some women, especially women who have multiple miscarriages. One important contributor is the cessation of development caused by genetic factors of the embryo, but there are still many unknown reasons. We investigated the LIN28B gene which is a possible pathogenic factor in the placenta. We collected 25 cases of abortion in the experimental group (unexplained recurrent abortion group) and 25 in the control group (artificial termination of pregnancy group): on average at 7-8 weeks of pregnancy. We tested the function of lin28b in these samples and verified its function in cell lines. LIN28B plays an important role in maintaining early pregnancy by promoting the invasion of villous cells, inhibiting apoptosis and fusion, and the reduction of LIN28B expression may lead to the occurrence of early miscarriage.</p>","PeriodicalId":21128,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction & Fertility","volume":"2 3","pages":"211-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39888789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organoids to model the endometrium: implantation and beyond.","authors":"Thomas M Rawlings,&nbsp;Komal Makwana,&nbsp;Maria Tryfonos,&nbsp;Emma S Lucas","doi":"10.1530/RAF-21-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-21-0023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite advances in assisted reproductive techniques in the 4 decades since the first human birth after <i>in vitro</i> fertilisation, 1-2% of couples experience recurrent implantation failure, and some will never achieve a successful pregnancy even in the absence of a confirmed dysfunction. Furthermore, 1-2% of couples who do conceive, either naturally or with assistance, will experience recurrent early loss of karyotypically normal pregnancies. In both cases, embryo-endometrial interaction is a clear candidate for exploration. The impossibility of studying implantation processes within the human body has necessitated the use of animal models and cell culture approaches. Recent advances in 3-dimensional modelling techniques, namely the advent of organoids, present an exciting opportunity to elucidate the unanswerable within human reproduction. In this review, we will explore the ontogeny of implantation modelling and propose a roadmap to application and discovery.</p><p><strong>Lay summary: </strong>A significant number of couples experience either recurrent implantation failure or recurrent pregnancy loss. Often, no underlying disorder can be identified. In both cases, the interaction of the embryo and maternal tissues is key. The lining of the womb, the endometrium, becomes receptive to embryo implantation during each menstrual cycle and provides a nourishing and supportive environment to support ongoing pregnancy. It is not possible to study early pregnancy directly, therefore, modelling embryo-endometrium interactions in the laboratory is essential if we wish to understand where this goes wrong. Advances in the lab have resulted in the development of organoids in culture: 3D cellular structures that represent the characteristics of a particular tissue or organ. We describe past and present models of the endometrium and propose a roadmap for future work with organoid models, from fundamental understanding of the endometrial function and implantation processes to the development of therapeutics to improve pregnancy outcomes and gynaecological health.</p>","PeriodicalId":21128,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction & Fertility","volume":"2 3","pages":"R85-R101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39750475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycerophospholipids protect stallion spermatozoa from oxidative damage <i>in vitro</i>.","authors":"Ashlee J Medica,&nbsp;Robert J Aitken,&nbsp;Garth L Nicolson,&nbsp;Alecia R Sheridan,&nbsp;Aleona Swegen,&nbsp;Geoffry N De Iuliis,&nbsp;Zamira Gibb","doi":"10.1530/RAF-21-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-21-0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stallion sperm membranes comprise a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, making stallion spermatozoa especially vulnerable to peroxidative damage from reactive oxygen species generated as a by-product of cell metabolism. Membrane lipid replacement therapy with glycerophospholipid (GPL) mixtures has been shown to reduce oxidative damage <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. The aims of this study were to test the effects of a commercial preparation of GPL, NTFactor^® Lipids, on stallion spermatozoa under oxidative stress. When oxidative damage was induced by the addition of arachidonic acid to stallion spermatozoa, the subsequent addition of GPL reduced the percentage of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE; a key end product of lipid peroxidation) positive cells (32.9 ± 2.7 vs 20.9 ± 2.3%; <i>P</i> ≤ 0.05) and increased the concentration of 4-HNE within the spent media (0.026 ± 0.003 vs 0.039 ± 0.004 µg/mL; <i>P</i> ≤ 0.001), suggesting that oxidized lipids had been replaced by exogenous GPL. Lipid replacement improved several motility parameters (total motility: 2.0 ± 1.0 vs 68.8 ± 2.9%; progressive motility: 0 ± 0 vs 19.3 ± 2.6%; straight line velocity: 9.5 ± 2.1 vs 50.9 ± 4.1 µm/s; curvilinear velocity: 40.8 ± 10 vs 160.7 ± 7.8 µm/s; average path velocity: 13.4 ± 2.9 vs 81.9 ± 5.9 µm/s; <i>P</i> ≤ 0.001), sperm viability (13.5 ± 2.9 vs 80.2 ± 1.6%; <i>P</i> ≤ 0.001) and reduced mitochondrial ROS generation (98.2 ± 0.6 vs 74.8 ± 6.1%; <i>P</i> ≤ 0.001). Supplementation with GPL during 17°C <i>in vitro</i> sperm storage over 72 h improved sperm viability (66.4 ± 2.6 vs 78.1 ± 2.9%; <i>P</i> ≤ 0.01) and total motility (53 ± 5.6 vs 66.3 ± 3.5%; <i>P</i> ≤ 0.05). It is concluded that incubation of stallion spermatozoa with sub-µm-sized GPL micelles results in the incorporation of exogenous GPL into sperm membranes, diminishing lipid peroxidation and improving sperm quality <i>in vitro</i>.</p><p><strong>Lay summary: </strong>Sperm collection and storage is an important step in many artificial insemination and <i>in vitro</i> fertilization regimes for several species, including humans and horses. The sperm membrane, which acts as a protective outer barrier, is made up of fatty acid-containing molecules - called phospholipids. These phospholipids may become damaged by waste products generated by the cell, such as hydrogen peroxide, during non-chilled sperm storage. We aimed to determine if sperm cells were able to repair this membrane damage by supplementing them with phospholipids during non-chilled storage. Sperm was collected from five miniature stallions by artificial vagina, and then supplemented with phospholipids during 72 h sperm storage at 17°C. Our studies show that when stallion sperm are supplemented with phospholipids <i>in vitro</i>, they are able to remove their damaged membrane phospholipids and swap them for undamaged ones, aiding in resistance to cellular waste and improving cell health and potential fertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":21128,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction & Fertility","volume":"2 3","pages":"199-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39888788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bovine endometrial cells do not mount an inflammatory response to <i>Leptospira</i>.","authors":"Paula C C Molinari,&nbsp;Jarlath E Nally,&nbsp;John J Bromfield","doi":"10.1530/RAF-21-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-21-0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leptospirosis causes abortion, premature birth, and stillbirth in cattle, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Infected cattle shed <i>Leptospira</i> intermittently and present a range of clinical symptoms, making diagnosis difficult. The primary route of <i>Leptospira</i> transmission in any animal is the colonization of the renal tubule and excretion by urine; however, <i>Leptospira</i> can also colonize the female reproductive tract of cows and can be transmitted by semen. Vaccination against <i>Leptospira</i> in the US is routine in cattle, but immunity is not guaranteed. The cell wall of <i>Leptospira</i> contains toll-like receptor agonists including peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. The capacity of <i>Leptospira</i> to initiate an innate inflammatory response from uterine endometrial cells is unknown but may be a cause of reproductive failure. Using cell culture, we tested the capacity of bovine endometrial epithelial cells or human monocytes to elicit an inflammatory response to <i>Leptospira borgpetersenii</i> serovar Hardjo strain TC273. Cells were exposed to either heat-killed <i>Leptospira, Leptospira</i> outer membrane, <i>Escherichia coli</i> lipopolysaccharide, Pam3CSK4 or medium alone for 2 to 24 h. Exposure of bovine endometrial epithelial cells or human monocytes to heat-killed <i>Leptospira</i> or <i>Leptospira</i> outer membrane did not induce the expression of <i>IL1A</i>, <i>IL1B</i>, <i>IL6,</i> or <i>CXCL8</i>, while exposure to <i>E. coli</i> lipopolysaccharide or Pam3CSK4 increased the expression of <i>IL1A</i>, <i>IL1B</i>, <i>IL6,</i> and <i>CXCL8</i> compared to control cells. This data suggest that <i>Leptospira</i> does not trigger a classical inflammatory response in endometrial cells. Understanding the interaction between <i>Leptospira</i> and the female reproductive tract is important in determining the mechanisms of Leptospirosis associated with reproductive failure.</p><p><strong>Lay summary: </strong>Cows infected with the <i>Leptospira</i> have abortion and stillbirth. It is not known how <i>Leptospira</i> causes pregnancy failure in the cow. We tested if <i>Leptospira</i> causes inflammation in cells of the uterus which triggers pregnancy failure. We collected cells from the uterus of healthy cows at the abattoir and placed them into culture with <i>Leptospira</i> and measured the expression of genes associated with inflammation. To our surprise, cells of the uterus did not respond to <i>Leptospira</i>; however, the same cells did respond to other disease-causing bacteria found in the uterus. This suggests that cells of the uterus can recognize bacteria and produce an inflammatory reaction but not in response to <i>Leptospira</i>. This finding suggests the immune system of the uterus cannot detect <i>Leptospira</i> which may go on to cause reproductive failure in cows. Understanding how <i>Leptospira</i> interact with cells of the uterus will help reduce pregnancy failure of cows with leptospirosis.<","PeriodicalId":21128,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction & Fertility","volume":"2 3","pages":"187-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39888786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transformative impact of extracellular vesicles on developing sperm.","authors":"Michael P Rimmer,&nbsp;Christopher D Gregory,&nbsp;Rod T Mitchell","doi":"10.1530/RAF-20-0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-20-0076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To review the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from the male reproductive tract and their impact on developing sperm. We discuss how sperm exiting the seminiferous tubules, although developmentally mature, require further modification. Acquisition of various functions including increased motility, transfer of cargoes and ability to undertake the acrosome reaction is mediated through the interaction between sperm and EVs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A review of the literature identified that EVs are released from different portions of the male reproductive tract, notably the epididymis and prostate. These EVs interact with sperm as they pass from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis and vas deferens prior to ejaculation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>EVs are small lipid-bound particles carrying bespoke RNA, protein and lipid cargoes. These cargoes are loaded based on the state of the parent cell and are used to communicate with recipient cells. In sperm, these cargoes are essential for post-testicular modification.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Interactions between developing sperm and EVs are important for the subsequent function of sperm. Prior to ejaculation, these interactions confer important changes for the post-testicular modification and development of sperm. Little is known about the interaction between EVs from the testes and the spermatogonial stem cell niche or developing sperm within the seminiferous tubules. However, the numerous roles of EVs in the post-testicular modification of sperm have led many to suspect that they may also play important roles in developing sperm within the testes.</p><p><strong>Lay summary: </strong>Sperm are crucial for successful fertility. In order to do this, they must be able to swim a large distance to meet the egg in the female reproductive tract and fertilise it. Once released from the testes, sperm may appear to be fully developed, but this is not the case. Several important modifications are required in order for them to swim and fertilise an egg. These modifications are carried out by sending sperm small packages from other cells which contain messages and cargo. We discuss the release of these small packages along with different parts of the male reproductive tract and how they change the way sperm behave and function. This article reviews the literature and known functions of these packages called extracellular vesicles, which are released by the male reproductive tract and modify sperm, transforming their function, before they are ejaculated.</p>","PeriodicalId":21128,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction & Fertility","volume":"2 3","pages":"R51-R66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8788574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39750473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathophysiology and management of classic galactosemic primary ovarian insufficiency.","authors":"Synneva Hagen-Lillevik, John S Rushing, Leslie Appiah, Nicola Longo, Ashley Andrews, Kent Lai, Joshua Johnson","doi":"10.1530/RAF-21-0014","DOIUrl":"10.1530/RAF-21-0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Classic galactosemia is an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism associated with early-onset primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in young women. Our understanding of the consequences of galactosemia upon fertility and fecundity of affected women is expanding, but there are important remaining gaps in our knowledge and tools for its management, and a need for continued dialog so that the special features of the condition can be better managed. Here, we review galactosemic POI and its reproductive endocrinological clinical sequelae and summarize current best clinical practices for its management. Special consideration is given to the very early-onset nature of the condition in the pediatric/adolescent patient. Afterward, we summarize our current understanding of the reproductive pathophysiology of galactosemia, including the potential action of toxic galactose metabolites upon the ovary. Our work establishing that ovarian cellular stress reminiscent of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is present in a mouse model of galactosemia, as well as work by other groups, are summarized.</p><p><strong>Lay summary: </strong>Patients with the condition of classic galactosemia need to maintain a strict lifelong diet that excludes the sugar galactose. This is due to having mutations in enzymes that process galactose, resulting in the buildup of toxic metabolic by-products of the sugar. Young women with classic galactosemia often lose the function of their ovaries very early in life (termed 'primary ovarian insufficiency'), despite adherence to a galactose-restricted diet. This means that in addition to the consequences of the disease, these women also face infertility and the potential need for hormone replacement therapy. This article summarizes current strategies for managing the care of galactosemic girls and women and also what is known of how the condition leads to early primary ovarian insufficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":21128,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction & Fertility","volume":"2 3","pages":"R67-R84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8788619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39750474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics: use and misuse of assisted reproductive techniques across species.","authors":"Madeleine L H Campbell","doi":"10.1530/RAF-21-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-21-0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The boundaries of what we are able to do using ARTs are fast-moving. In both human and veterinary medicine, this presents a fundamental question: 'Just because we can, should we?' or, to rephrase the same question: 'How can we distinguish between what is a use and a misuse of an ART, across species?' This paper assesses the scientific evidence base for and against the use of ARTs and offers a personal opinion on how we can use such evidence to inform an ethical distinction between justifiable and unjustifiable uses of the techniques. It is argued that the law provides a necessary but insufficient basis for such distinctions. Based on the evidence about harms and benefits, ARTs may be classified into three groups: those which should be rarely used; those for which current evidence supports arguments both for and against their use and those which there is an ethical imperative to use. To which category a particular ART falls into varies depending upon the species to which it is being applied and the reason we are using it. In order to ensure that our ethical oversight keeps up with our technical prowess, the medical and veterinary professions should keep discussing and debating the moral basis of the use of ARTs, not only with each other but also with the lay public.</p><p><strong>Lay summary: </strong>The use of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) has become commonplace in both human and veterinary medicine. Technical limitations are rapidly advancing. This raises a fundamental issue: 'How can we distinguish between what is a use and a misuse of an ART, across species?'. 'Misuse' may be defined both in terms of physical and psychological harms and of moral disquiet about 'interfering with nature'. This paper assesses the scientific evidence base for and against the use of ARTs and provides a personal opinion on how we can use such evidence to inform an ethical distinction between justifiable and unjustifiable uses of the techniques. We need to consider not only legal but also non-legal ethical justifications for their use. Based on the evidence about harms and benefits, ARTs may be classified into three groups: those which should be rarely used; those for which current evidence supports arguments both for and against their use and those for which there is an ethical imperative to use. To which category a particular ART falls into varies depending upon the species to which it is being applied and the reason we are using it. Open discussion between the medical and veterinary professions and the public is necessary to ensure that ethical oversight of the use of ARTs across species keeps up with technical developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":21128,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction & Fertility","volume":"2 3","pages":"C23-C28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39750470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal protein restriction affects fetal ovary development in sheep.","authors":"Chinwe U Nwachukwu,&nbsp;Kathryn J Woad,&nbsp;Nicole Barnes,&nbsp;David S Gardner,&nbsp;Robert S Robinson","doi":"10.1530/RAF-20-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-20-0073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maternal malnutrition has important developmental consequences for the foetus. Indeed, adverse fetal ovarian development could have lifelong impact, with potentially reduced ovarian reserve and fertility of the offspring. This study investigated the effect of maternal protein restriction on germ cell and blood vessel development in the fetal sheep ovary. Ewes were fed control (<i>n</i> = 7) or low protein (<i>n</i> = 8) diets (17.0 g vs 8.7 g crude protein/MJ metabolizable energy) from conception to day 65 of gestation (gd65). On gd65, fetal ovaries were subjected to histological and immunohistochemical analysis to quantify germ cells (OCT4, VASA, DAZL), proliferation (Ki67), apoptosis (caspase 3) and vascularisation (CD31). Protein restriction reduced the fetal ovary weight (<i>P</i> < 0.05) but had no effect on fetal weight (<i>P</i> > 0.05). The density of germ cells was unaffected by maternal diet (<i>P</i> > 0.05). In the ovarian cortex, OCT4+ve cells were more abundant than DAZL+ve (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and VASA+ve cells (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The numbers, density and estimated total weight of OCT4, DAZL, and VASA+ve cells within the ovigerous cords were similar in both dietary groups (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Similarly, maternal protein restriction had no effect on germ cell proliferation or apoptotic indices (<i>P</i> > 0.05) and the number, area and perimeter of medullary blood vessels and degree of microvascularisation in the cortex (<i>P</i> > 0.05). In conclusion, maternal protein restriction decreased ovarian weight despite not affecting germ cell developmental progress, proliferation, apoptosis, or ovarian vascularity. This suggests that reduced maternal protein has the potential to regulate ovarian development in the offspring.</p><p><strong>Lay summary: </strong>Variations in a mother's diet during pregnancy can influence her offspring's growth and might cause fertility problems in the offspring in later life. We investigated whether reducing the protein fed to sheep during early pregnancy affects their daughters' ovaries. We then compared our findings to the offspring of sheep on a complete diet. We measured ovary size and estimated the number of germ cells (cells that become eggs) they contained. We used cell markers to assess potential changes in the pattern of germ cell growth, division, and death, and how the ovarian blood supply had developed. We found that protein restriction reduced ovary size. However, the pattern of germ cell development, growth, or death was not altered by poor diet and blood vessels were also unaffected. This suggests that maternal diet can change ovarian development by an unknown mechanism and might reduce future fertility in their offspring.</p>","PeriodicalId":21128,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction & Fertility","volume":" ","pages":"161-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8815062/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39772139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}