Regional Studies in Marine Science最新文献

{"title":"Physical geographic regions in the Gulf of California defined using unsupervised learning algorithms","authors":"Emigdio Marín-Enríquez ,&nbsp;Víctor H. Cruz-Escalona ,&nbsp;Arturo B. Enríquez-García ,&nbsp;José Adán Félix-Ortiz","doi":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Gulf of California (GOC) is a semi-enclosed sea off northwestern Mexico. It is considered one of the ten biodiversity hotspots of the world and sustains important fisheries at different scales. Unsupervised learning algorithms, particularly clustering techniques, can extract groups or clusters from the raw data; they do not require labelling the data a-priori, thus eliminating the subjectivity when assigning labels manually (i.e., supervised algorithms). In our study, we used a multivariate dataset of physical variables (Sea Surface Temperature, Salinity, Mixed Layer Depth, Sea Surface Height, and the U, V components of the geostrophic surface currents; 0.25° spatial resolution and monthly temporal resolution) and a hierarchical clustering algorithm to define physical regions in the GOC. We also defined minor, intermediate and major regions based on a quantile criterion. Our results indicate that 22 different regions exist in the GOC: eight minor, six intermediate, and eight major. More than one physical region was defined in every previously defined region, suggesting that the surface dynamics of the GOC are more complex than previously described.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21070,"journal":{"name":"Regional Studies in Marine Science","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 103923"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population dynamics of the black mussel Mytella strigata (Hanley, 1843) across environmental gradients in Panguil Bay, Philippines: Implications for management","authors":"Kaent Immanuel N. Uba ,&nbsp;Robert Keith A. Sienes ,&nbsp;Hessed T. Cabanilla ,&nbsp;Paz Geneveve Q. Gacus ,&nbsp;Michael H. Flores ,&nbsp;Ruby C. Gonzales ,&nbsp;Junaisah Nissi L. Degoma ,&nbsp;Delyn M. Bucay","doi":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effective management of a nonindigenous species with invasive potential hinges on a thorough understanding of its population dynamics. In Panguil Bay, Philippines, the black mussel <em>Mytella strigata</em>, an emerging invasive species in Asia, has recently established populations. Investigating the population dynamics of <em>M</em>. <em>strigata</em> in this estuarine mangrove ecosystem provides critical insights into its environmental adaptability and invasive potential. Thus, the present study investigated the spatial variability in physicochemical parameters and their influence on the growth, mortality, and recruitment patterns of the nonindigenous black mussel <em>M. strigata</em> across the inner, middle, and outer locations of the bay. Significant differences were observed in temperature, salinity, total dissolved solids, and pH across the bay, with the middle location exhibiting the highest temperature, whereas salinity and total dissolved solids increased from the inner to the outer locations. The growth parameters varied accordingly, with the middle location showing the highest asymptotic length but the lowest growth rate, resulting in a longer lifespan for mussels in this area. Conversely, the inner location had the highest growth rate but the shortest lifespan. The mortality rates were lowest in the inner location and highest in the outer location. Recruitment patterns also showed spatial variability, with peaks occurring in different months depending on the location. A linear model incorporating pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and temperature explained 59.32 % of the variance in recruitment, highlighting the complex environmental influences on recruitment. The yield-per-recruit analysis indicated that the middle and outer locations could sustain greater biomass production than the inner location, suggesting areas for targeted management for population collapse. These findings offer valuable insights for developing effective management strategies to mitigate the impact of <em>M</em>. <em>strigata</em> in Panguil Bay.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21070,"journal":{"name":"Regional Studies in Marine Science","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 103918"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life history traits and abundance trends of emperor fish Lethrinus nebulosus and L. lentjan (Teleostei: Lethrinidae) in the western Arabian Gulf","authors":"Yu-Jia Lin ,&nbsp;Premlal Panickan ,&nbsp;Abdu Rahiman Kambrath Pulikkoden ,&nbsp;Nabil Fita ,&nbsp;Ali M. Qasem ,&nbsp;Lotfi J. Rabaoui ,&nbsp;Ruben H. Roa-Ureta ,&nbsp;Mohammad A. Qurban","doi":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Overexploitation and habitat loss are the two most important threats that cause the losses of marine populations. The understanding of the relationships between life histories and vulnerability to overexploitation could provide the basis for predicting possible trajectories of abundance under increasing levels of fishing pressure. The spangled emperor <em>Lethrinus nebulosus</em> and the pink ear emperor <em>Lethrinus lentjan</em> are the most important species contributing to the landings of the western Arabian Gulf. In this study, we integrated multiple surveys to provide information about life history traits, spatial distributions, and fisheries-dependent and independent abundance indexes from 1997 to 2015 and tested the hypothesis that the species of higher vulnerability more likely exhibited a declining population trend. Both species have experienced an increase of 100 % in fishing exploitation pressure since 1997, and <em>L. nebulosus</em> is expected to exhibit a declining population more likely based on the life history traits and other vulnerability indexes. However, we did not observe declines in fisheries-dependent and -independent population indexes of <em>L. nebulosus</em>, which might be due to its preference of residing in the northern areas where high numbers of oil-gas facility patchworks are installed and fishing activities are much restricted. The fisheries-dependent abundance index of <em>L. lentjan</em> from the large boats significantly correlated with the abundance index from the coral reef monitoring. Information included in this study can be used for fisheries stock assessment models in the future and we recommended that the emperor fisheries could benefit from the conservation of the coral reefs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21070,"journal":{"name":"Regional Studies in Marine Science","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 103916"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bottom water hypoxia enhanced by vertical migration of the raphidophyte Chattonella sp. in the Ariake Sea, Japan","authors":"Yuichi Hayami ,&nbsp;Naoki Fujii ,&nbsp;Kazumaro Okamura ,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Takasu ,&nbsp;Yu Umezawa ,&nbsp;Minoru Wada","doi":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In general, the formation of hypoxic water masses in coastal waters is caused by the restriction of vertical oxygen transport due to enhanced stratification, and the increase in oxygen consumption due to the decomposition of organic matter supplied from phytoplankton blooms. However, the direct relationship between phytoplankton blooms and hypoxia has been rarely reported. In this study, we clarified the relationship between the development of a hypoxic water mass (&lt; 3 mg L⁻¹) and a bloom of the raphidophyte <em>Chattonella</em> sp. in the Ariake Sea, Japan through field surveys and experiments to measure the water oxygen demand. The process of development of and recovery from the hypoxic water mass in a spring-neap tidal cycle was observed. From the spring to the neap tide, high-salinity, high-density water from offshore intruded into the bottom layer of the inner part of the bay, strengthening the stratification and developing a hypoxic water mass. In this period, the bacterial oxygen demand was dominant during the day in the bottom layer. At night, oxygen consumption increased due to the respiration of <em>Chattonella</em> that had accumulated in the bottom layer, reaching five times the amount during the day. In the following spring tides, the stratification weakened and the hypoxic water mass disappeared. However, water oxygen demand was the highest, suggesting the influence of the decay of <em>Chattonella</em> that caused the bloom. These results indicate that the increase in oxygen consumption at night due to the diurnal vertical migration of <em>Chattonella</em> greatly influenced the development of the hypoxic water mass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21070,"journal":{"name":"Regional Studies in Marine Science","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 103919"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal assessment of biomarkers in Channa punctata from Tampara Lake, Odisha, India and toxicity of thorium nitrate on fish","authors":"Cuckoo Mahapatra ,&nbsp;Chirasmita Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tampara Lake, a freshwater lake in the Chatrapur beach placer deposits of Ganjam, Odisha, India is a well-known tourist attraction. Multiple factors seem to disturb the aquatic life of Tampara Lake, especially fish. Chatrapur beach placers are rich in various heavy minerals including monazite, an ore of thorium, that emits high background radiations and can affect the biota. Run-offs from the monazite mining sites on the beach placers are also presumed to be carried to the lake. Tourism, local transportation, fishing activities, presence of heavy minerals and mining run-offs appear to disrupt the lake's ecosystem. The present work assessed the protein and lipid concentrations in the liver and muscle, nuclear abnormalities in the peripheral blood erythrocytes and histopathology of gills, liver, kidney, intestine and stomach of <em>Channa punctata</em> from Tampara Lake in summer, winter and rainy seasons. The study also documented the effects of thorium nitrate, a byproduct of monazite ore processing, on <em>Channa punctata</em> of non-monazite areas. <em>Channa punctata</em> from the Tampara lake had significantly lower protein and lipid content in the liver and muscle, nuclear deformities and micronuclei in the erythrocytes and deformities in the gill, kidney, liver, stomach and intestine relative to the fish from the non-monazite areas. Seasonal alterations were observed in the protein and lipid content of muscle and liver, gill and kidney structure. Fish from the non-monazite areas treated with sub-lethal concentrations of thorium nitrate showed a dose-dependent response in the protein and lipid content of liver and muscle, erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities and histopathological aberrations. The present study provides evidence that <em>Channa punctata</em> from Tampara Lake have relatively low nutritional value compared to fish from undisturbed non-monazite areas and are probably distressed by the water contamination due to the presence of heavy minerals and anthropogenic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21070,"journal":{"name":"Regional Studies in Marine Science","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 103914"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dynamic adjusted system of sea use fees: An empirical research on the sea use management in Zhejiang province","authors":"Guanqiong Ye ,&nbsp;Zeben Lian ,&nbsp;Chong Chen ,&nbsp;Chunyu Lin ,&nbsp;Zhiguo He ,&nbsp;Weidong Shang ,&nbsp;Yongchao Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To prevent excessive exploitation of sea resources by developers, countries around the world have established systems for managing sea use. The system of sea use fees in China is continually improving, but it cannot reflect the full value of marine natural resources. Therefore, an optimization mechanism for dynamic adjustment which considered the value of marine natural resources and the adjustment coefficient of sea area fees was constructed in the study. This study explored the difference between marine resources zoning and the dynamic adjustment standard of sea use fees collection and took Zhejiang province as an example. The results showed that the comprehensive scores of coastal marine resources were generally higher than those of the open sea in Zhejiang province. Furthermore, the comprehensive scores of important ecological areas such as bays and islands were higher than those of other marine areas, and the comprehensive score of Ningbo sea area was significantly higher than those of other sea areas. On the basis, there are six classes of the adjustment range of the sea use fees standard were divided in Zhejiang province in the study. The overall increase of fee was 3.9–8.0 %. The results of study can assist decision-making by evaluating the value of marine resources and the adjustment of sea area usage royalties, which will help to improve the efficiency of sea area management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21070,"journal":{"name":"Regional Studies in Marine Science","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 103910"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal nitrogen sources and its transformation processes revealed by dual-nitrate isotopes in Xiamen Bay, China","authors":"Yiqian Shi ,&nbsp;Liping Jiao ,&nbsp;Sizhe Qiu ,&nbsp;Chen Huang ,&nbsp;Zhi Zeng ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Xunyao Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuqin Tao ,&nbsp;Jinpei Yan ,&nbsp;Kai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The eutrophication load in coastal waters is gradually increasing due to excessive nitrate (NO₃⁻) input caused by intense human activities. The tracing of NO₃⁻ sources as well as their biogeochemistry is crucial for the development of effective measures to alleviate the eutrophication load. In this study, seasonal seawater samples from Xiamen Bay were investigated to explore the sources and fates of NO₃⁻ using dual nitrate isotopes. The results indicated that the NO₃⁻ is less affected by biological processes and mainly influenced by the terrestrial sewage discharges (48 %) during rainy seasons. Contrarily, as runoff input decreases and external seawater intrusion increases, the assimilation of phytoplankton dominates the process of nitrate removal during dry seasons. This study suggests that the increase in the input of terrestrial sewage nutrients is responsible for the increase in eutrophication in Xiamen Bay, providing a basis for controlling water eutrophication and regional environmental governance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21070,"journal":{"name":"Regional Studies in Marine Science","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 103902"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A spatio-temporal assessment of seawater quality in Miri-Sibuti Coral Reef: Evaluating for metal pollution, sources and dynamics","authors":"Sun Veer Moollye ,&nbsp;Prasanna Mohan Viswanathan ,&nbsp;Nagarajan Ramasamy ,&nbsp;Anshuman Mishra ,&nbsp;Chidambaram Sabarathinam ,&nbsp;Chua Han Bing","doi":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coral environments are sensitive to seawater quality, and their sustenance depends on understanding the dynamics of geochemical variables, especially in trace levels. Miri-Sibuti Coral Reef National Park (MSCRNP) is a unique marine reserve in the state of Sarawak, NW Borneo, Malaysia, which attracts tourists worldwide. In this study, seawater samples were collected from MSCRNP in three different diving sites (Eve’s Garden (EG), Anemone Garden (AG) and North Siwa (NS)) at different depths for three seasons (pre-southwest monsoon (PRSWM), post-southwest monsoon (POSWM) and northeast monsoon (NEM). <em>Insitu</em> parameters (temperature, pH, salinity and turbidity) were measured in the field. The concentration of trace metals was determined in the water column (sea surface layer, middle layer and bottom water) using standard procedure. Statistics and pollution indices were used to identify the possible sources of metals and the pollution status of the seawater. From the analytical results, the vertical distribution of trace metal concentrations with respect to the locations and seasons was identified. pH ranging from 7.8 to 8.4 with a depth-wise increasing trend in NS during NEM. Similarly, a decreasing trend of turbidity was observed in AG and EG in all the seasons with respect to depth. A higher concentration of trace metals was observed during NEM, particularly at EG and NS. Fe, Ni and Pb are the dominant metals in all the seasons. Fe concentration varies from 789 to 1478 µg/L, averaging 1112 µg/L irrespective of seasons and locations. The suspended solids/sediments discharged by the river runoff were the main contributor to the distribution of metals. The release of metals from the suspended particles through desorption at the surface layers and the exchange of metals between water-sediment interface at the bottom water were observed. In addition, coastal development and other anthropogenic activities in this region were also contributed to the metal pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21070,"journal":{"name":"Regional Studies in Marine Science","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 103903"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Great baleen whales, great services","authors":"Déborah Magalhães de Melo ,&nbsp;Fabiana Cézar Félix-Hackradt ,&nbsp;Carlos Werner Hackradt","doi":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over centuries, the human-whale interactions has evolved from perceiving them as monsters to recognition of whales as vital contributors, particularly for coastal communities. Great baleen whales play a crucial role in connecting the oceans through their migrations, facilitating a flow of nature's benefits to humans. Ecosystem services, encompassing tourism, education, and religious practices, offer returns. In addition, whales stimulate primary productivity, maintain biodiversity, and fertilize oceans with nutrient-rich excretions. Moreover, through their direct/indirect carbon fixation and sequestration, whales can be viewed as mitigators of climate change. Species of the family Balaenopteridae are distributed across different latitudes and oceans. Mapping tool serves as an effective method for characterizing the actual benefits that ecosystems provide to society, allowing the identification of priority areas for conservation. This study synthesized, mapped and verified the presence of “hotspots” of services provided by <em>Balaenoptera musculus</em>, <em>Balaenoptera physalus</em>, <em>Balaenoptera borealis</em>, <em>Balaenoptera acutorostrata</em>, and <em>Megaptera novaeangliae</em>, revealing provisioning, cultural, regulatory, and maintenance services through a systematic literature review. Recognizing the complex spatial dynamics of these roles as crucial socioeconomically and culturally, it is imperative to integrate them into spatial and management planning. This inclusive approach brings a pluralistic perspective and clarifies the provision of ecosystem services by area, ultimately ensuring more efficient marine management and the sustainability of marine ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21070,"journal":{"name":"Regional Studies in Marine Science","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 103913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sharing the ocean: Fostering blue synergies for sustainable whale-watching","authors":"Raquel de la Cruz-Modino ,&nbsp;José J. Pascual-Fernández ,&nbsp;David Domínguez-González ,&nbsp;Grecy Pérez-Amores ,&nbsp;Carla González-Cruz ,&nbsp;Agustín Santana-Talavera ,&nbsp;Patricia Arranz","doi":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Whale-based tourism activities offer unique opportunities for humans to observe cetaceans in their natural habitats. Well-planned experiences can provide educational value and promote respectful enjoyment of marine wildlife. Conversely, poorly managed activities can negatively impact cetaceans by injuring or killing them (through collisions with boats) or altering their behaviour, such as resting time, nursing or diving. This study presents an example of designing and implementing a whale-based tourism activity in the Canary Islands (Spain), with the participation of researchers, whale-watching operators and tour guides, public policy-makers, and civil society, with a strong focus on educational values. The coastal communities are crucial in promoting sustainable whale-watching practices through educational initiatives, community engagement, and stakeholder collaboration. The paper employs a process-monitoring approach to evaluate the whole procedure of whale-watching activity implementation. We assume that the success of any tourism activity depends on the process that leads to its creation. The analysis emphasizes the need for careful planning and execution to design and implement marine tourism experiences. Concerns for tourism satisfaction and safety and the need for environmental sustainability challenge the management of whale-watching operations. In this regard, engaging local communities, addressing safety and conservation concerns, and promoting responsible tourism practices are essential for mitigating these challenges and ensuring the long-term viability of whale watching as a sustainable and educational activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21070,"journal":{"name":"Regional Studies in Marine Science","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 103905"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}