Review of Middle East Studies最新文献

{"title":"Collective Memory in Post-Genocide Societies: Rethinking Enduring Trauma and Resilience in Halabja","authors":"Hawraman Karim, Bahar Başer","doi":"10.1017/rms.2022.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2022.25","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article investigates the collective memory that occurred as a result of the chemical attack on Halabja, on March 16, 1988. In light of discussions that deal with memory and reconciliation in post-genocide societies, we look at how collective memory and “postmemory” are formed among the survivors and their descendants. The merit of the article is that it brings together the victim's accounts and creates a bottom-up perspective that challenges the official accounts created by Kurdish and non-Kurdish elites as part of top-down narratives on what happened that day in Halabja and how it should be commemorated. The interviewee narratives illustrate that people of Halabja consider the memory of the chemical attack as an enduring trauma that creates a shared rendering of the past and continues to shape their collective identity. While each generation transfers this collective memory to the next, they also seek justice via shared commemoration practices outside official discourses. In their narratives, reprobation is not directed solely toward the Saddam Hussein regime, but also toward the current rulers of the Kurdistan Region as well.","PeriodicalId":21066,"journal":{"name":"Review of Middle East Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"56 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46923482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultural Racism and Ethnic Cleansing: The Islamic Republic of Iran and Minority Rights","authors":"S. Shams","doi":"10.1017/rms.2023.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2023.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The phenomenon of “political Islam” has been explored in several social theories. These accounts have mainly concentrated on the forms of violence that Islamists have instigated, but the racist drive that is often embedded within political Islam has remined overlooked and unexplored, that is, at least until recently when the brutal crimes by ISIS against Yazidis and Christians in northern Iraq were widely documented and broadcasted. Even so, this tendency has only been attributed to ISIS and extreme Jihadi groups, while states infused with Islamist ideology have remained relatively untouched by such critical analyses. This article argues that most extant theoretical frameworks on political Islam do not adequately explain the often-latent racist trend in Islamist political ideology. By building off of Foucault's theory of biopolitics and genealogy of racism, it takes the Islamic Republic of Iran's policy against the Kurds as a case study to demonstrate how power shifts in favor of Islamist factions in early-1980s Iran legitimized a racist policy toward minorities in general and the Kurds in particular.","PeriodicalId":21066,"journal":{"name":"Review of Middle East Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"73 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46286829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HISHAM ALAOUI AND ROBERT SPRINGBORG, EDS. The Political Economy of Education in the Arab World (London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2021). 297pp. $85.00 cloth. ISBN: 9781626379350.","authors":"Hany Zayed","doi":"10.1017/rms.2022.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2022.26","url":null,"abstract":"Education is a vastly complex social sphere teetering on the cusp of major transformation. In this critical moment of change, investigating central problematics in education becomes not only edifying but imperative. The Political Economy of Education in the Arab World is a welcome and timely effort that pays attention to an understudied facet of education in an important part of the world. Utilizing a political-economic lens across a range of topics and geographies, the volume asks why educational quality remains low across Arab countries despite substantial educational spending, improved student access and robust donor support. The volume’s point of departure is that a political-economic lens not only explains the perennial underperformance of “Arab” education, but is also its panacea. The solution to obstinate educational problems, the editors argue, “must engage underlying political and economic problems first – not simply technical or pedagogical issues regarding the practice of instruction” (239). The editors, who readily admit that they have little experience in education in the Arab world, untenably dismiss critical issues of educational philosophy, pedagogy, curriculum, assessment, school organization, teacher training, and educational infrastructure and technology, treating those as mere “technical” issues. Forcing the massively complex and multi-faceted problems of education into a limited purview of political economy, the volume sidelines experts in the multidisciplinary field of education studies and barely converses with educational scholarship – which has a long tradition of engagement with politicaleconomic issues. Grounded in political science and economics, the volume’s central thesis is that Arab states are “limited access orders” that privilege some (insiders) and exclude most (outsiders). Those orders face a central dilemma. How do they reform education in a way that “stimulate[s] economic growth without inducing demands for political openings” (3)? Since education reforms tend to","PeriodicalId":21066,"journal":{"name":"Review of Middle East Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"148 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44532508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Last Genocide against the Yazidi People","authors":"Hawre Ahmed Mohammed","doi":"10.1017/rms.2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) emerged from the ashes of unsolved political, religious, and sectarian conflicts in the Middle East, it became one of the greatest threats to global order in recent years. It invaded and occupied a large swath of territory in Iraq and Syria, leaving a trail of bloodshed in its wake. ISIS fighters carried out a deliberate campaign of annihilation against the religious Yazidi community, which is officially recognized as a protected group under the UN Genocide Convention. ISIS identified them as an “unbeliever community” and proceeded to embark on an eliminationist campaign against the group, including deliberate killing, destruction of the conditions of their life, and the capture and transference of Yazidi children.","PeriodicalId":21066,"journal":{"name":"Review of Middle East Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"108 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48318170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CAMELIA SULEIMAN. The Politics of Arabic in Israel: A Sociolinguistic Analysis (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017). Pp. 240. $84.61 cloth. ISBN: 978-1474420860.","authors":"Nida Kiali","doi":"10.1017/rms.2022.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2022.29","url":null,"abstract":"In her ethnography, The Politics of Arabic in Israel , Camelia Suleiman discusses the Arabic language within the State of Israel, exploring the implications of its status in terms of various sociolinguistic processes and identity formation. Suleiman provides a sweepingly comprehensive overview of substantiated sociolinguistics as well as socio-poetic and legal research conducted on Arabic. The Politics of Arabic in Israel also sheds light on the sociolinguistic ramifications of ethnography, which impacts both the Arabic language and its speakers.","PeriodicalId":21066,"journal":{"name":"Review of Middle East Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"153 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48221736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MESA's Committee for Undergraduate Middle East Studies","authors":"V. Hightower","doi":"10.1017/rms.2023.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2023.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21066,"journal":{"name":"Review of Middle East Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"141 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45622227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting Legacies of Anfal and Reconsidering Genocide in the Middle East Today: Collective Memory, Victimhood, Resilience, and Enduring Trauma","authors":"I. Sadiq, Bahar Başer, S. McLoughlin","doi":"10.1017/rms.2023.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2023.3","url":null,"abstract":"Since the end of World War I, the people of the Middle East have lived – from Turkey to Iraq – in a world created by Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, and Georges Clemenceau. From the outset, the victorious powers of the War, especially Wilson, paid lip service to the principle of self-determination in addressing various nationalities, but they soon realized this great principle can be a double-edged sword whose use could cost them dearly – in casualties as well as capital. Western and regional powers resolved this dilemma by installing a system of states in the Middle East, in the name of self-determination, which was in fact appallingly unfair and feeble. Implementation of this policy in the face of multi-ethnic milieus and complexities, where the dominant group constituted no more than 50 percent of the population, had disastrous consequences and fractured the social landscape of the region into distinct camps of winners and losers.","PeriodicalId":21066,"journal":{"name":"Review of Middle East Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"4 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45718368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Russian Propaganda: A Case Study in Turkish Political Cartoons","authors":"Eric R. Workman","doi":"10.1017/rms.2023.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2023.5","url":null,"abstract":"As consumers of information, we must improve our ability to spot potentially bad-faith actors and manipulation campaigns (state-sponsored or otherwise). However, spotting these bad-faith actors and manipulation campaigns can often be quite difficult. This project first offers a set of guiding principles for identifying propaganda, and then applies those principles to examine an ongoing case study Specifically, this project examines the dissemination of Turkish political cartoons by Sputnik News — a Russian state-owned media company. My investigation begins by defining terms--differentiating between rhetoric, persuasion, propaganda, and an influence operation. Next, I apply these concepts to examine Sputnik News ’ s multilingual dissemination of political car-toons. I uncover and outline a systematic framework that Sputnik likely follows when producing its cartoons. I then use this framework to inspect Sputnik ’ s Turkish political cartoons. Combining quantitative and qualitative analyses, my investigation reveals a trend — that Sputnik News ’ s Turkish political cartoons consistently portray the U.S. and Turkey as adversaries engaged in a zero-sum game. I conclude by describing how this portrayal fits my proposed criterion for propaganda. In the closing remarks, I outline additional methods that Sputniks News uses to disseminate this propagandistic narrative to Turkish audiences and describe how such multimodal dissemination tactics are indicative of an influence operation. I also discuss policy implications and offer suggestions for further research.","PeriodicalId":21066,"journal":{"name":"Review of Middle East Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"145 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42816009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Arabesque of Script and Metaphor in Islamic Art","authors":"R. Risser","doi":"10.1017/rms.2022.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2022.28","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of script as an aesthetic device is longstanding in Islamic art. Indeed, one of the earliest forms of Islamic art are terracotta oil lamps with text inscribed on their surface.2 These inscriptions are not merely decorative but also reference the light emitted from the lamps as a metaphor for revelation. As I will show, the use of script in Islamic art is not only meant to delight the eye; it is, moreover, a cognitively faceted aesthetic device. Following an overview of script as an aesthetic device in Islamic art, I survey its legacy in the contemporary art world of the Middle East.","PeriodicalId":21066,"journal":{"name":"Review of Middle East Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"128 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46225683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MERIP's Impact on Middle East Studies: Showcasing a MESA Roundtable","authors":"Waleed Hazbun","doi":"10.1017/rms.2022.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2022.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In anticipation of the fiftieth anniversary of its founding, past and present members of the Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP) organized a roundtable for the annual meeting of the Middle East Studies Association (MESA) entitled “MERIP's Impact on Middle East Studies.” Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, on October 14, 2020, the roundtable was conducted as a virtual webinar. The participants included Joe Stork, Judith Tucker, Zachary Lockman, Ted Swedenburg, Norma Claire Moruzzi, Jacob Mundy, and Stacey Philbrick Yadav. The roundtable was moderated by Waleed Hazbun and offered reflections about MERIP's original mission, explained how its model for “research and information” evolved, and explored how over fifty years MERIP's contributions have helped transform Middle East Studies scholarship. The following is a transcript that has been edited for clarity and length.","PeriodicalId":21066,"journal":{"name":"Review of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"214 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45360647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}