{"title":"The Path to Immortality","authors":"Nicholas Mee","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Newton’s theories of mechanics and gravity laid the foundations for the development of modern science. Newton is introduced through his activities at the Royal Mint. Newton’s ideas reigned supreme for over 200 years. Newtonian gravity was only superseded by Einstein’s theory of general relativity just over 100 years ago.","PeriodicalId":210630,"journal":{"name":"The Cosmic Mystery Tour","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115367612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster","authors":"Nicholas Mee","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198831860.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198831860.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The sources of short gamma ray bursts (GRBs) have been identified with neutron star merger events. Hulse and Taylor discovered the first binary neutron star in 1974. By monitoring the pulsar in this system the orbital characteristics of the system have been determined with great accuracy. This has led to tests of general relativity, including the first confirmation of the existence of gravitational waves. The emission of this radiation is gradually bringing the two neutron stars together. They will collide and merge in about 300 million years.","PeriodicalId":210630,"journal":{"name":"The Cosmic Mystery Tour","volume":"59 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131457672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Gorgon’s Head!","authors":"Nicholas Mee","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198831860.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198831860.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"The astronomer John Goodricke was first to realize the star Algol in the constellation Perseus regularly fades for several hours because it is periodically eclipsed by a fainter companion star. In antiquity the strange behaviour of Algol led to its mythological identification with the head of the gorgon Medusa, and this is the source of its name. Goodicke’s explanation of the variability of Algol was published in 1783. He also discovered other eclipsing binaries as well as the first Cepheid variable. Tragically, Goodricke died at the age of just 21.","PeriodicalId":210630,"journal":{"name":"The Cosmic Mystery Tour","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128065796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Most of the Universe is Missing!","authors":"Nicholas Mee","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198831860.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198831860.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the matter in the universe exists in an unknown form called dark matter. All estimates of the mass of galaxies and galaxy clusters suggest they contain far more matter than is visible to us in the form of stars. Conventional explanations, such as the existence of large quantities of burnt-out stars known as MACHOs or dark gas clouds, have been ruled out. The most popular explanation is that dark matter consists of vast quantities of hypothetical stable particles known as WIMPs that were produced in vast quantities in the very early universe. Many laboratories around the world are searching for signs of these particles. These include the Italian Gran Sasso laboratory running the XENON100 experiment. Some theorists have suggested the evidence for dark matter would disappear if we had a better theory of gravity. Analysis of the Bullet Cluster indicates such proposals will not work.","PeriodicalId":210630,"journal":{"name":"The Cosmic Mystery Tour","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132831335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Battle for the Cosmos!","authors":"Nicholas Mee","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"We now know the universe began with the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, but for several years debate raged between the supporters of the Big Bang theory led by George Gamow and supporters of the Steady State theory led by Fred Hoyle. Hoyle showed that the elements were synthesized in the stars, not in the Big Bang as Gamow believed. But Gamow’s colleagues Alpher and Herman predicted the existence of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) created immediately after the Big Bang. The CMB was discovered by Penzias and Wilson and this provided the crucial evidence that the Big Bang theory is correct. The CMB has since been studied in detail by a series of space probes.","PeriodicalId":210630,"journal":{"name":"The Cosmic Mystery Tour","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117060419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Raise Your Glasses to the Skies!","authors":"Nicholas Mee","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Many exoplanets have been discovered in recent years by searching for regular dips in brightness of a star as a planet passes across its face. NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope was launched to search for exoplanets using this planetary transit method. Kepler monitors 145,000 stars and has so far discovered over 2500 exoplanets. The planetary transit method has also been used to find a family of seven planets around a nearby red dwarf star that has been named TRAPPIST-1.","PeriodicalId":210630,"journal":{"name":"The Cosmic Mystery Tour","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121098748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Ultimate Heavy Metal Space Rock","authors":"Nicholas Mee","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Pulsars were discovered by Jocelyn Bell during her PhD research in 1967. Tommy Gold suggested these radio signals are generated by rapidly spinning neutron stars and was proved correct when a pulsar was identified in the Crab Nebula, which is the remnant of a supernova seen in 1054. The original signal detected by Bell has become a cultural icon since being used as the cover art for an album by rock band Joy Division.","PeriodicalId":210630,"journal":{"name":"The Cosmic Mystery Tour","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123412190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"We’re Having a Field Day!","authors":"Nicholas Mee","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Space is permeated by fields, such as the electromagnetic field, that transmit forces between objects that are not in direct contact. This idea was first devised by Michael Faraday and its mathematical realization for the electromagnetic field was achieved by James Clerk Maxwell. Light is an electromagnetic wave that ripples through the electromagnetic field. Richard Feynman invented a diagrammatic representation of the interactions between particles that plays an important role in quantum field theory. Maxwell’s theory was the inspiration for Einstein when developing his new theory of gravity. Newton was criticized for suggesting the gravitational force acts between bodies that are not in contact. Einstein resolved this issue when he devised general relativity which is a gravitational field theory.","PeriodicalId":210630,"journal":{"name":"The Cosmic Mystery Tour","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125456918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Doctor Atomic and the Black Hole","authors":"Nicholas Mee","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of black holes was proposed by Oppenheimer and Snyder in 1939. Three years later Oppenheimer was appointed head of Los Alamos, the secret weapons laboratory of the Manhattan Project. Cygnus X-1 was the first black hole candidate to be studied. We now know it is a black hole with almost 15 times the mass of the Sun. Quasars are now thought to be generated by material falling into supermassive black holes in distant galaxies.","PeriodicalId":210630,"journal":{"name":"The Cosmic Mystery Tour","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121080142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Animated Atom Boy","authors":"Nicholas Mee","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198831860.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198831860.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of the atom dates back to the speculations of Democritus and other Ancient Greek philosophers, but it was only in modern times that atoms were shown to exist and physicists began to investigate their structure. Rutherford’s team in Manchester discovered the atomic nucleus and Rutherford proposed that atoms consist of a tiny positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged orbiting electrons. Rutherford and his colleagues went on to discover the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. It is now possible to produce pictures of atoms using the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) invented by Binnig and Rohrer.","PeriodicalId":210630,"journal":{"name":"The Cosmic Mystery Tour","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131392455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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