Quaternary Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Hydroclimate variability in southwest China during Marine Isotope Stage 9: Insights from multi–proxy stalagmite records","authors":"Wei Jia ,&nbsp;Yan Yang ,&nbsp;Hai Cheng ,&nbsp;Tingyong Li ,&nbsp;Jingyao Zhao ,&nbsp;Shaoneng He ,&nbsp;Guangxin Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao Liu ,&nbsp;Lidan Lei ,&nbsp;Mingyang Li ,&nbsp;R. Lawrence Edwards","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a potential analogue of the present interglacial, the Marine Isotope Stage 9 (MIS 9) can help predict anthropogenically induced warm climates. However, limited attention and scarce paleoclimate archives have constrained our comprehension of large climate systems like the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) during this period. To better understand the ASM variability in MIS 9, we examined a precisely dated and highly resolved multi–proxy stalagmite record (SMY–1) (spanning from 333.4 to 268.1 kyr B.P.) from Shuiming Cave in southwest China. Its δ¹⁸O reveals three warm substages (MIS 9a, 9c, and 9e) and two cold substages (MIS 9b and 9d), following the high–northern–latitude insolation and interhemispheric insolation gradients, underscoring a key role of orbital forcing and low–latitude hydrological changes on ASM variabilities. Regional hydroclimate conditions recorded by its δ¹³C and trace element ratios (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Ba/Ca) respond to the ASM intensity on millennial scales. Increased ASM precipitation led to higher soil microbial activity and vegetation density, reducing the prior calcite precipitation effect and the water–rock interaction duration. Furthermore, we identified two–step increases in δ¹⁸O and trace element ratios during the MIS 9/8 transition, coinciding with two pulses of ice–rafted debris events and the gradual decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Similar change patterns of δ¹⁸O between MIS 9 and MIS 3, alongside identified Chinese Interstadials 18–25, demonstrate that universal millennial–scale climate oscillations in the North Atlantic during Late Pleistocene climate cycles influenced variations in ASM via ocean–atmospheric reorganizations. Interestingly, the comparatively lower amplitude of SMY–1 δ¹⁸O variation between the antepenultimate deglaciation and the MIS 9e interglacial contradicts findings from other Chinese stalagmites. This spatial heterogeneity reflects the combined influence of regional–scale moisture sources and isotopic fractionation process along pathways on Chinese stalagmite δ¹⁸O records.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 109268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of animal grazing intensity on the central-eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the middle-late Holocene","authors":"Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaozhong Huang ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Farqan Muhammad ,&nbsp;Derui Luo ,&nbsp;Lixiong Xiang ,&nbsp;Chong Huang ,&nbsp;Min Zheng ,&nbsp;Haicheng Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Animal grazing is the primary livelihood of people on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), but the history of grazing activity on the QTP remains unclear. The QTP also served as a crucial area for exchanges between people at varying altitudes and latitudes. We analyzed fossil fungal spores from a sediment core retrieved from Muricuo Lake (elevation: 4020 m a.s.l) on the central-eastern QTP, spanning the past ∼9200 cal yr BP. Combining our findings with other coprophilous fungal spore data, along with paleoclimate and human activity records from the central-eastern QTP, we discuss the history and possible influencing factors of grazing activity on the central-eastern QTP during the middle to late Holocene. Grazing activity may have increased around ∼3600 cal yr <span>BP</span> in the Muricuo Lake area, likely driven by a general increase in movement of humans into the central-eastern QTP, as supported by the increase in fungal spores and charcoal records in Muricuo Lake. After ∼1400 cal yr BP, grazing activity intensified in parallel with increased trade exchanges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 109272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A late summer temperature reconstruction based on tree-ring maximum latewood density since AD 1246 on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Ru Huang ,&nbsp;Hong Yin ,&nbsp;Haifeng Zhu ,&nbsp;Eryuan Liang ,&nbsp;Atta Ullah ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Jens-Henrik Meier ,&nbsp;Fayaz Asad ,&nbsp;Achim Bräuning ,&nbsp;Jussi Grießinger","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a critical component of the Earth's climate system, exhibiting high sensitivity to climate change. However, limited spatiotemporal coverage of meteorological observations hinders a comprehensive understanding of its long-term temperature variations. This study addresses this gap by presenting an August–September minimum temperature reconstruction for the southeastern TP since AD 1246, utilizing tree-ring maximum latewood density (MXD) as a proxy. Our reconstruction explains 42.3% of the variance observed in recent instrumental data. High consistency with published MXD chronologies from nearby regions validates the reconstruction's reliability. Furthermore, the comparison of our reconstruction with summer temperature field reconstructions suggests that those integrating diverse data sources—such as tree-ring width, density, and documentary evidence—through data assimilation techniques perform better in capturing pre-instrumental temperature variability in our study area. This highlights the importance of incorporating long tree-ring density data and other varied proxies into future data assimilation models for climate reconstructions. Additionally, large tropical volcanic eruptions exert a significant cooling effect, with reconstructed temperatures dropping by 0.33 °C and 0.37 °C in the eruption year and following year, respectively. Solar activity also appears to influence regional temperatures, with warm periods (AD 1720–1805 and AD, 1830–2008) generally coinciding with high solar activity and cold episodes (AD 1268–1344, AD 1429–1480, AD 1645–1715, and AD, 1806–1830) aligning with low solar activity. However, an exceptional cool period during strong solar activity (AD 1605–1638) suggests that other factors, such as volcanic eruptions, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation variability, might also be involved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 109266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocean surface conditions during Holocene Thermal Maximum in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, and its relevance for understanding modern warming in the region","authors":"Harikrishnan Guruvayoorappan ,&nbsp;Dmitry V. Divine ,&nbsp;Arto Miettinen ,&nbsp;Rahul Mohan ,&nbsp;Katrine Husum ,&nbsp;Syed Mohammad Saalim ,&nbsp;Lisa Claire Orme","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) is a significant warm period of the Holocene epoch, occurring between 11 and 6 ka BP. Here we present a multidecadal-to-centennial scale resolution diatom-based quantitative reconstruction of August Sea surface temperature (aSST) from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard for the regional HTM period between 10.5 and 7.5 ka BP. We find highly variable and moderately warm surface conditions with periods of colder aSST and/or seasonal sea ice presence. Based on the reconstruction, we infer that the variability of local surface conditions during HTM was mainly influenced by insolation and glacier/sea ice melt along with changes in the proximity of oceanic frontal zones, while influence of Atlantic Water at the surface was limited. The reconstructed aSST of 3.7 °C on average for the reconstructed part of the HTM period and 4.2 °C for its warmest interval between 10.5 and 10.1 ka BP are comparable within the method uncertainty to summer sea surface temperatures observed in the area today. We further present the evidence that the diatom assemblages are preserved in the sedimentary sequence for the first time in the record during the HTM and then re-emerge only in the core top sediments, suggesting some similarity in the environmental conditions in Kongsfjorden between the modern period and the HTM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"354 ","pages":"Article 109252"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rice farming mediated internal competition and reduced external risks during the Neolithic period","authors":"Xiaolong Chen ,&nbsp;Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoshuang Zhao ,&nbsp;Shihao Liu ,&nbsp;Ning Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaohe Lai ,&nbsp;Jing Chen ,&nbsp;Maotian Li ,&nbsp;Qianli Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice cultivation and domestication are among the most transformative processes in human history, yet the internal driving forces behind these developments remain unclear. To address this, we integrated archaeological and palaeo-environmental data to develop a quantitative land-use model using an agent-based model (ABM). This model simulates human behavior and settlement development in the Yaojiang Valley on the east coast of China, a key region of the Neolithic Hemudu Culture with prolonged history of rice cultivation and domestication. We tested two scenarios: one with rice farming and one without. The results revealed that as population and settlements expanded, competition for resources intensified in both scenarios, leading to significant overlap in heavily utilized areas. However, rice cultivation provided additional and stable food sources, reduced the frequency, distance and risk associated with resource gathering, which in turn minimized competition among settlements and provided a strategic advantage for community survival. This strategy likely contributed to the emergence of smaller and more numerous settlements practicing rice farming during the late Hemudu period. Our research findings suggest that rice farming was adopted as a strategy to mitigate intra-settlement competition, underscoring the value of agent-based model in analyzing complex social-cultural dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"354 ","pages":"Article 109249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated equilibrium line altitude over High Mountain Asia during the Last Interglacial","authors":"Jinzhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Qing Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High Mountain Asia (HMA) was experiencing rapid climate change and significant glacier shrinkage in recent three decades, which has profound environmental and socioeconomic impacts on Asia. To better decipher the climate-glacier interaction, we examine climate change and the associated response of the Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) over HMA during the Last Interglacial (LIG), often viewed as a potential analogue for future warming world. Based on the bias-corrected model outputs from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phase 4, we illustrate an overall warmer/wetter state over HMA in summer but colder/drier conditions in winter during the LIG relative to the preindustrial. In response to the modeled climate change, the ELA rises by ∼466 ± 124 m on average across HMA during the LIG relative to the preindustrial, with more intense increase in the northern parts. Moreover, our sensitivity analysis shows that air temperature change dominates the variation of ELA during the LIG, and climate change during the summer season plays the most important role compared with the other seasons. Additionally, we demonstrate that the modeled ELA change could be largely biased if the seasonality effect is not considered. Despite the lack of glacier deposits/sediments for the LIG, the elevated ELA is in accordance with the reconstructed summer warming and expanded ancient lakes. Our results may improve the understanding of glacier behavior over HMA during the LIG and shed light on glacier response to future warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 109267"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-resolution chronology for the archaeological deposits at Pinnacle Point 5–6, Western Cape Province, South Africa","authors":"Zenobia Jacobs ,&nbsp;Panagiotis Karkanas ,&nbsp;B. Patrick Fahey ,&nbsp;Erich C. Fisher ,&nbsp;Curtis W. Marean","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pinnacle Point Site 5–6 (PP5-6) is a key archaeological and paleoenvironmental site located on the edge of the Palaeo-Agulhas Plain along the southern Cape coast of South Africa. Construction of high-resolution chronologies for archaeological sites beyond the range of radiocarbon dating is challenging. Geochronological methods such as optical dating are hampered by the availability of applicable materials that are directly associated with the events of interest. Optical dating relies on assumptions made about time-dependent changes and is made up of a series of measurements each with its own random and systematic uncertainties that together make up the age estimates. In this study, we explicitly took on the challenge to systematically produce a high-resolution chronology for PP5-6 made up of 197 individual age estimates of which 169 were input into a Bayesian age model. PP5-6 is ideal because of its fine-scale stratigraphy and use of modern excavation techniques and detailed recording of stratigraphy and plotted finds. Excavations and dating took place concurrently over almost two decades to inform the dating strategy, contextualise sample choice and data analysis, and to bring the scales of analysis of different proxies closer together. Here we present the optical dating process, including sensitivity tests of our instruments, data analysis procedures and modelling approach. We then construct a final timeline for comparisons with other proxy data and interpretation of the sedimentary sequence and occupation of PP5-6 over an interval of ∼60,000 years from ∼110,000 to ∼50,000 years ago. We show how closely linked sediment deposition is to changes in global climate and sea-level, identify a few Pleistocene and Holocene erosional events that modified the site post-depositionally and place a variety of interconnected causes and effects coincident with different types of occupation on this timeline. This approach opens up opportunities to reduce the resolution of chronologies closer to the human timescales required to improve our understanding of changes through time and to make more direct comparisons between other sites and proxies that contain similarly highly resolved archives of human occupation and change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"354 ","pages":"Article 109263"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleoenvironmental impacts on human evolution in China during the Quaternary","authors":"Christopher J. Bae ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongping Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109248","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"354 ","pages":"Article 109248"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speleothem evidence of late glacial and Early Holocene Preboreal and Boreal hydro-climate changes in western Mediterranean (Corchia Cave, Italy)","authors":"Andrea Columbu ,&nbsp;Ilaria Isola ,&nbsp;Giovanni Zanchetta ,&nbsp;Russell N. Drysdale ,&nbsp;Stefano Natali ,&nbsp;John C. Hellstrom ,&nbsp;Michel Magny ,&nbsp;Anthony E. Fallick","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the rainfall variability across the western Mediterranean area from ca. 12 to 9 ka, and its climate teleconnection within the northern Hemisphere realm. A high-resolution stable isotope (δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C) and growth rate record from a Corchia Cave stalagmite (Apuan Alps, Central Italy) shows evidence of: 1) increased rainfall during the transition from the late Younger Dryas (YD) to the Holocene; and 2) two Early Holocene episodes of reduced rainfall during the so-called Preboreal and Boreal Oscillations (PBO and BO respectively). The YD to Holocene transition occurs at Corchia from 11.91^+0.10/_-0.11 to 11.33^+0.07/_-0.07 ka, in agreement with other Mediterranean records. The expression of PBO is constrained in Central Italy between 11.19^+0.09/_-0.08 and 11.04^+0.09/_-0.09 ka, while the BO from 10.42^+0.13/_-0.27 to 10.19^+0.27/_-0.24 ka, contemporaneous with a significant reduction of the Lago dell’ Accesa lake levels (Central Italy).</div><div>The new record suggests that the increase of rainfall at Corchia during the deglaciation is connected to the enhanced evaporation from a warming north Atlantic and the higher moisture amount across the Mediterranean delivered by the westerlies. Reduced rainfall is instead attested during PBO/BOs. The latter are often associated with fluxes of ice-sheet meltwaters into the Atlantic, which trigger a deficit in moisture availability resulting in lower humidity reaching the Mediterranean area. This work confirms that the PBO/BO relative aridity is restricted to the Mediterranean area, while mid-European records point to moister conditions within the same events. Thus, our results imply that future – even subtle - polar ice sheet instabilities, boosted by the ongoing climate crisis, might amplify the change of rainfall dynamics across the western Mediterranean, a hot-spot area for climatic change that is already experiencing an increasing number of drought years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"354 ","pages":"Article 109241"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2000 years of climate, environmental, and societal variability in southeastern Norway from the annually laminated sediments of Lake Sagtjernet","authors":"Eirik G. Ballo ,&nbsp;William J. D'Andrea ,&nbsp;Helge I. Høeg ,&nbsp;Kjetil Loftsgarden ,&nbsp;Manon Bajard ,&nbsp;Sabine Eckhardt ,&nbsp;Massimo Cassiani ,&nbsp;Nikolaos Evangeliou ,&nbsp;Jostein Bakke ,&nbsp;Kirstin Krüger","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous Common Era (i.e., the past 2000 years) climate reconstructions from Fennoscandia have focused on northern and central areas, with scarce data from the southern areas. Using varved sediments from Lake Sagtjernet in southeastern Norway, we developed a hydrogen isotope record from sedimentary leaf waxes (<em>n</em>-alkanes) as a proxy for hydrogen isotopes in precipitation, which we interpret as an indicator of temperature variability over the past 2000 years. The climate reconstruction provides high, decadal resolution for the period 360–770 CE, allowing critical evaluation during the Dark Ages Cold Period (around 300–800 CE) and a cooling during the 6th century, previously suggested as the coldest period of the Common Era. Our results reveal that the most rapid drop in temperature occurred from 536 to 545 CE (⁺⁷⁴/_-90 years), corresponding in time to the 536 and 540 CE volcanic eruptions. We also document an inferred cold interval that persisted from around 650 to 710 CE (⁺⁷²/_-90 years). While past studies have suggested prolonged cooling during the Dark Ages Cold Period, our findings show that, on average, the climate during 360–770 CE was similar to the Common Era average in the Lake Sagtjernet record. To explore socio-environmental interactions throughout the past 2000 years, we present a pollen-based environmental reconstruction and integrate it with archaeological evidence from around Lake Sagtjernet. These analyses reveal significant societal activities such as land clearing, cereal cultivation, and large-scale iron production, which drastically altered the landscape in the Viking Age (around 800–1050 CE) and the first half of the Norwegian Middle Ages (around 1050–1350 CE). Modern cultivation practices following the Black Death (1349–1350 CE) were first established around 1470 CE and increased continuously until around 1940 CE. Intensification of societal activities through the past millennium, including iron production and modern cultivation, occurred during both warmer (Medieval Climate Anomaly; 950–1250 CE) and colder (Little Ice Age; 1450–1850 CE) periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"354 ","pages":"Article 109232"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}