{"title":"Exploring the Complex Relationship Between Sleep, Depression and the Immune System","authors":"F. Aricioglu, M. Cetin","doi":"10.5455/pcp.20201207094228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/pcp.20201207094228","url":null,"abstract":"Sleeping has a critical function to promote health. Studies over the past ten years has documented that sleeping disorders has a strong influence on the risk of infectious diseases and in particular occurrence and progression associated with several major health issues including depression. Recent studies have focused on elucidating the underlying mechanisms that play a role in this situation. This article has been written to review the dynamics of sleep disturbance, sleep restriction, and insomnia on depression and the immune system. Also aimed to discuss the multi-faceted relationship that connect sleep disorder and immunity in terms of the neurobiology of sleep, inflammation and depression. In this context, what is known about the role of sleep on the immune system and the relationship between sleep disorder and depression and the immune system of depression will be reviewed.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90187651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Differentiating The Cognitive Impairment of Clinically Stable Schizophrenia from Mild Cognitive Impairment","authors":"T. Charernboon","doi":"10.5455/pcp.20200410093053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/pcp.20200410093053","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cognitive deficit is common and considered as the core feature of both mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and schizophrenia. However, only a few studies have directly compared cognitive profiles of these two conditions. The objective of the study was to compare the cognitive profiles of patients with schizophrenia to those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Participants consisted of three groups; 42 normal controls, 42 patients with schizophrenia and 42 people with MCI. They were matched 1:1:1 with comparable educational levels. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination III. Results: Recall memory and naming subdomains were significantly lower in the MCI group as compared to patients with schizophrenia, but did not differ on attention, verbal fluency, clock drawing test, language and visuospatial ability. Logistic regression and diagnostic prediction model demonstrated that the MCI group is best differentiated from the schizophrenia group using recall memory and naming scores. Conclusions: The cognitive profiles in patients with schizophrenia and MCI are different. In this study, naming and recall memory were less impaired in patients with schizophrenia than in people with MCI. The results of this study might provide some clues for clinicians on how to distinguish between","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81690759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tarakçıoğlu, M. Boysan, Yasin Caliskan, Ö. Demirel, N. C. Memik, M. Kadak
{"title":"Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Thought-Action Fusion-Child Version (TAFIC)","authors":"M. Tarakçıoğlu, M. Boysan, Yasin Caliskan, Ö. Demirel, N. C. Memik, M. Kadak","doi":"10.5455/pcp.20200212074140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/pcp.20200212074140","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: The concept of thought-action fusion has long been recognized as a cognitive vulnerability factor for psyhopathology that given its clinical relevance and importance reliable assessment of this phenomenon seems to be essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Thought-Action Fusion Inventory for Children (TAFIC) among Turkish children and adolescents. METHODS: Five hundred and ninety-one subjects (mean age=14.16±2.08 years) participated in the study. Voluntered subjects completed the TAFIC, Magical Ideation Scale (MIS), Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders RevisedChild Self-Report (SCARED-R-CV), and Metacognitions Questionnaire for Children (MCQ-C). RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the original four-factor structure excellently fit the data on the Turkish version of the TAFIC. Internal reliability of the instrument was acceptable to excellent, with Kuder-Richardson coefficients ranging from 0.70 to 0.89. The convergent validity of the TAFIC was adequate, with significant correlation coefficients with magical ideation, meta-cognitions, depression, and anxiety related emotional problems. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, we concluded that the Turkish version of the TAFIC has promising psychometric properties in assessing thought-action fusion among children and adolescents.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76745289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Evren, H. Pontes, E. Dalbudak, B. Evren, M. Topçu, N. Kutlu
{"title":"Psychometric Validation of the Turkish Gaming Disorder Test: A Measure That Evaluates Disordered Gaming According to the World Health Organization Framework","authors":"C. Evren, H. Pontes, E. Dalbudak, B. Evren, M. Topçu, N. Kutlu","doi":"10.5455/pcp.20200429072430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/pcp.20200429072430","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE: Previous research on gaming disorder (GD) used psychometric tools, which evaluates according to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) diagnostic framework. The Gaming Disorder Test (GDT), a standardized measure to assess symptoms and prevalence of GD according to the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic framework. The main aim of the current study was to adapt GDT to Turkish. METHOD: In the present study participants were assessed with the GDT, the Internet Gaming Disorder ScaleShort-Form (IGDS9-SF), and the CAGE-Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (CAGE-PIUQ). The factor structure of the scale was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and reliability and validity analyses were conducted. The method used in the study, and the scale adaptation, RESULTS: A sample of 932 Turkish gamers (58.3% male, mean age 23.64 years, SD=5.42) was recruited online. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the unidimensional factor structure of the GDT was satisfactory. The scale was also reliable (i.e., internally consistent with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.879) and showed adequate convergent and criterion-related validity, as indicated by statistically significant positive correlations between average time daily spent playing games (ATDSPG) during last year, IGDS9-SF and CAGE-PIUQ scores. By applying the International Classification of Diseases 11th edition (ICD-11) threshold for diagnosing GD (e.g., meeting all four criteria by answering them either with often [4] or very often [5]), it was found that the prevalence of GD is 1.9% (n = 18). CONCLUSION: Online gaming preference, ATDSPG and probable ADHD predicted the severity of disordered gaming. These findings support the Turkish version of the GDT as a valid and reliable tool for determining the extent of GD related problems among young adults and for the purposes of early GD diagnosis in clinical settings and similar research.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78916062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of The Psychiatric Research Output From Turkey Via Web Of Science Database: A Bibliometric Analysis","authors":"Z. Topal, I. Bahsi, A. Tufan","doi":"10.5455/pcp.20201117083927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/pcp.20201117083927","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Global scientific research output is continuously accelerating. Although psychiatric scientific output is increasing, factors such as health systems, scientific programs and financial supports that vary between countries lead to varied levels of contribution. This cross sectional bibliometric study aims to analysis the articles bibliometrically which conducted by researchers from Turkey and indexed in SCI-E index of the Web of Science (WoS)database in the category of Psychiatry. Methods: According to 2019 data, in the WoS database, journals in the Psychiatry category and indexed in the SCI-E were determined. Publications from Turkey that were published in these journals was determined. For each publication, all information relevant to the analysis was exported to Microsoft Excel and EndNote Desktop. Also, VOSviewer software was used to create a collaboration and word co-occurrence network. Results: There were 5293 publications which have at least one author from Turkey. Only 774 articles (14.62%) were written as international collaborations. The authors from Turkey were collaborating with the researchers from 66 diffrent countries and USA was leading these countries with 420 publications (%7.93), followed by England (3.3%) and Germany (2.4), respectively. The total number of citations was 53931 for these publications (mean: 10.19±22.51). The most prolific institution is Istanbul University while the most frequently selected journal by Turkish authors is Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology. Conclusion: Bibliometric studies are crucial in evaluating domain specific research and in planning for efficient use of limited resources. Psychiatric literature from Turkey greatly increased within the last two decades. However, international collaborations are still limited and most of the publications are in journals published in Turkey.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82682123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nurgul Yesilyaprak, S. Batmaz, M. Yıldız, E. Songur, Esma Akpınar Aslan
{"title":"Automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions, dysfunctional attitudes, core beliefs, and ruminative response styles in unipolar major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: a comparative study","authors":"Nurgul Yesilyaprak, S. Batmaz, M. Yıldız, E. Songur, Esma Akpınar Aslan","doi":"10.1080/24750573.2019.1690815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2019.1690815","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, who were either in an acute depressive episode or in remission, and a healthy control group on their cognitions related to depression and mania/hypomania, and on their response styles. METHODS: A total of 300 participants who presented to our outpatient psychiatry department were included in the study (100 participants with unipolar depression (DG), 100 with bipolar disorder, and 100 with no previous or current psychiatric disorder (CG)). The participants completed the Cognition Checklist (CCL), the Cognition Checklist for Mania (CCL-M-R), the Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CDQ), the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), the Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictions Inventory (HAPPI), the Brief Core Schemas Scale (BCSS), Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), and the Responses to Positive Affect Questionnaire (RPAQ). The groups were compared with each other by one-way analysis of variance, independent samples t-test, and chi-square tests. RESULTS: The DG scored higher than the other groups on the CCL, the frequency and intensity subscales of the CDQ, the DAS, and the negative-self and negative-others subscales of the BCSS, the RRS, and on the dampening subscale of the RPAQ. The clinical groups scored higher than the CG on the scores of the relationships subscale of the CCL-M-R, the total score of the CDQ, and the HAPPI. The CG scored higher than the clinical groups on the positive-self subscale of the BCSS, and on the emotion focused positive rumination subscale. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are important in the differential diagnosis of mood disorders, and for their treatment with cognitive behavioural psychotherapy.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":"854 - 863"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90262589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seon-Cheol Park, Eun-Young Jang, Kiwon Kim, Hoseon Lee, Joonho Choi, Amitava Dan, A. Hussain, A. J. Tanra, Takahiro A. Kato, K. Chee, Sih-Ku Lin, Chay-Hoon Tan, A. Javed, N. Sartorius, N. Shinfuku, Y. Park
{"title":"Establishing the cut-off scores for the severity ranges of schizophrenia on the BPRS-6 scale: findings from the REAP-AP","authors":"Seon-Cheol Park, Eun-Young Jang, Kiwon Kim, Hoseon Lee, Joonho Choi, Amitava Dan, A. Hussain, A. J. Tanra, Takahiro A. Kato, K. Chee, Sih-Ku Lin, Chay-Hoon Tan, A. Javed, N. Sartorius, N. Shinfuku, Y. Park","doi":"10.1080/24750573.2019.1695994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2019.1695994","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: Using data from the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antipsychotics (REAP-AP), our study aimed to establish the remission and severity ranges (mild, moderate, and severe) of schizophrenia on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-6 (BPRS-6). Methods: A total of 1,438 patients with schizophrenia from India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, and Taiwan were enrolled in the study. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses, the optimal cut-off scores for the remission and severity ranges on the BPRS-6 were established. Results: The scalability of the BPRS-6 was considered to have an acceptable “unidimensionality” (coefficient of scalability = 0.43). The cut-off scores for the remission of schizophrenia and mild, moderate, and severe schizophrenia can be optimally defined as the BPRS-6 total score of <5, 5–9, 10–19 and >20, respectively. Conclusion: The BPRS-6 can be a promising, brief, and unidimensional rating scale to supplement the measurement-based care of schizophrenia.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"895 - 898"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88623952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Özlem Çıtak Ekici, Volkan Şahiner, G. Erzin, Davut Ocak, Ş. Şahi̇ner, E. Göka
{"title":"Pregabalin abuse among patients with opioid use disorders may increase the severity of withdrawal symptoms: a single-center, case-control study","authors":"Özlem Çıtak Ekici, Volkan Şahiner, G. Erzin, Davut Ocak, Ş. Şahi̇ner, E. Göka","doi":"10.1080/24750573.2019.1673946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2019.1673946","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Opioid addiction is a disease that is increasing in our country, Turkey, and around the world, which it is difficult to treat in medical, social, and economic terms. Pregabalin is a preparation used for the treatment of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and anxiety disorders. In opioid users, pregabalin is increasingly being self-administered off-label due to its euphoria effect at high doses. We investigated the effects of pregabalin on addiction profile and opioid withdrawal severity by comparing patients with opioid addiction who were and were not using off-label pregabalin. METHODS: Between July and August 2016, a total of 120 patients (60 patients were pregabalin users and 60 patients were non-users) who presented to Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital Psychiatry Clinic Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment Center and were diagnosed with opioid use disorder according to the DSM-5, were included in the study. Patients who were using other substances were excluded from the study. A sociodemographic data form, the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale, and Addiction Profile Index (API) were applied to the patients. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between pregabalin users and pregabalin non-users in terms of age, sex, age of onset, working status, and whether previous treatment had been received. In the pregabalin user group, the severity of opioid withdrawal, API substance use characteristics, diagnosis, effects on life, craving, motivation subscale scores, and API total score were found to be significantly higher than in the non-user group. CONCLUSION: Off-label pregabalin use among patients with opioid addiction is becoming more common. Off-label, high-dose pregabalin use may worsen existing opioid addiction, create a new area of addiction, and an illegal market. Highlights We aimed to investigate the effects of pregabalin on addiction profile and opioid withdrawal severity by comparing patients with opioid addiction who were and were not using off-label pregabalin. In the pregabalin user group, the severity of opioid withdrawal, and API total score were found to be significantly higher than in the non-user group. The use of off-label, high-dose pregabalin may worsen existing opioid addiction.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":"479 - 483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90160432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Use of multisensory stimulation interventions in the treatment of major neurocognitive disorders","authors":"Catherine Cheng, G. Baker, S. Dursun","doi":"10.1080/24750573.2019.1699738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2019.1699738","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are a heterogeneous constellation of non-cognitive symptoms and behaviours that can cause significant patient distress and present complex management challenges. Behavioural and pharmacological treatments are used to decrease the symptoms, preserve function and increase quality of life. In the treatment of individuals with a major neurocognitive disorder, non-pharmacological interventions are often preferred as first-line treatment over pharmacological interventions, which often have modest efficacy, notable side effects and significant risks. Multisensory stimulation (MSS) interventions have become increasingly popular in the treatment of BPSD, particularly with disease progression. The objective of this review paper is to provide a brief overview of the types of MSS interventions currently used in the treatment of major neurocognitive disorders. METHODS: Searches for papers published in this area were conducted using PubMed and the Web of Science Core Collection. The searches were done for the period covering the past 20 years, and key phrases used were “multisensory stimulation for treatment of BPSD,” “multisensory stimulation for treatment of major cognitive disorders,” “multisensory stimulation for treatment of dementia” and “multisensory stimulation for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.” RESULTS: Multisensory environments, multisensory tools and multisensory group therapies are discussed. There is growing support for the use of MSS interventions to improve mood, behaviour and quality of life in seniors with dementia and BPSD. However, currently the utilization of these interventions is highly variable and strong evidence for their use is limited. CONCLUSION: MSS interventions in the form of multisensory environments, tools and group therapies present tremendous potential as first-line treatments or as adjuncts to pharmacological interventions in the treatment of major neurocognitive disorders. However, the body of quality evidence that currently exists is limited. A lack of evidence does not necessarily mean a lack of efficacy, and there is a pressing need for studies with improved power and study design to determine the effectiveness of specific MSS interventions and to ascertain for whom they may be most beneficial.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"62 1","pages":"916 - 921"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84728807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Özlem Önen, Selcen Kundak, Handan Özek Erkuran, A. Kutlu, B. Çakaloz
{"title":"Quality of life, depression, and anxiety in Turkish children with vitiligo and their parents","authors":"Özlem Önen, Selcen Kundak, Handan Özek Erkuran, A. Kutlu, B. Çakaloz","doi":"10.1080/24750573.2018.1454385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2018.1454385","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is a chronic skin condition among psychocutaneous diseases that significantly affect psychiatric well-being of patients, social interactions, and overall quality of life. Only a limited number of studies about psychiatric well-being and quality of life in children with vitiligo and their parents are available. AIMS: With this study, we aimed to assess anxiety, depression, and quality of life in children diagnosed with vitiligo and their parents. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Forty-one vitiligo patients aged 9–16 years 30 healthy controls along with their parents were asked to fill out self-report forms that assessed quality of life (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – Child Form; PedsQL-C and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – Parent Form; PedsQL-P), anxiety (State–Trait Anxiety Inventory – STAI-C for children and Beck Anxiety Inventory – BAI for parents), and depression (Children’s Depression Inventory – CDI and Beck Depression Inventory – BDI for parents). RESULTS: Between groups, significant differences were found in PedsQL-C subscales measuring school functioning, psychosocial health, and overall quality of life. Regarding PedsQL-P scores, there was a significant difference in physical functioning, social functioning, and overall quality of life. No statistical significance was found between groups regarding CDI and STAI-C scores. There was a significant difference in BDI, with higher scores in parents of children with vitiligo. CONCLUSIONS: We believe measuring life quality with standardized instruments and techniques would be important in the assessment of the patient to evaluate the efficacy of treatment, specifically in chronic disorders. Further studies addressing these issues, especially in children, adolescents, and their parents are warranted.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"18 1","pages":"492 - 501"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76625691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}