Yi Li , Chao Lu , Kai Shen , Xia Wu , Jingyuan Bai , Zhihui Liu , Zhihui Cai , Weiqing Liu , Chunmei Xiong , Anastassios Papageorgiou , Zhanyong Zhao , Natalia Borisovna Morozova , Mark Staiger , Di Tie
{"title":"Biodegradable behavior and mechanical performance of Mg-Zn alloys in acidic urinary environments relevant to renal tubular acidosis","authors":"Yi Li , Chao Lu , Kai Shen , Xia Wu , Jingyuan Bai , Zhihui Liu , Zhihui Cai , Weiqing Liu , Chunmei Xiong , Anastassios Papageorgiou , Zhanyong Zhao , Natalia Borisovna Morozova , Mark Staiger , Di Tie","doi":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnesium-zinc (Mg-Zn) alloys have attracted considerable attention as implant materials due to their inherent biodegradability. Herein, we evaluate their performance in the acidic urinary environment characteristic of renal tubular acidosis (RTA). To this end, the corrosion response, degradation performance, and mechanical properties of Mg-xZn alloys with different zinc contents were examined in artificial urine (pH 5.7) designed to mimic RTA conditions. Relative to pure Mg, the Mg-6Zn alloy demonstrated a 2.35 times higher hardness and a 2.58 times higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS), reflecting substantial mechanical reinforcement. Initial immersion tests indicated that corrosion severity first decreased and then increased with higher Zn content. After 30 days, although the overall degradation of Mg-Zn alloys was greater than that of pure Mg, a reduced susceptibility to pitting corrosion was observed. Furthermore, the alloys maintained a UTS above 148.9 MPa and an elongation of 3.17 %, confirming preservation of essential mechanical integrity during degradation. These results highlight the potential of Mg-Zn alloys as functional biodegradable materials and provide insights for the design of next-generation magnesium-based bioresorbable implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20742,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Natural Science: Materials International","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 382-392"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuelin Yue , Yu Hu , Fan Tang , Heng Guo , Po-chuan Yang , Tao Chen , Wenzhu Liu , Liping Zhang , Jian Yu
{"title":"Study on the conductive mechanism of indium-free TTO thin films for photovoltaic device application","authors":"Xuelin Yue , Yu Hu , Fan Tang , Heng Guo , Po-chuan Yang , Tao Chen , Wenzhu Liu , Liping Zhang , Jian Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) is essential for optoelectronic devices, yet indium scarcity necessitates sustainable alternatives. In this study, tantalum-doped tin oxide (TTO) films were fabricated using both direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering methods to compare the difference in photoelectric performance. The results show that RF-sputtered TTO achieves exceptional conductivity (2.50 × 10<sup>2</sup> S/cm), seven orders higher than that of DC-sputtered films (1.60 × 10<sup>−5</sup> S/cm), while maintaining outstanding optical transparency (>85%). Through combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy analyses, we demonstrate that RF sputtering enables Ta<sup>5+</sup> substitutional doping in SnO<sub>2</sub> lattices, generating oxygen vacancies and free electrons for charge compensation. In contrast, DC sputtering induces Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> phase segregation, creating carrier-trapping defects. First-principles simulations reveal a low formation energy (0.8 eV) for Ta<sup>5+</sup> substitution in RF films versus high-energy (2.3 eV) Ta interstitials in DC films. As a proof-of-concept, we integrated the TTO thin films on the rear-side of SHJ solar cells with silver-coated copper electrodes, achieving a champion <em>PCE</em> of 26.4%. These findings establish a processing-structure-property relationship of designing indium-free TCO layers for photovoltaic device application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20742,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Natural Science: Materials International","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 434-443"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaoqiang Ren , Qingshuang Ma , Huiwen Yao , Aoxue Gao , Yanghai Zheng , Jingwen Zhang , Liming Yu , Huijun Li , Qiuzhi Gao
{"title":"Thermal behaviors of precipitates and mechanical properties of hot-worked 20Ni-AFA steel","authors":"Shaoqiang Ren , Qingshuang Ma , Huiwen Yao , Aoxue Gao , Yanghai Zheng , Jingwen Zhang , Liming Yu , Huijun Li , Qiuzhi Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2025.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2025.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of thermal behaviors on the precipitate distribution and the room- and high-temperature tensile properties of 20Ni-AFA steel were investigated by SEM, EBSD, and TEM. The results show that after hot rolling, fine NbC precipitates are uniformly distributed in the matrix, while coarse NbC precipitates, present before rolling, rearrange. Subsequently, L1<sub>2</sub>-Ni<sub>3</sub>Al, B2-NiAl, and Laves precipitates form within the grains, while M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>, B2-NiAl, and Laves precipitates also appear at the grain boundaries. After isothermal aging at 700 °C for 120 h, the gradual disappearance of L1<sub>2</sub>-Ni<sub>3</sub>Al precipitates lead to a significant reduction in room-temperature mechanical properties. The particle sizes and quantities of B2-NiAl, and Laves precipitates at grain boundaries increase with the duration of isothermal aging, which correlates with a reduction in high-temperature strength. A comparison with the forged material highlights the role of dislocation density and distribution in promoting precipitate formation, particularly through enhanced elemental diffusion, thereby emphasizing the thermal effects on precipitate evolution and mechanical performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20742,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Natural Science: Materials International","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 327-342"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structural engineering of MoS2 for high-performance supercapacitors: From phase, defect, and doping to composite design","authors":"Weichao Zhang , Hao Liu , Ke Wang , Libing Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) holds significant potential as a supercapacitor electrode material due to its layered structure and tunable electrical properties, though its intrinsic conductivity and cycling stability remain areas for improvement. This paper reviews the charge storage mechanisms and electrode material research progress of MoS<sub>2</sub> in supercapacitors. The influence of different crystalline phases—such as 2H, 1T, and 1T' —on energy storage behavior are analyzed, elucidating the working mechanisms of double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance. Subsequently, the current status of optimizing MoS<sub>2</sub> electrode performance through phase engineering, defect engineering, elemental doping, and composite structure construction is systematically summarized. Finally, challenges and future development directions in this field are explored, providing references for the design and application of high-performance MoS<sub>2</sub>-based energy storage devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20742,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Natural Science: Materials International","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 294-311"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shan Li , Lianyang Gao , Pengfei Hao , Shun Xu , Jiahao Yao , Qunbo Fan , Lin Yang
{"title":"A novel data-driven strategy for rapid design of synergistic heat treatment in titanium bimetal","authors":"Shan Li , Lianyang Gao , Pengfei Hao , Shun Xu , Jiahao Yao , Qunbo Fan , Lin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2025.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2025.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium bimetals composed of alloys with distinct compositions and microstructures offer a pathway to overcome the strength-ductility trade-off, yet their synergistic heat treatment design remains constrained by empirical trial-and-error approaches. To address this, a data-driven inverse design strategy integrating XGBoost regression (XGBR) with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was proposed. A dataset of 12,732 literature-derived samples trained four XGBR models to predict tensile strength (σ) and elongation (δ) for high-strength (HTS) and high-ductility (LTS) alloys, achieving R<sup>2</sup> values above 0.85. Coupling NSGA-II optimization with grey relational analysis (GRA) enabled comprehensive evaluation of Pareto front solutions and selection of optimal heat treatment parameters. Microstructural characterization revealed α/β phase evolution under the designed thermal conditions, providing physical insight into the data-driven predictions. Experimental validation on a representative HTS/LTS titanium bimetal composed of Ti-3.65Al-6.17Cr-4.08Mo-7.99V-4.01Zr (HTS) and Ti-4.22V-6.37Al-0.24C (LTS, wt.%) demonstrated that the designed heat treatment (810 °C/0.4 h-460 °C/11.5 h) yielded a tensile strength of 1625 MPa in the HTS alloy and an elongation of 18.55 % in the LTS alloy, with deviations from target values within 10 %. These results establish the XGBR-NSGA-II strategy as an effective and generalizable framework linking data-driven optimization with experimental characterization for the rapid and accurate design of titanium bimetals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20742,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Natural Science: Materials International","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 367-381"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fabrication of high-performance Fe(Se, Te) wires via rapid heating and quenching treatment","authors":"Jixing Liu, Botao Shao, Shengnan Zhang, Jianfeng Li, Pingxiang Zhang, Lian Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The practical application of iron-based superconductors in high-field magnets necessitates the development of wires with high critical current density (<em>J</em><sub>c</sub>). Fe(Se, Te) materials, characterized by their simple crystal structure and low anisotropy, are promising candidates. However, fabricating high-performance Fe(Se, Te) wires via the powder-in-tube (PIT) method remains challenging due to the volatilization of Se/Te and the formation of non-superconducting phases during conventional heat treatments, which degrade grain connectivity and core density. This study introduces and validates a Rapid Heating and Quenching Treatment (RHQT) process as an innovative heat treatment for in-situ Fe(Se, Te) wires. Comparative analyses with traditional melting and solid-state sintering (SSS) methods demonstrate that the RHQT process effectively suppresses elemental volatilization, yielding a dense, chemically homogeneous, and primarily tetragonal β-Fe(Se, Te) phase filament with enhanced grain boundary connectivity. Consequently, the RHQT-processed wire exhibits superior superconducting properties: the highest transition temperature (<em>T</em><sub>c</sub>) of 14.5 K, the sharpest transition width (Δ<em>T</em><sub>c</sub> = 3.9 K), and significantly enhanced critical current density. The magnetic <em>J</em><sub>c</sub> at 5 K and self-field reached ∼4.0 × 10<sup>4</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>, while the transport <em>J</em><sub>c</sub> at 4.2 K achieved a high-performance of 6226 A/cm<sup>2</sup> for single-core Fe(Se, Te) wires. Moreover, the RHQT wire demonstrated exceptional in-field performance, with a much slower <em>J</em><sub>c</sub> decay, attributed to strong vortex pinning at the well-connected grain boundaries. These results unequivocally establish the RHQT process as a highly advantageous fabrication route for application of Fe(Se, Te) superconducting wires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20742,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Natural Science: Materials International","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 393-399"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huijie Wei , Qiang Zhou , Jiajun Yu , Shenghao Yue , Jixing Bai , Abdelghaffar S. Dhmees , Qi Cao
{"title":"Sulfur vacancy-rich 1T–2H MoS2 homojunction supported CoO catalyst for m-cresol hydrodeoxygenation","authors":"Huijie Wei , Qiang Zhou , Jiajun Yu , Shenghao Yue , Jixing Bai , Abdelghaffar S. Dhmees , Qi Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the selectivity and catalytic activity of <em>m</em>-cresol to toluene in the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), a unique CoO@MoS<sub>2</sub> with high density of sulfur (S)-deficient sites and the 1T<strong>-</strong>2H homojunction was proposed and synthesized via a facile strategy. As far as the synthesized catalysts are concerned, remarkable directional catalytic performance was manifested in the HDO of <em>m</em>-cresol, specifically 97.5% conversion of <em>m</em>-cresol and 98.8% selectivity to toluene. Furthermore, CoO@MoS<sub>2</sub> catalyst also exhibits remarkable versatility in C<strong>-</strong>O bond cleavage of other lignin-derived phenols (e.g., <em>p</em>-cresol). The excellent HDO activity of CoO@MoS<sub>2</sub> can be attributed to the existence of abundant S vacancies and 1T<strong>-</strong>2H homojunction in the MoS<sub>2</sub> support. These features are demonstrated to be feasible for modification of surface charge transfer properties to subsequently influence the adsorption, activation, and desorption between <em>m</em>-cresol and products, thus lowering the activation energy during the reaction, facilitating the progress of reaction and improving the selectivity as a result.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20742,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Natural Science: Materials International","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 416-424"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weihan Chen , Junmei Zhou , Ye Zhang , Junjie Pan , Xiaobing Yang , Gao Xiao
{"title":"Fabrication of a novel FeOCl@ZnIn2S4 heterojunction with excellent photocatalytic performance for tetracycline degradation","authors":"Weihan Chen , Junmei Zhou , Ye Zhang , Junjie Pan , Xiaobing Yang , Gao Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tetracycline contamination in aquatic environments poses significant ecological and health risks, while the limited redox capability and rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers in single photocatalysts severely restrict degradation efficiency. In this study, a FeOCl@ZnIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> heterojunction was constructed via a combined hydrothermal and thermal strategy to enhance photocatalytic activity. The intimate interfacial integration between layered FeOCl and flower-like ZnIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> optimized the electronic structure and facilitated efficient charge separation. The composite achieved 98.5 percent tetracycline removal within 30 min under ultraviolet irradiation, with a reaction rate constant 2.1 times higher than that of ZnIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the heterojunction promotes directional interfacial charge migration while maintaining strong oxidation and reduction capacities, thereby enabling the synergistic generation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. This study provides insight into interfacial charge regulation in FeOCl-based composite systems and offers a promising strategy for antibiotic wastewater remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20742,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Natural Science: Materials International","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 425-433"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microstructure degradation and high temperature tensile behavior of directionally solidified superalloy from long-term serviced turbine blade","authors":"Mingyang Yu , Lijie Qiao , Xinbao Zhao , Quanzhao Yue , Wanshun Xia , Wei Liu , Yunpeng Fan , Zhuobin Qin , Guanghua Xu , Yuefeng Gu , Ze Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the microstructural evolution and its impact on the high temperature tensile performance of directionally solidified (DS) GTD-111 gas turbine blades following long-term service. Comparative analysis between the airfoil and the blade root reveals that thermal exposure triggered significant γ′ phase dissolution, coarsening and the decomposition of primary MC carbides. While quantitative microstructural characterization and microhardness measurements confirm a reduction in γ′ phase strengthening in the airfoil, the tensile properties remain comparable to those of the blade root. Fracture morphology analysis indicates that the η phase formed via MC carbide decomposition helps to alleviate local stress concentration. Furthermore, first principles calculations confirm that the η phase is softer than MC carbides, and the interfacial bonding energy between the η phase and the matrix is markedly higher than that of the original MC/matrix interface. These combined effects render the decomposed carbides less prone to crack nucleation and propagation. Consequently, the evolution of carbide morphology effectively compensates for the loss of strengthening due to γ′ dissolution and coarsening, preventing a severe decline in airfoil tensile performance. These findings provide further insight into how carbide decomposition affects the high-temperature tensile behavior of DS nickel-base superalloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20742,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Natural Science: Materials International","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 444-455"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrospun piezoelectric nanocomposites for biosensing and energy harvesting: Advances in material design, fabrication strategies and applications","authors":"Bekinew Kitaw Dejene , Mulat Alubel Abtew , Desalegn Atalie","doi":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pnsc.2026.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in electrospun piezoelectric nanofibers have accelerated the development of flexible, lightweight, and self-powered systems for wearable biosensing and energy harvesting. Conventional piezoelectric devices based on rigid inorganic ceramics exhibit limited mechanical compliance, poor wearability, and restricted compatibility with soft and textile platforms, limiting their application in advanced wearable and biomedical technologies. Electrospun piezoelectric nanocomposites address these limitations by combining flexible polymer matrices with nanoscale structure, enabling efficient electromechanical energy conversion under low-frequency mechanical stimuli associated with human motion and physiological activities. This review critically examines recent progress in electrospun piezoelectric nanocomposites, emphasizing material design, fabrication, and applications. Key material systems including polymeric piezoelectrics such as polyvinylidene fluoride and its copolymers, ceramic-polymer nanocomposites (BaTiO<sub>3</sub>/PVDF and ZnO/PAN), and emerging biodegradable and bio-based alternatives such as cellulose and chitosan derivatives are discussed. The effects of electrospinning-induced molecular orientation, β-phase crystallization, and interfacial polarization on enhanced piezoelectric coefficients—reported up to ∼38 pC/N—are systematically analyzed. Advances in electrospinning process optimization, fiber alignment, and post-treatment techniques are reviewed in relation to nanofiber morphology, charge generation, and power output, with reported energy harvesting performances ranging from ∼0.1 to 20 μW cm<sup>−2</sup> under human motion. Representative applications include self-powered wearable sensors for motion and physiological monitoring, biomedical platforms for wound healing and tissue regeneration, and textile-integrated systems for ambient and industrial energy harvesting. Finally, critical challenges related to washability, long-term stability, scalable manufacturing, and environmental sustainability are discussed, along with emerging research directions such as hybrid energy harvesting systems, fluorine-free materials, and cost-effective textile integration strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20742,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Natural Science: Materials International","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 247-276"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147753668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}