Protein and Peptide Letters最新文献

{"title":"Immunity in Harmony: Utilizing Overlapping Epitopes for Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Protection.","authors":"Kritika Pasricha, Shivank Prajapati, Taruna Lamba, Jonaid Ahmad Malik, Mohd Affan Khan, Sidhanta Nanda, Mohammad Adeel Zafar, Nitesh Mani Tripathi, Anupam Bandyopadhyay, Javed Naim Agrewala","doi":"10.2174/0109298665417756251207111117","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665417756251207111117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The BCG vaccine, widely administered against tuberculosis, has also been linked to reduced incidence of bacterial and viral infections, particularly those affecting the respiratory tract. Its antigens enhance innate immune responses and contribute to therapeutic effects, such as those observed in bladder cancer. Notably, reduced COVID-19 incidence has been reported in BCG-vaccinated populations from TB-endemic regions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To investigate this hypothesis, immunoinformatics tools were employed to identify overlapping CD4, CD8, and B-cell epitopes shared between Mycobacteria and SARS-CoV-2. The most promising CD8 epitope was synthesized using the SPPS-Fmoc method, and antigen-specific Tcell proliferation was evaluated by CFSE dye-dilution assay. Additionally, the expression of proand anti-inflammatory molecules was assessed using qRT-PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multiple overlapping T-cell and B-cell epitopes were identified between Mycobacteria and SARS-CoV-2. The T-cell epitopes displayed promiscuous binding characteristics, high immunogenicity, and strong affinity for both HLA class I and class II alleles. Experimental validation using the most immunodominant T-cell epitope confirmed its ability to induce proliferation and differentiation of T cells isolated from COVID-19-vaccinated individuals.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The overlapping T-cell and B-cell epitopes identified through this approach may provide broader and more robust protection than initial exposure to virus-specific antigens, which the immune system encounters for the first time during infection or vaccination. This strategy may therefore support the rapid and effective development of future vaccines, particularly against emerging pathogens.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that the higher level of protection observed in TB-endemic countries during recent pandemics may be attributable to cross-reactive mycobacterial antigens that stimulate protective immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"290-308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOTS-c Protects Against Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury through the MAPK Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Nan Li, Yimin Xu, Qixin Chen, Jinhong Jiang, Wei Wei Li","doi":"10.2174/0109298665430028251230103831","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665430028251230103831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) is a leading cause of acute liver failure worldwide, but effective therapeutic strategies are still lacking. MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, has demonstrated hepatoprotective properties in models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aims to explore the role and underlying mechanisms of MOTS-c in AILI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An AILI model was established in male C57BL/6 mice via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of APAP (300 mg/kg). The therapeutic potential of MOTS-c and its mechanisms were assessed using behavioral tests, qPCR, western blotting, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and TUNEL staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MOTS-c levels in both plasma and liver tissues were significantly reduced in APAPinduced AILI mice compared with controls. Administration of MOTS-c via i.p. injection markedly attenuated APAP-induced increases in AST and ALT levels, histopathological liver damage, and other liver injury markers. MOTS-c treatment suppressed the release of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2) and macrophage infiltration induced by APAP. Furthermore, MOTS-c treatment significantly restored GSH content, diminished reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and oxidative stress. TUNEL staining confirmed that increased apoptosis in APAPtreated livers was significantly attenuated by MOTS-c, which are key contributors to hepatocyte death and liver injury. Mechanistic studies revealed that MOTS-c inhibited APAP-induced phosphorylation of MAPK pathway components, including ERK, JNK, and p38. The protective effects of MOTS-c on serum ALT and AST levels were abolished by co-treatment with inhibitors of ERK, JNK, and p38.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study reveals that the mitochondrial peptide MOTS-c can alleviate drug-induced liver injury by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation via the MAPK pathway. This positions MOTS-c as a promising therapeutic candidate for treating APAP-induced liver injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that administering MOTS-c effectively protects against APAP-induced liver injury in mice. The protective mechanism involves suppressing the damaging MAPK signaling pathway (ERK, JNK, p38), which in turn reduces oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"309-324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147321992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irisin Mitigates Myocardial Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury by Preserving Mitochondrial Redox Homeostasis via the UCP2-SOD2 Axis.","authors":"Yizhen Xu, Huanqing Liu, Shuang Liu, Peng Wu, Rui Wang, You Li, Xiaona Wang, Qiuyu Cao, Lei Duan, Ruobai Qiao, Hao Tang, Zhen Wang","doi":"10.2174/0109298665445300260128064859","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665445300260128064859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mitochondrial redox homeostasis is of utmost significance in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Irisin, a myokine, has drawn extensive attention in research regarding the protection against cardiovascular diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized in vitro Hypoxia/Reoxygenation (H/R) models in H9c2 cardiomyocytes to simulate I/R injury. Cells were pretreated with irisin (20 ng/mL) prior to reoxygenation. UCP2 knockdown was achieved via siRNA/shRNA transfection. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed using CCK-8 and flow cytometry (Annexin V-FITC/PI staining), respectively. Intracellular calcium dynamics were monitored by Fluo-3/AM confocal imaging, while ROS levels were quantified via DCFH-DA flow cytometry. Key oxidative stress markers (LDH, MDA, GSH-Px, and CAT) and protein expression (ASC, NLRP3, SIRT1, UCP2, and SOD2) were evaluated using commercial kits and Western blotting. Protein interactions were analyzed by coimmunoprecipitation, and ubiquitination levels were measured under proteasomal/lysosomal inhibition (MG132/Leupeptin).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Irisin attenuated H/R injury in cardiomyocytes by suppressing apoptosis, calcium/ROS overload, and NLRP3 activation through a UCP2-dependent pathway. UCP2 knockdown significantly attenuated irisin's protection and reduced SOD2 protein stability. Mechanistically, UCP2 bound SOD2 and inhibited its ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study reveals a novel mechanism where irisin enhances mitochondrial redox homeostasis by promoting UCP2's function, which stabilizes SOD2 against ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. This UCP2-SOD2 axis attenuates oxidative stress and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation during cardiac injury, offering a promising dual-targeted therapeutic strategy for I/R injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Irisin protects cardiomyocytes against H/R injury primarily via a novel UCP2-SOD2 axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"364-378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Development of the Probes for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry and Electron Microscopy in Cancer Diagnosis.","authors":"Shikha Baghel Chauhan, Saksham Sharma, Chirag Jain, Indu Singh","doi":"10.2174/0109298665437863260127091529","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665437863260127091529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among the different types of cancer, brain cancer is one of the most dangerous and fatal. Therefore, the emphasis on effective and accurate diagnosis and treatment methods is highly significant. The combination of fluorescent probes and mass spectrometry has significantly expedited proteomic analysis in brain cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of the fluorescent probes enable simultaneous detection of the biomarkers of brain cancer. The probes show a selective reaction to the enzymes found specifically and different molecular properties that differentiate a glioblastoma from other brain cancers; therefore, a remarkable advancement has occurred. Separately, being a significant advancement, mass spectrometry allows a high level of accuracy towards the identification and analysis of the protein. Additionally, the complete fingerprint of the proteomes is attained. At present, some of the advances made in brain cancer are: activatable fluorescent probes, real-time mass analysis, along with the delivery platform of nanotechnology, which has shown remarkable improvements in tissue uptake with less background interference. Considering some limitations such as tumor heterogeneity, less biological compatibility of probes, as well as some limitations of the blood-brain barrier, collectively these techniques demonstrate an unparalleled advancement in targeted cancer therapy. This article aims to illuminate the principles and recent advancements in fluorescent probe development, along with their synergistic combination with mass spectrometry for the identification and treatment of cancer. The combination of these techniques will completely revolutionize the detection and treatment of brain cancer and will be a turning point in molecular neuro-oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"117-135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147494307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRIM44 as a Multifunctional Regulator in Cancer and Non-Cancer Diseases: From Oncogenic Driver to Immune and Stress Response Modulator.","authors":"Guive Sharifi, Tohid Emami Meybodi, Fatemeh Jayervand, Mahmood Emami Meybodi, Khatere Mokhtari, Parnaz Mohseni, Hanie Mahaki, Hamidreza Hasanzadeh, Elham Bateni, Yaser Sharafi, Farzan Fahim, Ahmad Hemmatyar, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Maryam Ahmadi, Majid Jahanshahi, Hamid Tanzadehpanah","doi":"10.2174/0109298665428424251216064630","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665428424251216064630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tripartite motif-containing protein 44 (TRIM44), a unique member of the TRIM family that lacks the canonical RING domain, has recently attracted significant attention for its broad oncogenic potential across diverse malignancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that TRIM44 is markedly overexpressed in cancers, including colorectal, gastric, lung, breast, ovarian, and prostate carcinomas, as well as glioblastoma, multiple myeloma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, TRIM44 drives tumor progression by modulating critical signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), primarily through stabilizing regulatory proteins or participating in non-coding RNA- mediated networks. In addition to its role in cancer, TRIM44 has been implicated in cardiovascular dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic complications, and neuroinflammation, underscoring its biological versatility. This review provides an overview of current evidence regarding the multifaceted roles of TRIM44 in both oncogenic and non-oncogenic diseases. By integrating insights from oncology, cardiology, neurology, and metabolic research, this review offers a unified perspective on TRIM44 as a pivotal molecular hub and an emerging diagnostic and therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"79-97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147494254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, Structures, and Mechanisms of Anti-Tumor Peptides from Marine Organisms: A Review.","authors":"Xueer Xu, Jiahua Peng, Hui Shi","doi":"10.2174/0109298665451278260413074905","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665451278260413074905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anti-tumor drugs research has long been a key area of drug discovery because cancer remains one of the deadliest diseases globally, with over 10 million deaths annually and increasing resistance to conventional therapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore novel therapeutic approaches and develop new anti-tumor agents with low toxicity. With over 25,000 fish species and one million marine invertebrates, the oceans represent an under-explored reservoir of bioactive compounds, where marine anti-tumor peptides exhibit unique advantages including low intrinsic toxicity, high tissue penetration, and specificity towards cancer cells that address critical limitations of chemotherapeutic drugs, such as off-target effects and multidrug resistance. However, the field currently lacks a comprehensive and systematic analyses that integrate recent advances in discovery, mechanistic elucidation, and translational challenges. This review covers key aspects such as isolation techniques, purification processes, structural characterization techniques, and diverse antitumor mechanisms. Its goal is to summarize and analyze the current state, trends, and research advancements of anti-tumor peptides isolated and extracted from marine organisms. Additionally, this review systematically compiles peptide structures with clinical potential and dissects the key obstacles in their drug development pathways. By integrating this knowledge, the review not only serves as a valuable reference for researchers but also offers critical insights into the strategic roadmap for harnessing marine peptides in the fight against cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":"33 2","pages":"422-438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to: A Preliminary Study on the Antibacterial Activity of the Secretion of the Levantine Water Frog, <i>Pelophylax bedriagae</i> (Camerano, 1882) (Anura:Ranidae).","authors":"Nazlı Atci, Ebru Tanriverdio, Dincer Ayaz","doi":"10.2174/0929866533999260119141056","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0929866533999260119141056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After publication, the publisher noted that reference 16 was missing from the text of article [1]. This has now been corrected. The original article can be found online at: https://www.benthamscience.com/article/150920 Details of the error and a correction are provided here. Original: These peptides comprise between 40 and 70 percent hydrophobic amino acids and are abundant in positively charged amino acids, such as histidine, arginine, and lysine [15]. Corrected: These peptides comprise between 40 and 70 percent hydrophobic amino acids and are abundant in positively charged amino acids, such as histidine, arginine, and lysine [15,16].</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":"33 1","pages":"394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overexpression of HIF2α Enhances the Angiogenesis-Promoting Effect of hUC-MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Stimulating miR-146a.","authors":"Yihui Chen, Shichai Hong, Zhefeng Wang, Xiang Hong, Gang Chen, Yulong Huang, Yue Lin, Xinsheng Xie, Chenwei Lin, Weifeng Lu","doi":"10.2174/0109298665347753241028072130","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665347753241028072130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to explore whether excessive HIF2α can amplify the impact of human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles (hUC-MSC- EVs) on endothelial cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we created HIF2α-overexpressing hUC-MSC-EVs and compared their pro-angiogenic effects with control EVs on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). MTT assay and Edu staining were used to detect the viability and proliferation ability of HUVECs, and Transwell and Tube Formation Assays were used to detect cell migration and tube formation ability. qPCR assay was used to detect the expression of cellular angiogenic markers. Subsequently, miRNAs that might be regulated by HIF2α were predicted by bioinformatics analysis, and qPCR was used to detect the relative expression of miRNAs in HUVECs treated with hUC-MSC- EV, which over-expresses HIF2α. Subsequently, miR-146a inhibitors were used to investigate the role of miR-146a in mediating the pro-angiogenic effect of HIF2α on HUVECs by detecting cell viability, proliferation, migration, tube-forming ability, and expression of angiogenic markers. Finally, AKT/ERK phosphorylation and Spred1 expression were detected using Western blotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings have indicated that overexpression of HIF2α significantly enhances the ability of hUC-MSC-EVs to stimulate proliferation, migration, and tube formation in HUVECs, as demonstrated by MTT/Edu staining, Transwell assay, and tube formation assay results, respectively. Mechanistically, excessive HIF2α has been found to induce the expression of miR-146a in HUVECs and the overexpression of a miR-146a inhibitor to negate the influence of excessive HIF2α on hUC-MSC-EV-induced activity in HUVECs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The overexpression of HIF2α is an effective strategy for enhancing the pro-angiogenic function of hUC-MSC-EVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"62-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pro-fertility and <i>Antioxidant Potentials</i> of <i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (Cowpea) Protein Isolate and Essential Oil: An <i>In vivo</i> and <i>In silico</i> Studies.","authors":"Olugbenga Samuel Oladimeji, Olasunkanmi Kayode Awote, Nzubechi Olympian Elum","doi":"10.2174/0109298665358634241217094220","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665358634241217094220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (Cowpea), a legume rich in phytochemicals, has been traditionally used to improve fertility and treat various ailments. This study used <i>in-silico</i> and <i>invivo</i> methods to evaluate the effects of cowpea protein isolate and essential oil on reproductive hormonal and antioxidant indices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty (40) female rats were divided into eight groups (n=5). After 14 days of treatment, hormone levels (progesterone, prolactin, testosterone and estradiol) and antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) were assessed using biochemical kits and standard procedures. Molecular docking studies were performed using PyRx and Biovia Discovery Studio 2021. The ligands generated through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis of cowpea oil and the target proteins (SOD and CAT) were from downloaded PubChem and RCSB Protein Data Bank, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of this study showed that cowpea essential oil and protein isolate significantly (p<0.05) reduced plasma CAT and SOD activities while increasing their activities in the ovary and liver tissues compared to the infertile untreated group. Consistent administration of either cowpea oil or protein isolate was observed to positively regulate the hormonal indices in the infertile treated groups. Phthalic acid, 2-cyclohexyl ethyl isobutyl ester demonstrated a strong binding affinity and binding constant with SOD and CAT, which suggests that the ligands from cowpea essential oil may have antioxidant and pro-fertility properties that could be developed to treat fertility- related issues.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that <i>V. unguiculata</i> has antioxidant property, and can promote fertility, possibly through its rich embedded phytochemicals, which substantiates its traditional claim.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"111-123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142953979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant Proteins: Evolution to their Therapeutic Potential.","authors":"Kalyani R Thombre, Krishna R Gupta, Tejaswini P Masne, Milind Janrao Umekar","doi":"10.2174/0109298665387985250710041016","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665387985250710041016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recombinant proteins, which are produced using recombinant DNA technology, have transformed the domains of biotechnology and biomedicine by allowing the production of proteins that are often expensive or difficult to obtain from natural sources. More than 130 recombinant proteins are currently in clinical use by the US FDA, demonstrating the importance of these proteins in both research and therapeutic applications. Bacterial, yeast, mammalian cell cultures, and hybridoma technology are examples of recombinant protein production systems that have enabled the large-scale production of therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, which are now essential tools in disease treatment. From their origins with human insulin in the 1980s to the most recent developments in third-generation proteins, this brief review examines the development of recombinant protein therapies. The first generation concentrated on natural structures; the second generation focused on enhancing safety, pharmacokinetics, and specificity; and the third generation is ready to present innovative formulations and delivery systems. This review also covers the use of recombinant proteins in cancer treatment, different protein production systems, and design techniques that keep improving the safety and effectiveness profiles of protein therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"557-574"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}