Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing最新文献

{"title":"Efficient and consistent replication for distributed logs","authors":"Hua Fan, Jeffrey Pound, P. Bumbulis, Nathan Auch, Scott MacLean, Eric Garber, Anil K. Goel","doi":"10.1145/3127479.3132695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3127479.3132695","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed shared logs are a powerful building block for distributed systems. By providing fault-tolerant persistence and strong ordering guarantees, applications can use a distributed shared log to reliably communicate a stream of events between processes. This can be used, for example, to replicate application state or to build a reliable publish/subscribe system. The log itself must also replicate data in order to provide availability and fault-tolerance. Key to the design of a distributed shared log is the choice of replication algorithm, which will determine many properties of the system. We propose an algorithm for consistent replication of log data, quorum-replication with meta-data exchange (QMX), that is linearizable while allowing writes to be successful with only a single round-trip to a quorum of replicas and allowing reads to generally be serviced by any single replica, or read-one/write-quorum. This is achieved by coupling the reads with an asynchronous message exchange algorithm that continuously runs amongst the replicas. The message exchange algorithm allows replicas to infer the global state of writes across the cluster, in order to deduce which writes have been successfully quorum replicated and which have not. This metadata allows any single replica to directly answer reads in many cases, though in the worst case a read must wait for the message passing round to complete before being serviced which requires a majority quorum of servers to be responsive.","PeriodicalId":20679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80644300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QFrag: distributed graph search via subgraph isomorphism","authors":"M. Serafini, G. D. F. Morales, Georgos Siganos","doi":"10.1145/3127479.3131625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3127479.3131625","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces QFrag, a distributed system for graph search on top of bulk synchronous processing (BSP) systems such as MapReduce and Spark. Searching for patterns in graphs is an important and computationally complex problem. Most current distributed search systems scale to graphs that do not fit in main memory by partitioning the input graph. For analytical queries, however, this approach entails running expensive distributed joins on large intermediate data. In this paper we explore an alternative approach: replicating the input graph and running independent parallel instances of a sequential graph search algorithm. In principle, this approach leads us to an embarrassingly parallel problem, since workers can complete their tasks in parallel without coordination. However, the skew present in natural graphs makes this problem a deceitfully parallel one, i.e., an embarrassingly parallel problem with poor load balancing. We therefore introduce a task fragmentation technique that avoids stragglers but at the same time minimizes coordination. Our evaluation shows that QFrag outperforms BSP-based systems by orders of magnitude, and performs similar to asynchronous MPI-based systems on simple queries. Furthermore, it is able to run computationally complex analytical queries that other systems are unable to handle.","PeriodicalId":20679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81962859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilient cloud in dynamic resource environments","authors":"Fan Yang, A. Chien, Haryadi S. Gunawi","doi":"10.1145/3127479.3132571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3127479.3132571","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional cloud stacks are designed to tolerate random, small-scale failures, and can successfully deliver highly-available cloud services and interactive services to end users. However, they fail to survive large-scale disruptions that are caused by major power outage, cyber-attack, or region/zone failures. Such changes trigger cascading failures and significant service outages. We propose to understand the reasons for these failures, and create reliable data services that can efficiently and robustly tolerate such large-scale resource changes. We believe cloud services will need to survive frequent, large dynamic resource changes in the future to be highly available. (1) Significant new challenges to cloud reliability are emerging, including cyber-attacks, power/network outages, and so on. For example, human error disrupted Amazon S3 service on 02/28/17 [2]. Recently hackers are even attacking electric utilities, which may lead to more outages [3, 6]. (2) Increased attention on resource cost optimization will increase usage dynamism, such as Amazon Spot Instances [1]. (3) Availability focused cloud applications will increasingly practice continuous testing to ensure they have no hidden source of catastrophic failure. For example, Netflix Simian Army can simulate the outages of individual servers, and even an entire AWS region [4]. (4) Cloud applications with dynamic flexibility will reap numerous benefits, such as flexible deployments, managing cost arbitrage and reliability arbitrage across cloud provides and datacenters, etc. Using Apache Cassandra [5] as the model system, we characterize its failure behavior under dynamic datacenter-scale resource changes. Each datacenter is volatile and randomly shut down with a given duty factor. We simulate read-only workload on a quorum-based system deployed across multiple datacenters, varying (1) system scale, (2) the fraction of volatile datacenters, and (3) the duty factor of volatile datacenters. We explore the space of various configurations, including replication factors and consistency levels, and measure the service availability (% of succeeded requests) and replication overhead (number of total replicas). Our results show that, in a volatile resource environment, the current replication and quorum protocols in Cassandra-like systems cannot high availability and consistency with low replication overhead. Our contributions include: (1) Detailed characterization of failures under dynamic datacenter-scale resource changes, showing that the exiting protocols in quorum-based systems cannot achieve high availability and consistency with low replication cost. (2) Study of the best achieve-able availability of data service in dynamic datacenter-scale resource environment.","PeriodicalId":20679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88317122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SLAQ: quality-driven scheduling for distributed machine learning","authors":"Haoyu Zhang, Logan Stafman, Andrew Or, M. Freedman","doi":"10.1145/3127479.3127490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3127479.3127490","url":null,"abstract":"Training machine learning (ML) models with large datasets can incur significant resource contention on shared clusters. This training typically involves many iterations that continually improve the quality of the model. Yet in exploratory settings, better models can be obtained faster by directing resources to jobs with the most potential for improvement. We describe SLAQ, a cluster scheduling system for approximate ML training jobs that aims to maximize the overall job quality. When allocating cluster resources, SLAQ explores the quality-runtime trade-offs across multiple jobs to maximize system-wide quality improvement. To do so, SLAQ leverages the iterative nature of ML training algorithms, by collecting quality and resource usage information from concurrent jobs, and then generating highly-tailored quality-improvement predictions for future iterations. Experiments show that SLAQ achieves an average quality improvement of up to 73% and an average delay reduction of up to 44% on a large set of ML training jobs, compared to resource fairness schedulers.","PeriodicalId":20679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87768512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RStore: efficient multiversion document management in the cloud","authors":"Souvik Bhattacherjee, A. Deshpande","doi":"10.1145/3127479.3132693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3127479.3132693","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation.The iterative and exploratory nature of the data science process, combined with an increasing need to support debugging, historical queries, auditing, provenance, and reproducibility, warrants the need to store and query a large number of versions of a dataset. This realization has led to many efforts at building data management systems that support versioning as a first-class construct, both in academia [1, 3, 5, 6] and in industry (e.g., git, Datomic, noms). These systems typically support rich versioning/branching functionality and complex queries over versioned information but lack the capability to host versions of a collection of keyed records or documents in a distributed environment or a cloud. Alternatively, key-value stores1 (e.g., Apache Cassandra, HBase, MongoDB) are appealing in many collaborative scenarios spanning geographically distributed teams, since they offer centralized hosting of the data, are resilient to failures, can easily scale out, and can handle a large number of queries efficiently. However, those do not offer rich versioning and branching functionality akin to hosted version control systems (VCS) like GitHub. This work addresses the problem of compactly storing a large number of versions (snapshots) of a collection of keyed documents or records in a distributed environment, while efficiently answering a variety of retrieval queries over those. RStore Overview. Our primary focus here is to provide versioning and branching support for collections of records with unique identifiers. Like popular NoSQL systems, RStore supports a flexible data model; records with varying sizes, ranging from a few bytes to a few MBs; and a variety of retrieval queries to cover a wide range of use cases. Specifically, similar to NoSQL systems, our system supports efficient retrieval of a specific record in a specific version (given a key and a version identifier), or the entire evolution history for a given key. Similar to VCS, it supports retrieving all records belonging to a specific version to support use cases that require updating a large number of records (e.g., by applying a data cleaning step). Finally, since retrieving an entire version might be unnecessary and expensive, our system supports partial version retrieval given a range of keys and a version identifier. Challenges. Addressing the above desiderata poses many design and computational challenges, and natural baseline approaches (see full paper [2] for more details) that attempt to build this functionality on top of existing key-value stores suffer from critical limitations. First, most of those baseline approaches cannot directly support point queries targetting a specific record in a specific version (and by extension, full or partial version retrieval queries), without constructing and maintaining explicit indexes. Second, all the viable baselines fundamentally require too many back-and-forths between the retrieval module and the backend key-value store; this ","PeriodicalId":20679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90255107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trustable virtual machine scheduling in a cloud","authors":"Fabien Hermenier, L. Henrio","doi":"10.1145/3127479.3128608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3127479.3128608","url":null,"abstract":"In an Infrastructure As A Service (IaaS) cloud, the scheduler deploys VMs to servers according to service level objectives (SLOs). Clients and service providers must both trust the infrastructure. In particular they must be sure that the VM scheduler takes decisions that are consistent with its advertised behaviour. The difficulties to master every theoretical and practical aspects of a VM scheduler implementation leads however to faulty behaviours that break SLOs and reduce the provider revenues. We present SafePlace, a specification and testing framework that exhibits inconsistencies in VM schedulers. SafePlace mixes a DSL to formalise scheduling decisions with fuzz testing to generate a large spectrum of test cases and automatically report implementation faults. We evaluate SafePlace on the VM scheduler BtrPlace. Without any code modification, SafePlace allows to write test campaigns that are 3.83 times smaller than BtrPlace unit tests. SafePlace performs 200 tests per second, exhibited new non-trivial bugs, and outperforms the BtrPlace runtime assertion system.","PeriodicalId":20679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89193544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GLoop: an event-driven runtime for consolidating GPGPU applications","authors":"Yusuke Suzuki, H. Yamada, S. Kato, K. Kono","doi":"10.1145/3127479.3132023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3127479.3132023","url":null,"abstract":"Graphics processing units (GPUs) have become an attractive platform for general-purpose computing (GPGPU) in various domains. Making GPUs a time-multiplexing resource is a key to consolidating GPGPU applications (apps) in multi-tenant cloud platforms. However, advanced GPGPU apps pose a new challenge for consolidation. Such highly functional GPGPU apps, referred to as GPU eaters, can easily monopolize a shared GPU and starve collocated GPGPU apps. This paper presents GLoop, which is a software runtime that enables us to consolidate GPGPU apps including GPU eaters. GLoop offers an event-driven programming model, which allows GLoop-based apps to inherit the GPU eaters' high functionality while proportionally scheduling them on a shared GPU in an isolated manner. We implemented a prototype of GLoop and ported eight GPU eaters on it. The experimental results demonstrate that our prototype successfully schedules the consolidated GPGPU apps on the basis of its scheduling policy and isolates resources among them.","PeriodicalId":20679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87313694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ALOHA-KV: high performance read-only and write-only distributed transactions","authors":"Hua Fan, W. Golab, C. B. Morrey","doi":"10.1145/3127479.3127487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3127479.3127487","url":null,"abstract":"There is a trend in recent database research to pursue coordination avoidance and weaker transaction isolation under a long-standing assumption: concurrent serializable transactions under read-write or write-write conflicts require costly synchronization, and thus may incur a steep price in terms of performance. In particular, distributed transactions, which access multiple data items atomically, are considered inherently costly. They require concurrency control for transaction isolation since both read-write and write-write conflicts are possible, and they rely on distributed commitment protocols to ensure atomicity in the presence of failures. This paper presents serializable read-only and write-only distributed transactions as a counterexample to show that concurrent transactions can be processed in parallel with low-overhead despite conflicts. Inspired by the slotted ALOHA network protocol, we propose a simpler and leaner protocol for serializable read-only write-only transactions, which uses only one round trip to commit a transaction in the absence of failures irrespective of contention. Our design is centered around an epoch-based concurrency control (ECC) mechanism that minimizes synchronization conflicts and uses a small number of additional messages whose cost is amortized across many transactions. We integrate this protocol into ALOHA-KV, a scalable distributed key-value store for read-only write-only transactions, and demonstrate that the system can process close to 15 million read/write operations per second per server when each transaction batches together thousands of such operations.","PeriodicalId":20679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85148008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disaggregated operating system","authors":"Yizhou Shan, Sumukh Hallymysore, Yutong Huang, Yilun Chen, Yiying Zhang","doi":"10.1145/3127479.3131617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3127479.3131617","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, there is an emerging trend to move towards a disaggregated hardware architecture that breaks monolithic servers into independent hardware components that are connected to a fast, scalable network [1, 2]. The disaggregated architecture offers several benefits over traditional monolithic server model, including better resource utilization, ease of hardware deployment, and support for heterogeneity. Our vision of the future disaggregated architecture is that each component will have its own controller to manage its hardware and can communicate with other components through a fast network.","PeriodicalId":20679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79696308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preserving I/O prioritization in virtualized OSes","authors":"Kun Suo, Yong Zhao, J. Rao, Luwei Cheng, Xiaobo Zhou, F. Lau","doi":"10.1145/3127479.3127484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3127479.3127484","url":null,"abstract":"While virtualization helps to enable multi-tenancy in data centers, it introduces new challenges to the resource management in traditional OSes. We find that one important design in an OS, prioritizing interactive and I/O-bound workloads, can become ineffective in a virtualized OS. Resource multiplexing between multiple tenants breaks the assumption of continuous CPU availability in physical systems and causes two types of priority inversions in virtualized OSes. In this paper, we present xBalloon, a lightweight approach to preserving I/O prioritization. It uses a balloon process in the virtualized OS to avoid priority inversion in both short-term and long-term scheduling. Experiments in a local Xen environment and Amazon EC2 show that xBalloon improves I/O performance in a recent Linux kernel by as much as 136% on network throughput, 95% on disk throughput, and 125x on network tail latency.","PeriodicalId":20679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Cloud Computing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73099333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}