Proceedings of the Royal Society B最新文献_第3页

Overwintering tropical herbivores accelerate detritus production on temperate reefs 越冬的热带食草动物加速了温带珊瑚礁上碎屑的产生

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-11-20 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2046

S. Zarco‐Perello, T. Langlois, T. Holmes, M. Vanderklift, T. Wernberg

{"title":"Overwintering tropical herbivores accelerate detritus production on temperate reefs","authors":"S. Zarco‐Perello, T. Langlois, T. Holmes, M. Vanderklift, T. Wernberg","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.2046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2046","url":null,"abstract":"The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems can lead to increased herbivory rates, reducing the standing stock of seaweeds and potentially causing increases in detritus production. However, long-term studies analysing these processes associated with the persistence of tropical herbivores in temperate reefs are lacking. We assessed the seasonal variation in abundances, macrophyte consumption, feeding modes and defecation rates of the range-extending tropical rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens and the temperate silver drummer Kyphosus sydneyanus and herring cale Olisthops cyanomelas on tropicalized reefs of Western Australia. Rabbitfish overwintered in temperate reefs, consumed more kelp and other macrophytes in all feeding modes, and defecated more during both summer and winter than the temperate herbivores. Herbivory and defecation increased with rabbitfish abundance, but this was dependent on temperature, with higher rates attained by big schools during summer and lower rates in winter. Still, rabbitfish surpassed temperate herbivores, leading to a fivefold acceleration in the transformation of macrophyte standing stock to detritus, a function usually attributed to sea urchins in kelp forests. Our results suggest that further warming and tropicalization will not only increase primary consumption and affect the habitat structure of temperate reefs but also increase detritus production, with the potential to modify energy pathways.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87830877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Genotypic variation in parasite avoidance behaviour and other mechanistic, nonlinear components of transmission 寄生虫回避行为的基因型变异和传播的其他机械、非线性成分

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-11-20 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2164

Alexander T. Strauss, J. Hite, D. Civitello, Marta S. Shocket, C. Cáceres, S. Hall

{"title":"Genotypic variation in parasite avoidance behaviour and other mechanistic, nonlinear components of transmission","authors":"Alexander T. Strauss, J. Hite, D. Civitello, Marta S. Shocket, C. Cáceres, S. Hall","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.2164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2164","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional epidemiological models assume that transmission increases proportionally to the density of parasites. However, empirical data frequently contradict this assumption. General yet mechanistic models can explain why transmission depends nonlinearly on parasite density and thereby identify potential defensive strategies of hosts. For example, hosts could decrease their exposure rates at higher parasite densities (via behavioural avoidance) or decrease their per-parasite susceptibility when encountering more parasites (e.g. via stronger immune responses). To illustrate, we fitted mechanistic transmission models to 19 genotypes of Daphnia dentifera hosts over gradients of the trophically acquired parasite, Metschnikowia bicuspidata. Exposure rate (foraging, F) frequently decreased with parasite density (Z), and per-parasite susceptibility (U) frequently decreased with parasite encounters (F × Z). Consequently, infection rates (F × U × Z) often peaked at intermediate parasite densities. Moreover, host genotypes varied substantially in these responses. Exposure rates remained constant for some genotypes but decreased sensitively with parasite density for others (up to 78%). Furthermore, genotypes with more sensitive foraging/exposure also foraged faster in the absence of parasites (suggesting ‘fast and sensitive’ versus ‘slow and steady’ strategies). These relationships suggest that high densities of parasites can inhibit transmission by decreasing exposure rates and/or per-parasite susceptibility, and identify several intriguing axes for the evolution of host defence.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72870010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

A regional-scale assessment of using metabolic scaling theory to predict ecosystem properties 利用代谢标度理论预测生态系统特性的区域尺度评价

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-11-20 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2221

James K. McCarthy, J. Dwyer, K. Mokany

{"title":"A regional-scale assessment of using metabolic scaling theory to predict ecosystem properties","authors":"James K. McCarthy, J. Dwyer, K. Mokany","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.2221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2221","url":null,"abstract":"Metabolic scaling theory (MST) is one of ecology's most high-profile general models and can be used to link size distributions and productivity in forest systems. Much of MST's foundation is based on size distributions following a power law function with a scaling exponent of −2, a property assumed to be consistent in steady-state ecosystems. We tested the theory's generality by comparing actual size distributions with those predicted using MST parameters assumed to be general. We then used environmental variables and functional traits to explain deviation from theoretical expectations. Finally, we compared values of relative productivity predicted using MST with a remote-sensed measure of productivity. We found that fire-prone heath communities deviated from MST-predicted size distributions, whereas fire-sensitive rainforests largely agreed with the theory. Scaling exponents ranged from −1.4 to −5.3. Deviation from the power law assumption was best explained by specific leaf area, which varies along fire frequency and moisture gradients. While MST may hold in low-disturbance systems, we show that it cannot be applied under many environmental contexts. The theory should remain general, but understanding the factors driving deviation from MST and subsequent refinements is required if it is to be applied robustly across larger scales.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88593586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Polarization of foliar reflectance: novel host plant cue for insect herbivores 叶面反射的极化:昆虫食草动物的新寄主植物线索

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-11-20 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2198

A. Blake, Matthew C. Go, Gina S. Hahn, Hayley Grey, Samuel Couture, G. Gries

{"title":"Polarization of foliar reflectance: novel host plant cue for insect herbivores","authors":"A. Blake, Matthew C. Go, Gina S. Hahn, Hayley Grey, Samuel Couture, G. Gries","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.2198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2198","url":null,"abstract":"Insect herbivores exploit plant cues to discern host and non-host plants. Studies of visual plant cues have focused on colour despite the inherent polarization sensitivity of insect photoreceptors and the information carried by polarization of foliar reflectance, most notably the degree of linear polarization (DoLP; 0–100%). The DoLP of foliar reflection was hypothesized to be a host plant cue for insects but was never experimentally tested. Here, we show that cabbage white butterflies, Pieris rapae (Pieridae), exploit the DoLP of foliar reflections to discriminate among plants. In experiments with paired digital plant images, P. rapae females preferred images of the host plant cabbage with a low DoLP (31%) characteristic of cabbage foliage over images of a non-host potato plant with a higher DoLP (50%). By reversing the DoLP of these images, we were able to shift the butterflies' preference for the cabbage host plant image to the potato non-host plant image, indicating that the DoLP had a greater effect on foraging decisions than the differential colour, intensity, or shape of the two plant images. Although previously not recognized, the DoLP of foliar reflection is an essential plant cue that may commonly be exploited by foraging insect herbivores.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"230 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75653308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Predicting the fate of eDNA in the environment and implications for studying biodiversity 预测环境中eDNA的命运及其对生物多样性研究的意义

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-11-20 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1409

J. B. Harrison, J. Sunday, S. Rogers

引用次数: 230

Changing environments and genetic variation: natural variation in inbreeding does not compromise short-term physiological responses 变化的环境和遗传变异:近亲繁殖的自然变异不会损害短期的生理反应

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-11-20 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2109

James Buckley, Rónán Daly, C. Cobbold, Karl E. V. Burgess, B. Mable

{"title":"Changing environments and genetic variation: natural variation in inbreeding does not compromise short-term physiological responses","authors":"James Buckley, Rónán Daly, C. Cobbold, Karl E. V. Burgess, B. Mable","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.2109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2109","url":null,"abstract":"Selfing plant lineages are surprisingly widespread and successful in a broad range of environments, despite showing reduced genetic diversity, which is predicted to reduce their long-term evolutionary potential. However, appropriate short-term plastic responses to new environmental conditions might not require high levels of standing genetic variation. In this study, we tested whether mating system variation among populations, and associated changes in genetic variability, affected short-term responses to environmental challenges. We compared relative fitness and metabolome profiles of naturally outbreeding (genetically diverse) and inbreeding (genetically depauperate) populations of a perennial plant, Arabidopsis lyrata, under constant growth chamber conditions and an outdoor common garden environment outside its native range. We found no effect of inbreeding on survival, flowering phenology or short-term physiological responses. Specifically, naturally occurring inbreeding had no significant effects on the plasticity of metabolome profiles, using either multivariate approaches or analysis of variation in individual metabolites, with inbreeding populations showing similar physiological responses to outbreeding populations over time in both growing environments. We conclude that low genetic diversity in naturally inbred populations may not always compromise fitness or short-term physiological capacity to respond to environmental change, which could help to explain the global success of selfing mating strategies.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"695 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85434521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

A molecular war: convergent and ontogenetic evidence for adaptive host manipulation in related parasites infecting divergent hosts 一场分子战争:在感染不同宿主的相关寄生虫中适应性宿主操纵的趋同和个体发生证据

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-11-20 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1827

R. Herbison, S. Evans, Jean‐François Doherty, Michael Algie, T. Kleffmann, R. Poulin

{"title":"A molecular war: convergent and ontogenetic evidence for adaptive host manipulation in related parasites infecting divergent hosts","authors":"R. Herbison, S. Evans, Jean‐François Doherty, Michael Algie, T. Kleffmann, R. Poulin","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1827","url":null,"abstract":"Mermithids (phylum Nematoda) and hairworms (phylum Nematomorpha) somehow drive their arthropod hosts into water, which is essential for the worms' survival after egression. The mechanisms behind this behavioural change have been investigated in hairworms, but not in mermithids. Establishing a similar mechanistic basis for host behavioural change between these two distantly related parasitic groups would provide strong convergent evidence for adaptive manipulation and insight into how these parasites modify and/or create behaviour. Here, we search for this convergence, and also contrast changes in physiology between hosts infected with immature and mature mermithids to provide the first ontogenetic evidence for adaptive manipulation by disentangling host response and pathology from the parasite's apparent manipulative effects. We used SWATH-mass spectrometry on brains of Forficula auricularia (earwig) and Bellorchestia quoyana (sandhopper), infected with the mermithids Mermis nigrescens and Thaumamermis zealandica, respectively, at both immature and mature stages of infection, to quantify proteomic changes resulting from mermithid infection. Across both hosts (and hairworm-infected hosts, from earlier studies), the general function of dysregulated proteins was conserved. Proteins involved in energy generation/mobilization were dysregulated, corroborating reports of erratic/hyperactive behaviour in infected hosts. Dysregulated proteins involved in axon/dendrite and synapse modulation were also common to all hosts, suggesting neuronal manipulation is involved in inducing positive hydrotaxis. Furthermore, downregulation of CamKII and associated proteins suggest manipulation of memory also contributes to the behavioural shift.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84876789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Cerebral blood flow rates in recent great apes are greater than in Australopithecus species that had equal or larger brains 现代类人猿的脑血流量比拥有同等或更大大脑的南方古猿要大

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-11-13 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2208

R. Seymour, Vanya Bosiocic, Edward P. Snelling, Prince C. Chikezie, Qiaohui Hu, Thomas J. Nelson, B. Zipfel, C. V. Miller

{"title":"Cerebral blood flow rates in recent great apes are greater than in Australopithecus species that had equal or larger brains","authors":"R. Seymour, Vanya Bosiocic, Edward P. Snelling, Prince C. Chikezie, Qiaohui Hu, Thomas J. Nelson, B. Zipfel, C. V. Miller","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.2208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2208","url":null,"abstract":"Brain metabolic rate (MR) is linked mainly to the cost of synaptic activity, so may be a better correlate of cognitive ability than brain size alone. Among primates, the sizes of arterial foramina in recent and fossil skulls can be used to evaluate brain blood flow rate, which is proportional to brain MR. We use this approach to calculate flow rate in the internal carotid arteries (Q˙ICA), which supply most of the primate cerebrum. Q˙ICA is up to two times higher in recent gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans compared with 3-million-year-old australopithecine human relatives, which had equal or larger brains. The scaling relationships between Q˙ICA and brain volume (Vbr) show exponents of 1.03 across 44 species of living haplorhine primates and 1.41 across 12 species of fossil hominins. Thus, the evolutionary trajectory for brain perfusion is much steeper among ancestral hominins than would be predicted from living primates. Between 4.4-million-year-old Ardipithecus and Homo sapiens, Vbr increased 4.7-fold, but Q˙ICA increased 9.3-fold, indicating an approximate doubling of metabolic intensity of brain tissue. By contrast, Q˙ICA is proportional to Vbr among haplorhine primates, suggesting a constant volume-specific brain MR.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84498374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Intraspecific male combat behaviour predicts morphology of cervical vertebrae in ruminant mammals 种内雄性战斗行为预测反刍哺乳动物颈椎形态

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-11-13 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2199

Abby Vander Linden, E. Dumont

{"title":"Intraspecific male combat behaviour predicts morphology of cervical vertebrae in ruminant mammals","authors":"Abby Vander Linden, E. Dumont","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.2199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2199","url":null,"abstract":"Cranial weapons of all shapes and sizes are common throughout the animal kingdom and are frequently accompanied by the evolution of additional traits that enhance the use of those weapons. Bovids (cattle, sheep, goats, antelope) and cervids (deer) within the mammal clade Ruminantia are particularly well known for their distinct and varied cranial appendages in the form of horns and antlers, which are used as weapons in intraspecific combat between males for access to mates. Combat in these species takes many forms, including head-on collisions (ramming); stabbing an opponent's head or body with horn tips (stabbing); rearing and clashing downwards with horns (fencing); or interlocking antlers or horns while vigorously pushing and twisting (wrestling). Some aspects of weapon and skull morphology have been linked to combat behaviours in bovid and cervid species, but the contribution of postcranial structures that support these weapons, such as the neck, has not been explored. To investigate the role of the neck in intraspecific combat, we quantified biomechanically relevant linear variables of the cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) from males and females of 55 ruminant species. We then used phylogenetic generalized least-squares regression to assess differences among species that display primarily ramming, stabbing, fencing and wrestling combat styles. In males, we found that wrestlers have longer vertebral centra and longer neural spines than rammers, stabbers or fencers, while rammers have shorter and wider centra and taller neural spine lever arms. These results suggest a supportive role for the cervical vertebrae in resisting forces generated by male–male combat in ruminant mammals and indicate that evolutionary forces influencing cranial weapons also play a role in shaping the supporting anatomical structures.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83391844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Contrasting drivers of diversification rates on islands and continents across three passerine families 三个雀形目科在岛屿和大陆上多样化率的驱动因素对比

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-11-13 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1757

M. Conway, Brian J. Olsen

引用次数: 10