Processes最新文献

{"title":"New Eutectic Solvent Based on bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic Acid, Tributyl Phosphate and Phenol for the Extraction of Trivalent Rare-Earth Elements from Nitrate Solutions","authors":"Tatiana Yu. Chikineva, И. В. Зиновьева, Sofya A. Yakovleva, Yu. A. Zakhodyaeva, А. А. Вошкин","doi":"10.3390/pr13092830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092830","url":null,"abstract":"A pressing scientific task is the development of modern extractants that meet the increased requirements for efficiency and safety. In this work, a new three-component eutectic solvent based on bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (BTMPPA), tributyl phosphate (TBP) and phenol was proposed. The formation of the eutectic solvent was confirmed by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The temperature dependences of the main physical properties of the proposed eutectic solvent—the refractive index, density and viscosity—were determined. For the first time, the extraction properties of the eutectic solvent BTMPPA/TBP/phenol (1:1:2) were studied using the example of the extraction of metal ions from aqueous nitrate solutions. The extraction efficiencies of Pr, Nd and Dy in a single stage were 34, 38 and 81%, respectively. The extraction behaviour of Pr, Nd and Dy with the eutectic solvent BTMPPA/TBP/phenol was studied as a function of pH, salting-out agent concentration, component ratio in the eutectic mixture, phase volume ratio, etc. Nitric acid with a concentration of 0.5 mol/L was chosen as a stripping agent, and the chemical stability of the eutectic solvent BTMPPA/TBP/phenol during extraction–stripping cycles was evaluated. In summary, the proposed hydrophobic eutectic solvent has good physical characteristics and enables a more efficient recovery of rare-earth elements from nitrate solutions.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":"2830-2830"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2830/pdf?version=1756909663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Open-Source Modular Bioreactor Platform for Cultivation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Extraction of Intracellular Glucose.","authors":"Ingie Baho, Yitong Tseo, Yuexuan Zu, Vineet Padia, Gregory Stephanopoulos, Ian Hunter","doi":"10.3390/pr13092985","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pr13092985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rising carbon emissions have intensified the demand for sustainable biomanufacturing systems. Algae like <i>Synechocystis</i> sp. PCC 6803 lend themselves as a promising photosynthetic machine for high carbon-capture while generating valuable bioproducts like glucose, which can serve as a feedstock for downstream biofuel applications. However, current cultivation technologies remain expensive, closed-source, and poorly suited for integrated downstream processing. This study presents a low-cost, open-source bioreactor platform with integrated modules for cultivation, chemical lysis, and glucose extraction from <i>Synechocystis</i> biomass. The system incorporates a photobioreactor illuminated by a programmable Godox LED, a lysis module for acid and ultrasound-based cell disruption, and a pressure-driven filtration setup for lysis clarification. Optical density was continuously monitored using a custom-built light attenuation module, and glucose concentration was quantified using HPLC. Under an incident light intensity of approximately <b>400 <i>μ</i></b> mol photons m ^<b>-2</b> s ^<b>-1</b> , cultures reached a peak biomass productivity of 90 mg L ^<b>-1</b> day ^<b>-1</b> , with a specific growth rate of 0.166 day ^<b>-1</b> over 7 days of culture. A random forest model was successfully developed to characterize the system, enabling prediction of the culture's optical density growth curve based on all measured environmental parameters. The model achieved a mean absolute error of 0.0009 with a variance of 0.0003 across a 10-fold cross-validation, demonstrating strong predictive accuracy. Post-lysis, glucose concentrations of up to 5.08 mg L ^<b>-1</b> were obtained. The system demonstrated an approximate 65% reduction in cost compared to commercial alternatives. This modular platform provides a scalable, accessible solution for biomanufacturing research and education, and serves as a template for sustainable glucose bioproduction from cyanobacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized Extraction and Component Identification of Physalis alkekengi L. Calyx Polyphenols and Antioxidant Dynamics During Thermal Processing","authors":"Heng Yuan, Ziyi Wang, Xingyu Xu, Yu He, Hao Gong, Xuehong Chen, Jun Wang","doi":"10.3390/pr13092793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092793","url":null,"abstract":"Physalis alkekengi L. has attracted widespread attention and cultivation due to its unique lantern-shaped fruit and various bioactivities. Existing studies have mainly focused on its fruit, while the calyx, despite its significant bioactivity, has long been neglected. In particular, research on the changes in polyphenol content and antioxidant activity during its drying process remains scarce. This study aimed to optimize the extraction process, comprehensively profile the polyphenol composition, and evaluate the effects of the drying temperature on the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in the calyx of Physalis alkekengi L. (CPAL). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (40 kHz, 300 W) combined with response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimized parameters were determined as a 49% ethanol concentration, a 42 mL/g liquid-to-material ratio, a 64 °C extraction temperature, and a 29 min extraction time. Under these settings, the yield reached 10.44 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g, exceeding that of the conventional heat reflux extraction method. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, 63 polyphenolic compounds were identified, primarily derivatives of kaempferol, quercetin, and hydroxycinnamic acid; 43 of these compounds were first reported in CPAL. CPAL polyphenols possess potent antioxidant activities, with IC50 values of 68.77, 12.76, and 101.24 μg/mL for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, respectively. Furthermore, as the drying temperature increased, the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of CPAL increased significantly. These findings provide a scientific basis for the development of natural antioxidants and functional foods.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":"2793-2793"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2793/pdf?version=1756630299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Performance of a Passive Direct Methanol Fuel Cell by Hydrophobic Treatment for Cathode Current Collector","authors":"Xiaozhong Shen, Wei‐Bin Yu, Zihao Zhang, Lu Lu, Weiqi Zhang, Huiyuan Liu, Huaneng Su, Lei Xing, Qian Xu","doi":"10.3390/pr13092757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092757","url":null,"abstract":"This study employs hydrophobic modification of the current collector to optimize cathode water management and enhance the performance of passive DMFCs. The surface of the cathode current collector was hydrophobized by polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating and titanium dioxide/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite coating. The experimental results showed that the surface hydrophobic treatment significantly improved the cell performance at low methanol concentration and marginally improved the cell performance at high methanol concentration. Among them, the DMFC with bilayer TiO2/PDMS hydrophobic-treated cathode current collector with a contact angle of 153.2° showed the best performance, which achieved superhydrophobicity and led to a peak power density that was 27.25% higher compared to the DMFC with an untreated current collector. With the gradient-based hydrophobic treatment for the cathode current collector, the best performance was achieved when double-layer TiO2/PDMS was used on the MEA side and PTFE coating on the air side.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":"2757-2757"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2757/pdf?version=1756388335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147907467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Ecological and Health Risk Associated with Abandoned Tailings Storage Facilities: The Case of Montevecchio Levante (Sardinia, Italy)","authors":"Giulio Sogos, F. Pinna, Giorgia De Gioannis, Alessio Lai, Valentina Dentoni, Angela Serpe, Aldo Muntoni, Battista Grosso","doi":"10.3390/pr13082629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082629","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental legacy of mining operations presents significant challenges in managing impacts on ecosystems, public health, and safety. In Sardinia (Italy), the mining history has left a particularly severe burden of abandoned sites, making remediation a regional priority. To address this issue and to effectively prioritize interventions at abandoned mining sites, a relative risk assessment approach was developed by the Sardinia Regional Administration and the Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research. The aim of this paper is to highlight the results and information obtainable with the above-mentioned approach through its application to a real case: the Montevecchio Levante mining district in southwestern Sardinia. The study provides a detailed identification of the factors underlying the high intervention priority associated with the site under investigation. An analytical quantification of the contribution of the main contaminants to the overall risk was carried out through the calculation of specific risk indices. At the same time, the environmental matrices most involved in the contamination mechanisms were identified. The results indicate that the overall risk is largely driven by the presence of carcinogenic contaminants, with cadmium and lead contributing primarily to the risks associated with surface water and soil, respectively. The findings provide a solid basis for developing targeted strategies to mitigate ecological and public health risks in abandoned mining areas.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 8","pages":"2629-2629"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/8/2629/pdf?version=1755666903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147909281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Water by Copper–Iron Bioxide-Activated Persulfate System","authors":"Ang Gao, Shuang Li, Jialu Xu, Xiaoqiang Li, Yueran Li, Kuan Zhang, Tiantian Deng","doi":"10.3390/pr13082625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082625","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have emerged as a promising technology for organic pollutant degradation due to their distinct environmental advantages. In this study, copper–iron bimetallic oxide catalysts with varying ratios were synthesized via a co-precipitation method to activate PMS for degrading simulated tetracycline hydrochloride wastewater. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of key parameters—including the PMS concentration, catalyst dosage, initial pH, and tetracycline hydrochloride concentration—on the degradation efficiency were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the CuFe(2)/PMS system exhibited the highest degradation efficiency. Under optimal conditions (20 mg/L tetracycline hydrochloride, 0.4 mM PMS, 0.5 g/L CuFe(2) catalyst, and pH 3), this system achieved a 94.12% degradation rate of tetracycline hydrochloride within 120 min. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests and radical quenching experiments identified sulfate radicals (SO4·−) as the predominant reactive species. Furthermore, the XPS analysis elucidated the persulfate activation mechanism, while the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identified the potential degradation pathways and intermediate products of tetracycline hydrochloride.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 8","pages":"2625-2625"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/8/2625/pdf?version=1755606034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amphiphobic Modification of Sandstone Surfaces Using Perfluorinated Siloxane for Enhanced Oil Recovery","authors":"Fajun Guo, Hua Nan Guan, Hong Chen, Yanli Zhao, Yayuan Tao, Tong Guan, Rui-Yang Liu, Wenzhao Sun, Huabin Li, Xudong Yu, Li He","doi":"10.3390/pr13082627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082627","url":null,"abstract":"This study establishes a covalently anchored wettability alteration strategy for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using perfluorinated siloxane (CQ), addressing limitations of conventional modifiers reliant on unstable physical adsorption. Instead, CQ forms irreversible chemical bonds with rock surfaces via Si-O-Si linkages (verified by FT-IR/EDS), imparting durable amphiphobicity with water and oil contact angles of 135° and 116°, respectively. This modification exhibits exceptional stability: increasing salinity from 2536 to 10,659 mg/L reduced angles by only 6° (water) and 4° (oil), while 70 °C aging in aqueous/oleic phases preserved amphiphobicity without reversion—supported by &gt;300 °C thermal decomposition in TGA; confirming chemical bonding durability. Mechanistic analysis identifies dual EOR pathways: amphiphobic surfaces lower rolling angles, surface free energy (SFE), and fluid adhesion to facilitate pore migration, while CQ intrinsically reduces oil-water interfacial tension (IFT). Core displacement experiments showed that injecting 0.05 wt% CQ followed by secondary waterflooding yielded an additional 10–18% increase in oil recovery. This improvement is attributed to enhanced mobilization of residual oil, with greater EOR efficacy observed in smaller pore throats. Field trials at the Huabei Oilfield validated practical applicability: Production rates of test wells C-9 and C-17 increased several-fold, accompanied by reduced water cuts. Integrating fundamental research, laboratory experiments, and field validation, this work systematically demonstrates a wettability-alteration-based EOR method and offers important technical insights for analogous reservoir development.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 8","pages":"2627-2627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/8/2627/pdf?version=1755613044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Joule-Heating Synthesis of Efficient Low-Crystallinity Ru-Mo Oxide Catalysts for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction","authors":"Tao Shi, Xiaoling Huang, Zhan Zhao, Zizhen Li, Kelei Huang, Xiangchao Meng","doi":"10.3390/pr13082594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082594","url":null,"abstract":"Electrocatalytic water splitting has been demonstrated to be a highly efficient and promising technology for green hydrogen production. However, the inefficiency and instability of the cathode hinder its wide application in water electrolysis. Herein, we report a rapid Joule heating method for synthesizing the Ru-Mo oxide catalyst. Comprehensive characterization results confirmed that the as-prepared catalyst featured an internal porous structure with low crystallinity, which weakened the strength of Ru-H bonds through structural and electronic modulation. The enhanced HER performance was attributed to the incorporation of Mo4+ species, which strengthened Ru-O-Mo interactions. As tested, the optimized catalyst exhibited ultralow overpotentials (25.08 mV and 120.52 mV @ 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively) and excellent stability (100 h @ 100 mA cm−2) in a 1 M KOH solution. Meanwhile, the as-prepared catalyst was equipped in an anion exchange membrane (AEM) alkaline water electrolyzer, which could deliver 185 mA cm−2 at only 2.16 V with 100% Faradaic efficiency. This study provides a feasible strategy for constructing highly efficient low-crystallinity electrocatalysts.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 8","pages":"2594-2594"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/8/2594/pdf?version=1755490321","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147906771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethyl Cellulose Co-Encapsulation of Steel Slag–Persulfate Long-Term Petroleum Hydrocarbon Remediation","authors":"Shuang Lin, Changsheng Qu, Dongyao Xu","doi":"10.3390/pr13082501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082501","url":null,"abstract":"Petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) contamination in groundwater necessitates sustainable remediation solutions. This study develops a novel co-encapsulated composite by embedding steel slag (SS) and sodium persulfate (SPS) within an ethyl cellulose (EC) matrix ((SS + SPS)/EC) for permeable reactive barrier applications. The EC matrix enables controlled release of SPS oxidant and gradual leaching of alkaline components (Ca2+/OH−) and Fe2+/Fe3+ activators from SS, synergistically sustaining radical generation while buffering pH extremes. Optimized at a 10:7 SS:SPS mass ratio, the composite achieves 66.3% PH removal via dual pathways: (1) sulfate radical (SO4−•) oxidation from Fe2+-activated persulfate (S2O82− + Fe2+→SO4−• + SO42− + Fe3+), and (2) direct electron transfer by surface-bound Fe3+. In situ material evolution enhances functionality—nitrogen physisorption reveals a 156% increase in surface area and 476% pore volume expansion, facilitating contaminant transport while precipitating stable sulfate minerals (Na2SO4, Na3Fe(SO4)3) within pores. Crucially, the composite maintains robust performance under groundwater-relevant conditions: 54% removal at 15 °C (attributed to pH-buffered activation) and &gt;55% efficiency with common interfering anions (Cl−, HCO3−, 50 mg·L−1). This waste-derived design demonstrates a self-regulating system that concurrently addresses oxidant longevity (≥70 h), geochemical stability (pH 8.5→10.4), and low-temperature activity, establishing a promising strategy for sustainable groundwater remediation. Continuous-flow column validation (60 d, 5 mg·L−1 gasoline) demonstrates sustained &gt;80% removal efficiency and systematically stable effluent pH (9.8–10.2) via alkaline leaching.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 8","pages":"2501-2501"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Self-Degradable Gel Plugging Agent for Deep Coalbed Methane","authors":"Bo Wang, Zhaoyang He, Jing Lin, Kang Ren, Zhengyang Zhao, Kaihe Lv, Yiting Liu, Jiafeng Jin","doi":"10.3390/pr13082453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082453","url":null,"abstract":"Deep coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs are characterized by high hydrocarbon content and are considered an important strategic resource. Due to their inherently low permeability and porosity, horizontal well drilling is commonly employed to enhance production, with the length of the horizontal section playing a critical role in determining CBM output. However, during extended horizontal drilling, wellbore instability frequently occurs as a result of drilling fluid invasion into the coal formation, posing significant safety challenges. This instability is primarily caused by the physical intrusion of drilling fluids and their interactions with the coal seam, which alter the mechanical integrity of the formation. To address these challenges, interpenetrating and semi-interpenetrating network (IPN/s-IPN) hydrogels have gained attention due to their superior physicochemical properties. This material offers enhanced sealing and support performance across fracture widths ranging from micrometers to millimeters, making it especially suited for plugging applications in deep CBM reservoirs. A self-degradable interpenetrating double-network hydrogel particle plugging agent (SSG) was developed in this study, using polyacrylamide (PAM) as the primary network and an ionic polymer as the secondary network. The SSG demonstrated excellent thermal stability, remaining intact for at least 40 h in simulated formation water at 120 °C with a degradation rate as high as 90.8%, thereby minimizing potential damage to the reservoir. After thermal aging at 120 °C, the SSG maintained strong plugging performance and favorable viscoelastic properties. A drilling fluid containing 2% SSG achieved an invasion depth of only 2.85 cm in an 80–100 mesh sand bed. The linear viscoelastic region (LVR) ranged from 0.1% to 0.98%, and the elastic modulus reached 2100 Pa, indicating robust mechanical support and deformation resistance.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 8","pages":"2453-2453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/8/2453/pdf?version=1754204346","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147898808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}