Day 2 Wed, March 29, 2023最新文献

{"title":"An Adaptive Grid Refinement Method for Flow-Based Embedded Discrete Fracture Models","authors":"Junchao Li, Huiying Tang, Yongbin Zhang, Xin Li","doi":"10.2118/212194-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212194-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Projection-based embedded discrete fracture models (pEDFMs) are proven effective for modeling flow barrier effects of high-conductivity or impermeable fractures. However, local grid refinements are still needed to improve the accuracy of simulation in flow areas near fractures. In recent years, adaptive grid refinement techniques have received a lot of attention for dealing with highly heterogeneous and fractured models. But few of them are capable of EDFMs. In this paper, an adaptive grid refinement method under flow-based EDFMs (fEDFMs) is proposed for fractured models. The method starts from an fEDFM model which is built by a new technique of transmissibility modification by introducing an artificial pseudo-steady flow near fractures. Adaptive grid refinement and coarsening procedures are designed under an adaptive criterion based on both the fracture distribution and flow solutions. A flow-based upscaling procedure is adopted to form transmissibilities of the hybrid grids and the solution is mapped from the former grid system. The adaptive grid refinement method is applied in a validation case and a real field case, respectively. In each case, comparisons are made between the simulation results of the proposed adaptive grid refinement models and traditional uniform pEDFMs. Besides, comparisons are also made with the overall fine-scale models which serve as the reference models. The comparisons show that the numerical results of the proposed models have a better match to that of the reference models. And it is proven that the approach is more robust when applied to more general flow scenarios with extremely high or completely sealed fractures which could have a great impact on the flow. The proposed method aims to improve the accuracy of numerical simulation for fractured reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":205933,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 29, 2023","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122429451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled CO2 Injection Well Flow Model to Assess Thermal Stresses under Geomechanical Uncertainty","authors":"N. Andrianov, F. Amour, M. R. Hajiabadi, H. Nick, M. P. Haspang","doi":"10.2118/212235-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212235-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We develop a two-phase transient non-isothermal wellbore flow model, augmented with a radial heat conduction in the annulus, casing, and the reservoir. Using the available data for a saline aquifer in Denmark, we build a one-dimensional geomechanical well model and assess the stresses at the wellbore wall using the analytical Kirsch formula. Using the temperature at the wellbore wall, we calculate the corresponding thermal stresses. Furthermore, we assess the impact of the uncertainty in thermal expansion coefficients on the magnitudes of thermal stresses. For the cases considered, the magnitude of the changes in the critical pressure and in the fracture pressure with and without thermal stresses does not exceed 3%.","PeriodicalId":205933,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 29, 2023","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125086193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Step Upscaling of Sub-Seismic Geo-Heterogeneity with Flow-Rate-And Direction Dependent Saturation Functions","authors":"A. Youssef, Qianyu Shao, S. Matthäi","doi":"10.2118/212215-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212215-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Saturation distributions that ensue when supercritical CO2 is injected into heterogeneous porous sedimentary rocks depend on the local balance between viscous, gravitational, and capillary forces. This balance varies among different constituent rock types, and there is mounting evidence that this variation needs to be accounted for when modelling relative permeability and capillary pressure between capillary (CL) and viscous limit (VL) two-phase flow. Here we present field data-based numeric-simulation research upscaling such novel rate-dependent, directional functions to the permeability REV of the sedimentary rock to determine the injection behaviour of the fluvio-deltaic Parraatte formation at the CO2CRC's Otway International Test Centre, Australia. The flow of CO2-water along a high-resolution (0.05 m 1 m) vertical cross-section between two wells, spaced 640 meters apart is simulated and upscaled in two stages. The passage of the saturation front through the studied cross-section is analyzed for different line-drive rates, and dynamic drainage relative permeability curves are measured in REV scale sampling windows placed at different locations on the cross section. This analysis delivers full tensor-type dynamic relative permeability curves also accounting for buoyancy-driven flow. These REV scale functions are the macroscopic expression of unstable displacement, and heterogeneity-induced fingering of the CO2 phase, diminishing sweep and promoting early breakthrough at average saturations of 5-15%. The practical importance and workflow implications of these rate-dependent, tensorial saturation functions are explored.","PeriodicalId":205933,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 29, 2023","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125223853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Framework for Optimization of Horizontal/Deviated Well Placement and Control for Geological CO2 Storage","authors":"Amy Zou, L. Durlofsky","doi":"10.2118/212228-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212228-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A general framework for optimizing the locations and time-varying injection rates of a set of monobore wells for geological carbon storage is presented and applied. Two objective functions, minimization of mobile CO2 fraction at the end of the operation, and maximization of storage efficiency, are considered. Appropriate linear and nonlinear constraints, involving the geometry of the well configuration, injection rates, and injected mass (for pressure management), are specified. Two derivative-free algorithms, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE), are applied and assessed. The various constraints are treated using a preprocessing repair procedure, penalty functions, and a filter method. The framework utilizes multifidelity optimization, in which increasing levels of grid resolution are applied during the course of the optimization run. For the minimization of mobile CO2 fraction, the multifidelity approach is compared with high-resolution optimization. This treatment is shown to outperform high-resolution PSO and DE optimization in terms of both solution quality and computational requirements. The multifidelity DE optimization case provides the best (feasible) solution, with 0.090 mobile CO2 fraction at 200 years, which represents a 68% improvement over a heuristic base-case. For the second objective function, multifidelity PSO provides a design that results in a storage efficiency of 0.074, which is about double the base-case value. For both objective functions, the optimized solutions contain horizontal and deviated wells placed near the bottom of the storage aquifer. The well configurations are much different for the two objective functions, with wells more closely spaced, resulting in a single merged plume, for the storage efficiency maximization case. For the mobile CO2 minimization case, by contrast, wells are separated and pulsed, which facilitates dissolution and residual trapping.","PeriodicalId":205933,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 29, 2023","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131763546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Mesh Adaptivity and Novel Stopping Criterion Guided by a Posteriori Error Estimates for Coupled Geomechanics Using Mixed Finite Element Method for Flow","authors":"M. Wheeler, V. Girault, Hanyu Li","doi":"10.2118/212239-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212239-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Flow coupled with geomechanics problems has gathered increased research interest due to its resemblance to engineering applications, such as unconventional reservoir development, by incorporating multiple physics. Computations for the system of such a multiphysics model is often costly. In this paper, we introduce a posteriori error estimators to guide dynamic mesh adaptivity and to determine a novel stopping criterion for the fixed-stress split algorithm to improve computational efficiency.\u0000 Previous studies for flow coupled with geomechanics have shown that local mass conservation for the flow equation is critical to the solution accuracy of multiphase flow and reactive transport models, making mixed finite element method an attractive option. Such a discretization maintains local mass conservation by enforcing the constitutive equation in strong form and can be readily incorporated into existing finite volume schemes, that are standard in the reservoir simulation community. Here, we introduced a posteriori error estimators derived for the coupled system with the flow and mechanics solved by mixed method and continuous Galerkin respectively. The estimators are utilized to guide the dynamic mesh adaptivity. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the estimators on computational improvement by a fractured reservoir example. The adaptive method only requires 20% of the degrees of freedom as compared to fine scale simulation to obtain an accurate solution.\u0000 To avoid solving enormous linear systems from the monolithic approach, a fixed-stress split algorithm is often adopted where the flow equation is resolved first assuming a constant total mean stress, followed by the mechanics equation. The implementation of such a decoupled scheme often involves fine tuning the convergence criterion that is case sensitive. Previous work regarding error estimators with the flow equation solved by Enriched Galerkin proposed a novel stopping criterion that balances the algorithmic error with the discretization error. The new stopping criterion does not require fine tuning and avoids over iteration. In this paper, we extend such a criterion to the flow solved by mixed method and further confirm its validity.","PeriodicalId":205933,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 29, 2023","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127777815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Unified Thermal-Reactive Compositional Simulation Framework for Modeling CO2 Sequestration at Various Scales","authors":"M. Wapperom, X. Lyu, D. Nichita, D. Voskov","doi":"10.2118/212182-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212182-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this work, we present a unified framework for the simulation of CO2 sequestration problems at various time and space scales. The parametrization technique utilizes thermodynamic state-dependent operators expressing the governing equations for the thermal-compositional-reactive system to solve the nonlinear problem. This approach provides flexibility in the assembly of the Jacobian, which allows straightforward implementation of advanced thermodynamics. We validate our simulation framework through several simulation studies including complex physical phenomena relevant to CCUS. The proposed simulation framework is validated against a set of numerical and experimental benchmark tests, demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of the modeling framework for CCUS-related subsurface applications. Important physical phenomena resulting from the complex thermodynamic interactions of CO2 and impurities with reservoir fluids can be accurately captured now in detailed dynamic simulation. The investigated simulation scenarios include a reproduction of lab experiments at the core scale, investigation of macro-scale analog model and simulation of large-scale industrial application. The simulation time can also span from hours to years among various applications. Complex thermal-compositional-reactive phenomena can be addressed at each of these space and time scales. The unified thermodynamic description allows us to perform all these simulations for a reasonable CPU time due to advanced parametrization techniques and efficient GPU capabilities in our in-house reservoir simulator DARTS.","PeriodicalId":205933,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 29, 2023","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132170966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Phase-Labeling Method Based on Machine Learning for CO2 Applications","authors":"Soham Sheth, James Bennett, D. Kachuma, M. R. Heidari, M. Shaykhattarov","doi":"10.2118/212254-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212254-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Phase labeling can be very challenging for complicated compositional simulation cases. Inaccurate labeling can lead to issues ranging from incorrect resource accounting to non-convergent simulation runs. Accurate phase labeling algorithms are computationally demanding and are seldom used in commercial workflows. Instead, cheaper but inaccurate empirical methods are employed such as the Li-correlation (Reid et. el. 1966).\u0000 Phase labelling based on critical temperature alone mis-identifies fluids below the dew point pressure as liquids rather than vapour. This is a particular problem when performing surface flashes of CO2 or H2S rich fluids since both components have critical temperatures above standard temperature. This can lead to failures in the well model, for example when a well is controlled by gas rate but the produced phase is identified as a liquid. The second part of this paper therefore describes a new phase labeling method that uses both the critical temperature and saturation pressure predictions from the ML models to generate accurate labels. Results are presented for CO2 rich fluids. We show that this ML approach can result in accurate labeling and can outperform traditional methods in computational efficiency. We also show the application on simulation cases with complicated field management scenarios that require accurate phase labeling at the in-situ as well as separator conditions.\u0000 The ML workflow is based on a set of two interacting fully connected neural networks, one a classifier and the other a regressor, that are used to replace physical algorithms for single phase labelling and improve the convergence of the simulator. We generate real time compositional training data using different mixing strategies between the injected and the in-situ fluid compositions that can exhibit temporal evolution. In many complicated scenarios, a physical critical temperature as well as saturation pressure does not exist, and the iterative sequence fails to converge. We train the classifier to identify, a-priori, if a sequence of iterations will diverge. The regressor is then trained to predict an accurate value of critical temperature and saturation pressure. A framework is developed inside the simulator based on TensorFlow that aids real time machine learning applications. The training data is generated within the simulator at the beginning of the simulation run and the ML models are trained on this data while the simulator is running. All the run-times presented in this paper include the time taken to generate the training data and train the models.","PeriodicalId":205933,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 29, 2023","volume":"384 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123210548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Adaptive Newton–ASPEN Solver for Complex Reservoir Models","authors":"Knut-Andreas Lie, O. Møyner, Ø. Klemetsdal","doi":"10.2118/212199-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212199-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Standard Newton methods that are used to advance fully implicit or adaptive implicit schemes in time often suffer from slow or stagnant convergence when natural initial guesses are too far from the solution or the discrete flow equations contain nonlinearities that are unbalanced in time and space. Nonlinear solvers based on local-global, domain-decomposition strategies have proved to be significantly more robust than regular Newton but come at a higher computational cost per iteration. The chief example of one such strategy is additive Schwarz preconditioned exact Newton (ASPEN) that rigorously couples local solves, which in sum have little cost compared with a Newton update, with a global update that has a cost comparable to a regular Newton solve.\u0000 We present strategies for combining Newton and ASPEN to accelerate the nonlinear solution process. The main feature is a set of novel monitoring strategies and systematic switching criteria that prevent oversolving and enable us to optimize the choice of solution strategy. At the start of each nonlinear iteration, convergence monitors are computed and can be used to choose the type of nonlinear iteration to perform as well as methods, tolerances, and other parameters used for the optional local domain solves. The convergence monitors and switching criteria are inexpensive to compute.\u0000 We observe the advantages and disadvantages of local-global domain decomposition for practical models of interest for oil recovery and CO2 storage and demonstrate how the computational runtime can be (significantly) reduced by adaptively switching to regular Newton's method when nonlinearities are balanced throughout the physical domain and the local solves provide little benefit relative to their computational cost.","PeriodicalId":205933,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 29, 2023","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123651896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}