Porcine Health Management最新文献

{"title":"Deoxynivalenol and pigs: review of harmful effect of Mycotoxin on swine health.","authors":"Izabela Malczak, Anna Gajda, Piotr Jedziniak","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00441-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00441-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxins are compounds produced by certain types of fungi, and the mycotoxin one of the most most frequently found in the tested cereal samples is deoxynivalenol (DON), naturally-occurring mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. An animal sensitive to the effects of this mycotoxin is the pig due to the diet containing primarily cereals and the structure of a digestive system, which causes DON to be quickly absorbed unchanged into the bloodstream and partially metabolized in the liver. An important aspect when considering the toxicity of DON is the occurrence of its modified forms, which can be transformed into DON in the digestive system. The toxic effect of DON can also be caused by other mycotoxins which co-occur in cereals. The toxic effect of DON on the body of pigs was observed mainly in the digestive, immune, and reproductive systems. The noticeable of DON's toxic effects depends on the exposure time, route of administration and mycotoxin concentration. The changes are mainly caused by impaired gene expression, inhibiting protein synthesis or the effect of DON on pathways in pigs' bodies. The negative impact of DON on the health of pigs may lead to reduced weight gain, poor health, and increased susceptibility to infections and reproductive disorders. There have also been many methods of DON elimination from cereals, but their efficiency is insufficient.</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143978974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A single recall vaccination lapse in sows triggers PRRSV resurgence and boosts viral genetic diversity.","authors":"H Clilverd, G E Martín-Valls, Y Li, I Domingo-Carreño, M Martín, M Cortey, E Mateu","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00433-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00433-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) persists on certain farms despite vaccination and control efforts, with genetic diversity suspected as a contributing factor. This study examined the evolution and persistence dynamics of PRRSV-1 on a farrow-to-fattening farm with 1,700 sows vaccinated quarterly, focusing on a summer vaccination lapse.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over eight months, three farrowing batches were monitored from birth to nine weeks of age using virological (RT-qPCR, whole-genome, and ORF5 sequencing) and serological (ELISA and neutralizing antibody) analyses. An incident related to elevated temperatures during the summer involving unproper vaccine handling occurred during the last blanket vaccination, before sampling the third batch. Viral circulation was primarily confined to the nurseries, with a notable surge of incidence and mortality in this last batch, linked to lower maternal antibody levels likely due to vaccination failure. Phylogenetic analyses showed the persistence of the same viral strain throughout the study, with increased genetic diversity in Batch 3 driven by selection and recombination. Ultimately, reestablishing the vaccination program led to a PRRSV-positive-stable with vaccination status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, a single vaccination lapse caused increased PRRSV-1 incidence and genetic diversity in weaners, linked to declining maternal antibody levels, underscoring the importance of strict vaccination adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12063453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence characteristics and antibiotic resistance analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from pig farms in Xinjiang, China: revealing potential zoonotic risks.","authors":"Sheng-Hui Wan, Nana Li, Pei Zheng, Yanfang Li, Yan Liang, Yonggang Qu","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00424-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00424-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae(K. pneumoniae) isolates from pigs, evaluate their potential threat to pig farming and public health, and provide a theoretical basis for controlling K. pneumoniae infections in pig farms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nasal swabs collected from pigs were subjected to bacterial isolation, biochemical identification, species-specific PCR, and 16S rRNA sequencing to identify K. pneumoniae. Serotyping and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were conducted using the wzi and MLST methods, respectively. Biofilm formation was assessed using crystal violet staining. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated via the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and resistance and virulence genes were identified using PCR. Pathogenicity was determined through string testing and mouse infection models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>21 strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated and identified from 50 swabs of pig nasal cavities. The isolates were classified into serotypes wzi 19 and wzi 81 and sequence types ST37 and ST967. Ten isolates exhibited strong biofilm-forming ability, while 11 showed moderate biofilm production. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoalcohols, and glycopeptides, with sensitivity restricted to imipenem and polymyxins. Ten resistance genes and eight virulence genes were detected. Pathogenicity testing in mice revealed a moderate virulence level, with a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 4.0 × 10⁶ CFU/mL. Infected mice exhibited significant lesions in the liver, lungs, and small intestine.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight a potential risk to pig farming and public health, emphasizing the need for effective control measures against K. pneumoniae infections in pig farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12057239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144007660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial use in pig herds in Ireland: analysis of a national database (2019-2023).","authors":"Julie Bolton, Lorcan O'Neill, Caroline Garvan, Andrew W Byrne","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00438-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00438-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and animal pathogens remains a global One-Health threat. The associations between antimicrobial use (AMU) and the evolution and dissemination of AMR bacteria, and their resistance genes, highlight the importance of monitoring and regulating AMU. Here, we present an analysis of national monitoring data of AMU in pig facilities in Ireland from 2019 to 2023 via the recently established National AMU Database. AMU was measured using two metrics (mg per corrected population units (mg/PCU) and defined daily dose (DDDvet/PCU)). Temporal trend models were fit using regression models with population average effects given there were multiple observations per herd, while controlling for herd type and size.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Linear spline models revealed no significant change in overall usage from Q1-2019 until mid-2020, followed by a significant decrease in usage until mid-2022. There was evidence of increases in usage from mid-2022 until the end of the time series; the exact timing of the changes in trends varied by the AMU metric. A multinomial logit regression model suggested that there was a significantly decreased probability of premix use relative to oral administration from Q3-2021 through Q4-2023 (OR: 0.70 - 0.58; P < 0.03). The predicted probability that a high priority critically important antimicrobial (HPCIA) was used in a herd during a year-quarter declined by an average of 9% per quarter (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.90-0.92; p < 0.001) over the study period. The mean decline in use of cephalosporin (3rd /4th generation), fluoroquinolone and macrolide (a former HPCIA) per quarter were estimated to be -12% (95% CI: -8- -15%), -9% (95% CI: -8- -10%) and - 4% (95% CI: -2- -4%), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This exploration of AMU in pigs in Ireland revealed significant changes in overall usage, with both decreases and increases. There were declines in usage of HPCIA agents. Additionally, there was evidence of a significant decline in the use of oral premixes, coinciding with policy change. Further monitoring of AMU is essential to understand how the pig farming sector is responding to policy changes (e.g., increasing AMU in response to zinc oxide bans).</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12048958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143980726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The natural diet composition of young piglets suggests an overlook of fibre and food structure in farmed suckling piglets.","authors":"Renjie Yao, Hubèrt M J van Hees, An Cools, Sebastián A Ballari, Dominiek Maes, Geert P J Janssens","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00439-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00439-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The often disappointing intake of creep feed by suckling piglets coincides with a limited ability to cope with challenges such as weaning diarrhoea. Investigating the dietary nutrient profile of piglets (Sus scrofa) in the wild may help to improve nutrition for farmed piglets. This study was conducted to analyse the stomach content of feral piglets and their farmed counterparts, and to compare them with the composition of commercial creep feeds. Forty feral piglets (4.6 ± 1.4 kg) living in a wild herd were tracked and legally hunted in the Bahía Samborombón (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Their gastric contents were collected for analysing macronutrients. Twenty-eight farmed suckling piglets of similar ages were sourced from a Dutch research farm, and their stomach contents were collected and pooled into fourteen samples with the same procedure for comparison. Additionally, the composition data of twenty-five commercial feeds was also collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A higher dry matter content was observed in the farmed piglets' stomachs (233 vs. 148 g/kg, P < 0.05). The gastric crude protein concentration was similar between both groups but the crude fat concentration was higher in the stomach of farmed animals (525 vs. 238 g/kg DM, P < 0.05), while feral piglets consumed more ash and fibre (P < 0.05). A similar concentration of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) on metabolizable energy basis was observed by calculation through the NRC's guideline (P > 0.05). Within the fibre content, significantly greater concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were observed in the stomach of feral piglets than in those of farmed piglets (282 vs. 36 g/kg, 158 vs. 9 g/kg DM, 53 vs. 3 g/kg DM, respectively, P < 0.05). Similar protein concentrations were observed between the gastric content of feral piglets and creep feed, while significantly higher crude ash and crude fat concentrations were found in feral piglets' consumption (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, piglets in natural conditions consume much more fibre-from coarse plant material-compared to farmed piglets receiving creep feed. Although technical performance is distinctly different between nature and farm, it raises the question whether suckling piglets under farming conditions would benefit from a more fibrous and coarser creep feed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12042565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of cloprostenol sodium and carbetocin on synchronous parturition and colostrum composition in large white sows.","authors":"Hongmei Gao, Miaolian Peng, Rongzhi Zhong, Zhenhua Xue, Zhenqiang Liu, Shiqiao Weng, Longchao Zhang, Dong Wang, Yan Liu, Jianhui Tian, Lixian Wang","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00436-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00436-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Synchronized parturition is essential for optimizing batch production and implementing effective \"all-in/all-out\" management strategies. However, the efficacy of exogenous hormones in regulating parturition and the potential adverse effects of parturition induction have remained inconsistent. This study investigates the impact of cloprostenol sodium and carbetocin on farrowing performance in sows, aiming to establish an optimal induction protocol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Initially, based on a dataset comprising 3,657 gestation records of large white sows, we calculated the average gestation length for the herd to be 114 days, and the induction time was set at 113 days of gestation. Subsequently, parturition was induced in 546 primiparous sows and 339 multiparous sows, respectively. The experiment consisted of three groups: (1) CON group (control), (2) PG group (cloprostenol sodium), and (3) PGCAR group (combination of cloprostenol sodium and carbetocin). In primiparous sows, compared to the control group, the PG group exhibited farrowing rates of 23.5% on day 113 and 71.8% on day 114. Notably, the PGCAR group demonstrated a higher farrowing rate of 78.1% on day 114. Importantly, the working hours farrowing rate for the PGCAR group was 90.3%, with 64.6% of sows farrowing within five hours after carbetocin administration. Additionally, both the PG and PGCAR groups showed a significant reduction in farrowing duration, birth interval, and stillbirth rate compared to the control group. Similar trends were observed in multiparous sows. In the PG group, farrowing rates were 25.0% on day 113 and 66.7% on day 114. Notably, the PGCAR group demonstrated a farrowing rate of 76.2% on day 114. Specifically, within the PGCAR group, 87.7% of farrowing events occurred during working hours, and 68.0% of farrowing events occurred within five hours following carbetocin administration. Furthermore, compared to the control group, the PGCAR group of multiparous sows exhibited a significant reduction in both farrowing duration and birth intervals. Furthermore, our analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in colostrum composition and milk bioactive components across the CON, PG, and PGCAR groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The combined administration of cloprostenol sodium and carbetocin effectively induces parturition in large white sows, accelerating the parturition process without adverse effects on either the sows or the piglets. However, 5-22% of the sows in this study exhibited spontaneous farrowing prior to hormone-induced parturition. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and address instances where sows initiate farrowing prematurely before induction.</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12004842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two restraining devices in connection to surgical castration with or without local anesthesia: effects on piglet stress.","authors":"Ann-Helena Hokkanen, Mathilde Coutant, Mari Heinonen, Marianna Norring, Magdy Adam, Claudio Oliviero, Tiina Bergqvist, Anna Valros","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00428-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00428-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Surgical castration causes severe pain to young piglets. In addition, piglets experience intense stress from handling and restraining during the procedure. Furthermore, piglets must be restrained twice when receiving local anesthesia before castration, and the injections are painful. Unfortunately, strategies to reduce piglets' stress during handling, local anesthetic injections, and painful procedures are limited and poorly understood. Thus, we randomized 179 male piglets aged 3 to 4 days to be restrained with either a commonly used commercial tubular bench with a dorsal restraining posture or a custom-made castration rack with a vertical restraining posture. Piglets received local anesthetic or sham injections (mimicking local anesthesia but without skin penetration) 10 min before castration. We then compared the effect of these devices on the piglets' behavioral reactions, vocalizations, and body temperatures at the following four times: when restrained for the first time, when given local anesthetic injections or receiving sham injections, during the second time restrained, and during castration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Piglets were given higher mean reaction scores when restrained in the tubular bench than the castration rack. Piglets showed differing vocalization patterns in the two devices, with more grunts and screams in the castration rack and more squeals in the tubular bench. Moreover, local anesthetic injections resulted in higher mean reaction scores and longer vocalizations than sham injections during the injections/sham injections but reduced these measures during castration. After castration, the skin temperature was higher in sham-injected piglets than in piglets castrated with local anesthesia, irrespective of the restraining device used.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Local anesthesia reduced piglets' reaction scores and vocalizations during castration. However, receiving local anesthesia was painful. Based on piglet behavior, restraining in a tubular bench was more aversive than in the castration rack. However, the devices affected the proportions of the different vocalization types during local anesthetic injections and castration in a manner we cannot fully explain. As the restraining method affects piglets' behavior, it may influence pain assessment during local anesthetic injections and evaluation of local anesthesia efficacy during castration. Thus, less stressful methods to handle piglets are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12001485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Periweaning failure to thrive syndrome (PFTS): A growing concern in swine health.","authors":"Macarena Rodríguez-Ruiz, Librado Carrasco, Inés Ruedas-Torres, José M Sánchez-Carvajal, Karola Fristiková, Carmen Álvarez-Delgado, Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez, Jaime Gómez-Laguna, Francisco J Pallarés","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00434-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00434-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Porcine Periweaning Failure to Thrive syndrome (PFTS) is a complex and scarcely investigated syndrome that has been of increasing concern in the swine industry during the last decade. Its aetiology is believed to be multifactorial, and although both infectious and non-infectious factors may be involved, including a possible genetic predisposition, consistent association needs to be elucidated.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>PFTS is characterised by growth retardation and non-specific clinical symptoms that may include progressive debilitation of weaned pigs that typically emerge within two to three weeks after weaning and repetitive oral behaviour such as chomping and licking. Currently, the diagnosis of the syndrome is based on gross examination, where the main observation is a thymus severely atrophic and the gastrointestinal tract empty, and the following characteristic histologic lesions: thymic atrophy, superficial lymphoplasmacytic fundic gastritis, villus atrophy in the small intestine, superficial colitis, lymphocytic and neutrophilic rhinitis, and mild nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis. Research on PFTS has explored various factors contributing to the syndrome, including viral agents, genetic predisposition, and nutritional deficiencies. Studies have identified potential infectious agents, but the definitive association with the syndrome remains unclear. Genetic predisposition has also been suggested to play a role during PFTS, identifying potential boars to individually contribute to PFTS and paternity tests have linked affected piglets to certain boars, suggesting individual susceptibility. In this review, we will explore the contributing factors which may be involved in the development of the syndrome, as well as examine the current knowledge on its diagnosis and pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PFTS presents a significant challenge in the swine industry due the unknown aetiology and the difficulty to establish an appropriate diagnosis of the syndrome. Therefore, additional research is needed to investigate the microbial, genetic, and environmental factors that influence PFTS, as this is crucial for developing targeted control measures and potential treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11987433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating postmortem tongue fluids as a tool for monitoring PRRSV and IAV in the post-wean phases of swine production.","authors":"Onyekachukwu Henry Osemeke, Isadora Machado, Mafalda Mil-Homens, Grant Allison, Michael Paustian, Daniel C L Linhares, Gustavo S Silva","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00432-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40813-025-00432-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) are swine pathogens that can significantly impact the performance of post-weaning pigs. While oral fluid (OF) samples are widely used for monitoring these viruses, postmortem tongue fluid (TF) samples present a cost-effective alternative with potential advantages in viral detection. This study aimed to compare the performance of TF and OF samples collected from nursery and finishing pig herds in detecting PRRSV and IAV using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A Bayesian latent class model was used to estimate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for TF and OF under the assumption of conditional independence. The study also examined the relationship between mortality rates and RT-qPCR outcomes, the success rate of Sanger sequencing for the PRRSV ORF-5 region, and the effect of pooling daily aggregated TF samples on the probability of PRRSV detection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IAV was detected in 34.9% of OF samples and 30.2% of TF samples, while PRRSV was identified in 67.4% of OF and 53.5% of TF samples. TF samples had a significantly lower mean Ct for PRRSV (29.1) compared to OF samples (32.8) but had a similar Ct (30.9) to OF (29.7) for IAV. The hierarchical latent class Bayesian model estimated the sensitivity and specificity values for OF as 37.3% and 61.7% for IAV, and 64.3% and 35.1% for PRRSV. The estimated sensitivity and specificity values for TF were 33.5% and 66.0% for IAV, and 53.0% and 47.0% for PRRSV. Among 22 matched TF and OF pairs submitted for PRRSV sequencing, 45.5% of OF samples and 63.6% of TF samples were successfully sequenced, with the higher success rate for TF attributed to having lower Ct values. Additionally, mortality rates were notably higher when PRRSV was detected, especially in cases with concurrent IAV detection. Regarding sample pooling, our results indicated that pooling TF samples significantly increased detection probabilities, with a 1/7 dilution achieving a 79% RT-qPCR detection rate, compared to a detection rate of 14.3% when testing a single day's TF sample from a week with only one positive day.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings support the use of TF samples as a viable complement or alternative to OF samples for PRRSV and IAV surveillance in post-weaning pigs when mortalities are available. The cost-efficiency of TF sampling can enhance monitoring compliance, improve early pathogen detection, and facilitate timely responses to emerging threats in swine production. This study advocates for the adoption of TF as a risk-based sampling strategy in nursery and grow-finish settings, complementing live animal samples such as OF, ultimately contributing to better herd health management.</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11978129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of intradermal vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae under combined exposure field conditions.","authors":"Panagiotis Tassis, Suzanne Pel, Dimitrios Floros, Kim Ter Haar, Qi Cao, Ioannis Tsakmakidis, Vassileios Papatsiros, Niki Ntarampa, Ioannis Arsenakis, Eleni D Tzika","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00431-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40813-025-00431-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M hyo) are two of the most important swine pathogens with variable clinical presence in swine farms globally, affecting health and performance of pigs under field conditions. The primary objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a ready to use intradermal (ID) vaccine (Porcilis PCV M Hyo ID, MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) against PCV2 associated disease and M hyo associated enzootic pneumonia under practical (field) conditions. In addition, the safety of the test product was clinically assessed, as the study animals were examined for general and local side effects after vaccination. A total of 678 animals in a Greek farrow to finish farm were equally divided in two trial groups (test and control group). Test group animals received the test vaccine at the age of three weeks, while control group animals remained unvaccinated. Parameters regarding health [lung lesion score (LLS) and pleurisy scoring, PCV2 viraemia and shedding] and performance [body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADWG)] were recorded and evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vaccination improved the ADWG during both the finishing period (improvement by 34 g; p < 0.0001), and the overall period (increase by 24 g; p < 0.0001). Moreover, reduced mean LLS values (p < 0.0001), as well as reduced percentage of animals with pleurisy (p = 0.0082) and a decrease in PCV2 viraemia (p < 0.0001) and viral shedding (p = 0.0181) were observed in vaccinated animals when compared with the unvaccinated controls. As regards safety, a slight local skin reaction at the site of vaccination was detected and in two pigs a mild systemic reaction was reported with full recovery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggested that the test vaccine is safe and effective against both PCV2 and M hyo associated diseases in vivo, thus it's use as part of a vaccination programme under field conditions is expected to improve respective health and performance parameters in pigs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11977907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}