PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Universal Cash Transfers and Labor Market Outcomes","authors":"Andrew J. Bibler, Mouhcine Guettabi, M. Reimer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3357230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3357230","url":null,"abstract":"One major criticism of universal basic income is that unconditional cash transfers discourage recipients from working. We estimate the causal effects of a universal cash transfer on short-run labor market activity by exploiting the timing and variation of a long-running unconditional and universal transfer: Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend. We find evidence of both a positive labor demand and negative labor supply response to the transfers, document important heterogeneity across workers, and provide a set of placebo tests supporting our main results. Altogether, a $1,000 increase in the per-person disbursement leads to a 0.7% labor market contraction on an annual basis.","PeriodicalId":202927,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128696239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting When Poverty is Multidimensional","authors":"M. Agurto, Cesar Calvo, M. Carpio","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3600888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3600888","url":null,"abstract":"The view of poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon has swiftly become mainstream. However, the debate remains open as to how such ?multidimensional poverty? should be assessed in practical settings, particularly when identifying the beneficiaries of poverty alleviation programmes. This paper develops a novel empirical approach that explicitly takes into account the goals and needs of the policy-maker. In particular, the paper takes up the case of a government official running a budget constrained programme to alleviate a few dimensions of poverty, and translates her concerns into a set of desiderata which the multidimensional measure should meet. The policy-maker targeting ability and aversion to the risk of leakages play crucial roles in setting the desired properties. We illustrate our methodology in the context of a CCT programme in Peru, and show that it improves expected leaking and undercoverage relative to alternative Alkire-Foster based approaches.","PeriodicalId":202927,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114419400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tourism and Poverty Reduction in Mexico: An ARDL Cointegration Approach","authors":"Jorge Garza-Rodríguez","doi":"10.3390/SU11030845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11030845","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper was to investigate, with respect to the case of Mexico, the relationship between international tourism and the magnitude of poverty during the period of 1980–2017, through the use of an autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) cointegration model with a structural break. The econometric results obtained in this paper indicate that there is a long-term relationship between international tourism and the reduction of poverty. It was found that for every 1% increase in international tourism, household consumption per capita increases 0.46% (and, therefore, poverty decreases). In the short term, it was found that a 1% increase in international tourism leads to a 0.11 % increase in household consumption per capita (a decrease in poverty). The coefficient of the error correction model indicates that 23.9% of any movement into disequilibrium is corrected within one year. To corroborate these results, a Toda–Yamamoto Granger causality test was carried out, indicating a unidirectional causality relationship from international tourism towards the reduction of poverty.","PeriodicalId":202927,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114275945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on Time, Cost & Challenges to Access Social Protection Schemes in Rural Rajasthan","authors":"Sanjay Sharma, T. Jain","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3310306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3310306","url":null,"abstract":"Government of Rajasthan spent 42% of state budget on social sector. Majority of this amount is use to provide social security safety net to the poor and poorest families living in outreach areas of the state through various social protection schemes. While increase in number of social protection schemes have helped poor and vulnerable families to attain the basic human need of food, shelter and livelihood, there is an increasing concern about the poor coverage,time and cost involved for accessing these schemes by the targeted beneficiaries. Poor targeting, lack of awareness, procedural difficulties, poor delivery mechanism, long approval processes inadequate infrastructure, capacity gaps in human resource and attitude of the community & service providers have emerged as major disabling factors affecting the coverage of social protection schemes in the community. This paper tried to understand the time and cost factor restricting a beneficiary to avail the benefits of a social protection scheme. In order to attain this objective, the study covered 100 respondents across 16 Gram Panchayats in Dungarpur district of Rajasthan state. The study examines 4 major flagship schemes of the Government of Rajasthan and reviewed the cost and time required by a beneficiary to avail the benefit of any of these social protection schemes. Using mix method approach, the study finds that 45% of the respondents availed scheme benefits within the stipulated time of 3 months from the submitting the application, while 41% respondent have taken 3 to 6 months’ time to find the actual benefit of social protection schemes, whereas number of respondent who were able to receive benefits only after 6 months of application were as less as 14%.In terms of cost, majority 56% of the respondents stated to have spent INR 1-500 followed by 23% who spent INR 500-1000 and 21% respondents who have spent more than INR 1000 in the entire process to avail the benefit of the social protection scheme. These results are important for Government of Rajasthan, as long approval process and high out of pocket expenditure is one of the main reasons behind the low coverage of social protection schemes in state and a cause for concern.","PeriodicalId":202927,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132221021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Universal Basic Income as a Social Rights-Based Antidote to Growing Economic Insecurity","authors":"Philip Alston","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3079907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3079907","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is premised on the view that the human rights movement needs to address and respond to the fundamental changes that are taking place in economic and social structures at the national and global levels. In this setting one of the most vibrant proposals is to replace or supplement existing social protection systems with a universal basic income (UBI). The chapter reflects on how a UBI does and should relate to analogous efforts within the framework of international human rights law. It argues that UBI offers a bold and imaginative solution to pressing problems that are about to become far more intractable as a result of the directions in which the global economy appears inexorably to be heading. While there are many objections relating to affordability in particular, the concept should not be rejected out of hand on the grounds that it is utopian. In today’s world of severe economic insecurity, creativity in social policy is necessary. The chapter concludes by calling for the debates over social protection floors and a UBI to be brought together, rather than being kept largely separate in a counter-productive and ultimately self-defeating way.","PeriodicalId":202927,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115119008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Developing a Model of Stakeholder Trust in Waqf Institutions","authors":"Rashedul Hasan, S. Siraj","doi":"10.12816/0036187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12816/0036187","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainability of Waqf institutions for poverty alleviation depends directly or indirectly on the donations received from the donors and the awareness of the society. This conceptual paper is an attempt to construct a model of stakeholder trust that could provide valuable insight on the issues that should be focused by the regulators, the mutawallis and the waqifs for ensuring a sustainability of waqf Institutions. The Modified Key Mediating Variable (MKMV) Model proposed in the paper includes a total number of eight variables. Commitment-trust theory is combined with Islamic Accountability and Stewardship theory toward shaping three conceptual models of trust into a much-needed unified model for exploring trust in the context of waqf institutions. Stakeholder trust is positioned as a mediator between independent (board benevolence, board ability, board integrity, board opportunism, communication and accountability) and the dependent variable (stakeholder commitment). Empirical results to support the model could not be provided due to the conceptual nature of the paper. The model can provide direction for reform towards sustainability of waqf institutions. The model is general enough that it can also be used for other conventional and non-profit religious organisations.","PeriodicalId":202927,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)","volume":"1992 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128608770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a New Balance in Social Policy: The Future Role of Guaranteed Annual Income within the Safety Net","authors":"P. Hicks","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2925424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2925424","url":null,"abstract":"Guaranteed Annual Incomes (GAI) proposals attracted much support in the 1960s and early 70s but, for a variety of reasons, they slipped off mainstream policy agendas in the following decades. They were too expensive given new budgetary priorities and implementation was difficult for jurisdictional reasons. Over time, the concept of poverty shifted away from focusing on lack of income towards the lack of resources that cause exclusion and that prevent people from developing their capacities to fully participate in society. Concerns increasingly focused on siloed programs that provided one-size-fits-all benefits, ignoring individual and family diversity. New research paints a different picture of poverty, one where traditional GAI programs are less useful than had been previously assumed. In particular, most periods of lowincome are relatively short, requiring supports that can only be awkwardly met by traditional tax-based GAI designs. As well, for the minority of low-income people who are persistently poor, the best solutions involve integrated mixes of income supports and, often, a variety of services. Yet, despite all the factors above, interest in GAI schemes has increased in recent years. This Commentary briefly reviews current proposals and explains that the resurgence of interest in them likely lies in a deep desire to make things better, in the lack of progress to date in fighting poverty, and in frustration with the inability of existing policy tools to get results. However, the Commentary argues that the effective, and affordable, way ahead lies not in big GAI programs taken in isolation, but rather in the use of newly available technology and data sources to steadily improve three kinds of programming: 1) integrated services tailored to individual needs, such as skill-enhancing programs that are intended to address unique needs of those who are persistently poor; 2) supporting people who can save for occasional periods of low-income by allowing more flexible access to income supports over the course of one’s life; and, 3) GAI programming that extends existing measures, such as supports directed to children, seniors and those with disabilities. This bottom-up reform based on an evidence-driven approach would have a better chance of succeeding if GAIs are realigned to support this vision.","PeriodicalId":202927,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128303871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poverty Management Strategies for Small-Scale Farmers Through Alternative Economics: The Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy","authors":"Yuttaphum Prasomsap, Anek Laothamatas","doi":"10.12778/235108618X15452373185840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12778/235108618X15452373185840","url":null,"abstract":"The research studies Poverty Management strategies for Small-Scale Farmers through Alternative Economics: The Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy. After Thailand has been flourished for creating growth under modernized fundamental, which showed well result of industry development, exporting, public utilities system and higher national income, on the other hand, the development causes economic disparity, and wealth is dense among capital groups. Consequently, the majority of countries, especially small-scale farmers has been suffering from the lack of opportunity and poverty. The government has revised the policy by using Alternative Economics: The Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy in order to wipe out the poverty and it showed positive result since a number of small-scale farmers successfully managed to adopt philosophy of sufficiency economy and was able to land on their feet sustainably. The research found that capitalism impacts on small-scale farmers because the state centralized its management in all aspect; it only focuses on competition, efficiency and profitability by encouraging monocultural farming which its regulation is charitable to major producers an advantage. The market system is unfair. It also accelerates the destruction of nature and the environment as well as drives small-scale farmers who lacks of bargaining power and knowledge were taken for grant, discouraged and suppressed. Many people are suffering from bearing the high costs which is not worth trying for. Failure of practicing monoculture farming encourages small-scale farmers switch their method to aquaponic farming; adopting a new philosophy of sufficiency economy. The three-phase strategy include to survive, to be sufficient and to be sustainable immunize the farmers to achieve the complementary nature; adjusting farmland, reducing the use of chemicals, emphasizing the use of indigenous knowledge for well-being of the household to be able to live. Using appropriate technology of integration and professional networking opportunities and generating a steady income immunes the future risk.","PeriodicalId":202927,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133678915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Efficiency of MGNREGS in the North Eastern States of India Using the Data Envelopment Analysis Approach","authors":"Indraneel Bhowmik, P. Bose","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2758668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2758668","url":null,"abstract":"Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) operational in India since 2005-06 with the dual objective of providing employment to the rural households and creation of sustainable rural assets, is extremely important for the backward and less developed North Eastern region of India. The extent of the scheme among the 8 constituent states of the region is not uniform and though in aggregate the region has a greater share in the country’s total. The present paper attempts to examine the implementation efficiency of the scheme in terms of multi-output and multi-input indicators using the DEA approach. The efficiency scores of the DMUs (districts) are pooled to obtain the state average which indicates wide variation. For the secondary stage of analysis OLS regression has been used for explaining the efficiency scores. Literacy rate, used as a proxy for the empowerment of the people is found to be highly significant positive contributor to efficiency. Pro -active governance is visible in the states with better implementation efficiency.","PeriodicalId":202927,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130646412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combating the Rampaging Scourge of Poverty in the Mist of Plenty: Suggested Ways Out","authors":"B. Afolabi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2486835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2486835","url":null,"abstract":"Combating the rampaging scourge of poverty the world over has remained a daunting challenge, this explained why world leaders adopted the Millennium Declaration in year 2000, at the United Nations (UN) Millennium Summit in New York. A resolute commitment to a peaceful, prosperous, and just world, the declaration included a set of targets for development and poverty reduction to be reached by 2015. These came to be known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is imperative to note that of the eight goals, poverty alleviation top the agenda, while others include; education, gender equality, child and maternal health, HIV/AIDs reduction, and environmental sustainability in developing countries, as well as a “global partnership for development” (MDG 8), covering rich countries’ commitments to aid, an open and non-discriminatory trading and financial system, technology transfer, and debt relief. Poverty, either as a plague or cause of other specific under development ailments, afflicts Nigeria as it does other Nations of the World. The issue is essentially not due to want of programmes but that of effectiveness of such programmes and strategies to combat poverty in Nigeria. The study attempted to investigate the effectiveness of the various poverty combating strategies in Nigeria, especially in relation to the policy and strategy formulation, implementation, coordination, monitoring, control and review, sourcing and utilisation of resources (both human and material) and complementarity of programmes. The study also focused on the impact of the past strategies and programmes on the poor. The study used the survey approach and chi-square to collect, collate, analyze and present data. The study therefore recommends amongst other things that it is imperative for Government Ministries and its Agencies (MDAs) to develop a multi-dimensional approach to poverty combating and adequate budgeting and timely disbursement of funds to Poverty combating programmes should be accorded top priority.","PeriodicalId":202927,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Poverty (Social) (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127718347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}