Abbeah Mae Navasca, Sandesh Dangi, Suzette Arcibal Baldwin, Zhao Jin, Thomas Baldwin
{"title":"Development and Validation of a Taq-man Multiplex qPCR Assay for High-Throughput Quantification of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> Biomass in Barley Spikes and Grains","authors":"Abbeah Mae Navasca, Sandesh Dangi, Suzette Arcibal Baldwin, Zhao Jin, Thomas Baldwin","doi":"10.1094/php-07-23-0065-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-07-23-0065-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a devastating disease commonly affecting North American small grains, primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum. Although the disease causes visible symptoms, the more pressing concern is the contamination of grain with trichothecene toxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON), which can cause toxicity in humans and animals by inhibiting protein biosynthesis. The DON levels are more critical when breeding for resistance, but it does not account for pathogen infection and disease severity. To link DON and Fusarium infection, we optimized and validated a real-time multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) protocol for high-throughput quantification of Fusarium biomass based on the Tri5 gene, which encodes trichodiene synthase, the first enzyme involved in trichothecene toxin production. The primers and probes were designed to measure the abundance of Tri5 and normalized to the barley actin gene. The assay is repeatable, robust, and sensitive, up to 0.003 ng/ul of F. graminearum and 0.3 ng/ul of barley DNA. The method is cost-effective and has the potential to quantify Fusarium biomass, monitor disease progression, and determine DON levels in barley spikes and harvested grains.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135724772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Jane Pethybridge, Kellie Damann, Sean Murphy, Kaitlin Diggins, Mark L. Gleason
{"title":"Optimizing Integrated Pest Management in Mesotunnels for Organic Acorn Squash in New York","authors":"Sarah Jane Pethybridge, Kellie Damann, Sean Murphy, Kaitlin Diggins, Mark L. Gleason","doi":"10.1094/php-08-23-0072-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-08-23-0072-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Organic production of cucurbits in New York (NY) is challenged by a complex of biotic stresses, including insect pests, diseases, and weeds. The recent emergence of cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD), caused by the bacterium Serratia marcescens and spread by squash bugs (Anasa tristis), in NY is of urgent concern due to the lack of synthetic insecticide alternatives and effective complementary organic management practices. Cucurbit productivity is also related to effective weed management in the furrow (inter-row space between the raised beds) to prevent resource competition for plant growth and ease of harvesting. Field trials were conducted in organic acorn squash (cv. Table Ace) during 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the effect of exclusion netting in a mesotunnel on pest populations, disease incidence, and weed management techniques in the furrow. Treatments were landscape fabric in the furrow with or without a mesotunnel and a mesotunnel with either a ryegrass/white clover or ryegrass cover crop in the furrow. Mesotunnels significantly reduced squash bug populations and CYVD but did not affect the incidence of the predominant foliar diseases, powdery mildew, downy mildew, or Alternaria leaf spot. The ryegrass/white clover and ryegrass cover crops produced equivalent biomass and weed suppression in the furrow. Treatments had no significant effect on fruit number or weight, or the number of marketable fruit, but mesotunnels reduced the incidence of soft and sunburned fruit. The trade-offs and benefits of mesotunnels and furrow management for organic acorn squash production are discussed.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136079740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew Ray Uebbing, Zachary D. Hayden, Mary K. Hausbeck
{"title":"Scheduling Fungicide Applications for Cucurbit Downy Mildew Control on Pickling Cucumber in Michigan using Disease Forecasters","authors":"Matthew Ray Uebbing, Zachary D. Hayden, Mary K. Hausbeck","doi":"10.1094/php-07-23-0066-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-07-23-0066-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Cucumber production is important to Michigan’s economy and was valued at more than $45 million in 2019. Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is an annual threat to Michigan’s cucumber production and fungicides must be applied frequently to prevent major yield losses. Our objective was to evaluate the disease forecasting models, TOM-CAST, BLITE-CAST, and DM-CAST, for their application in scheduling fungicide applications for CDM control. Field trials were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate each disease forecaster at different spray thresholds compared to 7- and 10-day programs, and an untreated control. In 2021, all treatments received applications of cyazofamid alternated with oxathiapiprolin/chlorothalonil alternated with ametoctradin/dimethomorph plus chlorothalonil. The 2022 fungicide program was similar to 2021 except that cyazofamid was tank-mixed with chlorothalonil. Treatment plots were visually assessed for the foliar area (%) with CDM symptoms and relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC) was determined at the end of each season. Results indicate that using DM-CAST or BLITE-CAST to schedule fungicide applications limited CDM and was similar to the 7-day program. The 7-day program received 7 (2021) and 6 (2022) applications whereas DM-CAST and BLITE-CAST required 4 to 8 or 5 to 6 applications, respectively, depending on the threshold and year. This is the first study to evaluate these disease forecasters for scheduling fungicide application intervals for CDM.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136357847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melanie Lewis Ivey, Alejandra Maria Jimenez Madrid
{"title":"Sampling for the Early Detection of Peronospora sparsa in Blackberry Nursery Stock Plants","authors":"Melanie Lewis Ivey, Alejandra Maria Jimenez Madrid","doi":"10.1094/php-05-23-0053-sc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-05-23-0053-sc","url":null,"abstract":"Downy mildew, caused by Peronospora sparsa, is a systemic disease of blackberry that can cause significant production losses worldwide. P. sparsa in disseminated through asymptomatic infected blackberry plants. Currently there is no clean plant certification program for blackberry downy mildew. The objective of this research was to determine the detection frequency of P. sparsa in blackberry roots, stems, and leaves for the development of sampling guidelines for asymptomatic nursery plants. Stems, emerging leaves, and fully expanded leaves collected from commercial ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’ and ‘Caddo’ nursery stock were tested by nested PCR using published primers at early bud sprouting, vegetative, and flowering to green berry phenological stages for the presence of P. sparsa. Initially, 90%, 40%, and 100% of Caddo, Natchez, and Ouachita, respectively, tested positive for P. sparsa. Detection of P. sparsa was inconsistent across cultivar, tissue type, plant, and phenological stage. Except for Natchez plants, P. sparsa was detected most frequently in leaves at all three phenological stages. Overall, detection of P. sparsa in Natchez was low with the highest frequency of detection occurring at the vegetative stage. For Caddo and Ouachita, newly emerging leaves at the bud sprouting stage yielded a slightly higher frequency of detection than fully expanded leaves. The detection frequency in stem or root tissue ranged from 0-50% depending on the cultivar and phenological stage. In this study we demonstrated that sampling newly emerging leaves at early bud break will result in an 80-90% detection frequency in cultivars that are susceptible to P. sparsa.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135646126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Collins Bugingo, Monica Brelsford, Kevin McPhee, Mary Burrows
{"title":"Pathotype-characterization of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lentis (Fol)</i> Isolates in North America","authors":"Collins Bugingo, Monica Brelsford, Kevin McPhee, Mary Burrows","doi":"10.1094/php-06-23-0055-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-06-23-0055-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis (Fol) is a devastating disease of lentils impacting yield in the Northern Great Plains. Characterizing the different pathotypes of Fol and their distribution is an essential part of breeding for resistant cultivars. To date, there has been no characterization of Fol pathotypes in North America. Using a lentil differential set from the International Center for Agriculture Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), fifty-one pathogenic isolates of Fol from Canada, Montana, Washington, and North Dakota were characterized basing on virulence assessed on foliar wilt symptoms using a Disease Index (DI). Nine pathotypes were identified whereby pathotype 7 was highly virulent on all the differential sets and the most predominant at 55%. This study identified for the first time Fol pathotypes present in North America. These findings will help in future efforts for Fusarium wilt management in lentils.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Potassium Phosphite-Based Fungicide Canon<sup>®</sup> Controls Basil Downy Mildew Under Greenhouse Conditions in Israel","authors":"Nadav Nitzan, Hezi Goren","doi":"10.1094/php-07-23-0062-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-07-23-0062-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet basil downy mildew (BDM), caused by Peronospora belbahrii is the most destructive disease of commercially produced sweet basil in Israel and unless properly managed, may lead to 100% yield reduction. Four experiments were conducted over three growing seasons (fall 2021, fall 2022 and spring 2023) under commercial-like conditions to determine the efficacy of the phosphonic acid-based fungicide Canon ® following a conservative, seven-day protective spraying protocol. While Canon did not eradicate the pathogen, treated plants had 41 to 99.9% less (P<0.05) disease incidence and / or severity than the untreated control plants. The disease scores on plants treated with Canon were similar (P>0.05) to an alternation of Revus ® / Cabrio ® in fall 2021; less (P<0.05) than Revus in fall 2022 and higher (P<0.05) than an alternation of Acrobat ® / Cabrio at the end of the spring 2023 experiment. The inhibitory effect of Canon, its short pre-harvest application interval and low cost compared to other fungicides make it an excellent addition and a potential replacement for controlling BDM under greenhouse conditions that should be further explored.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135830344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ellen R. Dickstein, Ana Maria Bocsanczy, Patrice Champoiseau, Jeff Jones, David Norman, Mathews Paret, Anuj Sharma, Timur M. Momol, Caitilyn Allen, Qi Huang, Sally Miller, Sylvia Shadman-Adolpho, Lynn Evans-Goldner, Zhaowei Liu, Russ Bulluck, Kitty Frances Cardwell, Julius E. Fajardo
{"title":"Recovery Plan for <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> Race 3 Biovar 2 (Phylotype IIB, sequevars 1 and 2) Causing Brown Rot of Potato, Bacterial Wilt of Tomato, and Southern Wilt of Geranium","authors":"Ellen R. Dickstein, Ana Maria Bocsanczy, Patrice Champoiseau, Jeff Jones, David Norman, Mathews Paret, Anuj Sharma, Timur M. Momol, Caitilyn Allen, Qi Huang, Sally Miller, Sylvia Shadman-Adolpho, Lynn Evans-Goldner, Zhaowei Liu, Russ Bulluck, Kitty Frances Cardwell, Julius E. Fajardo","doi":"10.1094/php-03-23-0027-rp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-03-23-0027-rp","url":null,"abstract":"This recovery plan is one of several disease-specific documents produced as part of the National Plant Disease Recovery System (NPDRS) called for in Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 9 (HSPD-9). The purpose of the NPDRS is to ensure that the tools, infrastructure, communication networks, and capacity required to mitigate the impact of high consequence plant disease outbreaks are such that a reasonable level of crop production is maintained. Each disease-specific plan is intended to provide a brief primer on the disease, assess the status of critical recovery components, and identify disease management research, extension, and education needs. These documents are not intended to be stand-alone documents that address the many and varied aspects of plant disease outbreaks, the multitude of decisions that must be made, and actions taken to achieve effective response and recovery. They are, however, documents that will help the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) guide further efforts directed toward plant disease recovery.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathan Haugrud, LeAnn Lux, Andrew Friskop, Joseph Ikley
{"title":"Comparing Inoculation Methods of <i>Clavibacter nebraskensis</i> on Corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) Under Greenhouse Conditions","authors":"Nathan Haugrud, LeAnn Lux, Andrew Friskop, Joseph Ikley","doi":"10.1094/php-04-23-0038-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-04-23-0038-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight of corn (Zea mays L.), caused by Clavibacter nebraskensis, is one of the top yield-reducing corn diseases in the Northern Great Plains. The use of efficient and repeatable inoculation methods in the greenhouse are needed to further understand disease development and host resistance. Although several inoculation methods have been reported, a direct comparison among them in the greenhouse has not been conducted. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare established methods for time to inoculate, disease incidence, and lesion development. Methods evaluated included creating wounds with scissors, pin-prick tools, sandpaper, or carborundum, or introducing bacteria by spraying, immersion, sponge, or syringe. Removing leaf tips with scissors and dipping newly injured leaf in bacterial suspension resulted in the fastest inoculation time (24 seconds), highest disease incidence (>80%), and fastest lesion development among methods tested. Most other methods had similar disease development, but varied on their success rate (incidence). These results can aid researchers on selecting inoculation methods to address research objectives on Goss’s wilt in the greenhouse.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135925742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariama T. Brown, Su Shim, Camila Rocco Da Silva, Kaitlin G. Waibel, Darcy E. P. Telenko
{"title":"Assessing foliar fungicides for soybean disease management and yield in Indiana","authors":"Mariama T. Brown, Su Shim, Camila Rocco Da Silva, Kaitlin G. Waibel, Darcy E. P. Telenko","doi":"10.1094/php-05-23-0046-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-05-23-0046-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Foliar diseases can significantly impact soybean in Indiana and fungicides can be an effective management tool to protect yield against disease. Fourteen foliar fungicide products were evaluated for efficacy on soybean foliar diseases and yield in ten field trials from 2019 to 2021 in Indiana. Fungicides were applied at their recommended rates in a single application at the beginning pod (R3) growth stage. Cercospora leaf blight (Cercospora spp.), brown spot (Septoria glycines Hemmi), and frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora sojina Hara) were the most prominent foliar diseases observed in the trials. Under low to moderate Cercospora leaf blight disease pressure, there were no significant differences between foliar fungicides and the nontreated control averaged across all site-years. In contrast, all foliar fungicides significantly suppressed brown spot from 69 to 92% relative to the nontreated control. Only bixafen + flutriafol and azoxystrobin + pydiflumetofen + propiconazole significantly suppressed frogeye leaf spot severity over the nontreated control. Foliar fungicide applications did not significantly increase yield over the nontreated control across all site-years. Therefore, under low to moderate foliar disease risk, fungicide applications may not be warranted in Indiana. Growers should continue to scout soybean fields prior to the beginning pod (R3) growth stage, then make an informed, sustainable decision to use a fungicide for disease management.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135926289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abraham Hangamaisho, Bruce H. Bleakley, Shaukat Ali, Dalitso Yabwalo, Emmanuel Z. Byamukama
{"title":"Aggressiveness of <i>Xanthomonas translucens</i> pv. <i>undulosa</i> Isolates and Differential Reaction Among Spring Wheat Varieties Under Controlled Environment","authors":"Abraham Hangamaisho, Bruce H. Bleakley, Shaukat Ali, Dalitso Yabwalo, Emmanuel Z. Byamukama","doi":"10.1094/php-03-23-0020-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-03-23-0020-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa (Xtu) causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS) in wheat that can lead up to 40% losses globally. Understanding the aggressiveness of isolates from different locations in a state may help in screening for BLS resistance in wheat breeding programs for that area. A greenhouse study to determine the aggressiveness of 17 isolates collected from South Dakota on spring wheat cv. ‘SY-Rockford’; and differential reaction of 21 spring wheat varieties grown in South Dakota to BLS under greenhouse conditions was conducted in 2021 and 2022. To assess BLS severity, one randomly selected plant per pot was rated based on the percentage of leaf area with BLS symptoms. Significant differences among the bacterial isolates were observed, with Xtpvu21OC (23.33%) as the most aggressive in causing BLS in SY-Rockford. Spring wheat varieties ‘MN Washburn’ (25.0%) and ‘ND Frohberg’ (22.5%) were found to be the most susceptible to BLS. It is suggested that the most aggressive Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa isolate available to researchers in their region be used in screening varieties and lines for BLS resistance.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134970556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}